Biology Final Study Guide 2

Terms, Vocabulary, and Biology Topics Needed to know for the Final

Ch. 12 antibiotics Structure of DNA nonspecific defenses Nitrogen bases specific defenses Sugars (deoxyribose) asthma Phosphate ways to prevent risk of spreading HIV DNA Replication mast cells Transcription histamine Nucleotide Base pairing Ch. 3 & 4 Differences between DNA & RNA. food chains producers Ch. 13 & 14 consumers Selective breeding decomposers Inbreeding chemosynthetic bacteria Hybridization photosynthetic bacteria Gel eletrophoresis biomass Polymerase chain reaction first, second , third level consumers in a food chain Karyotype abiotic factors Sex chromosomes biotic factors Genetic engineering niche plasmids different symbiotic relationships and examples microclimate Ch. 18 & 19 food web prokaryotes eukaryotes Ch. 15 & 16 cocci structural adaptations spirilla theory of evolution bacilli natural selection gram staining (positive & negative) artificial selection roles of bacteria in the environment fitness bacteriophages evolution taxonomy directional selection ways that bacteria grow and reproduce disruptive selection vaccine stabilizing selection genetic variation Ch. 37-2, 40 temporal isolation germ theory of disease behavioral isolation causes of disease geographic isolation how infectious diseases are spread

Ch. 35-38 Use notes, handouts, worksheets for the following: Human Body Systems Circulatory Nervous System Respiratory Skeletal System Excretory Muscular System Digestive Use the previous vocabulary, notes, and worksheets to answer the following.

What does a nucleotide of DNA consist of? RNA?

Which nitrogen bases attach to each other?

What does DNA replication result in?

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Summarize the process of replication.

Summarize the process of transcription.

What is the goal of inbreeding?

What is polymerase chain reaction?

What does genetic engineering involve?

What is shown in a karyotype?

Which combinations of sex chromosomes represents male? Female?

What was the first mammal to be cloned?

What is the probability that a human sperm will carry an X chromosome?

What are prokaryotes?

What are the different names and their shapes of prokaryotes?

What do gram-positive and gram-negative stain bacteria appear?

How is an organisms name written (font)? What is unique of its first and second name?

What are the methods of how bacteria reproduce and grow?

What does a vaccine do when injected into the body?

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

What is the difference between chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria?

What are examples of biotic factors and abiotic factors?

What biotic factors would affect the size of a population in specific ecosystem?

List, describe, and give examples of symbiotic relationships.

What is a microclimate?

What is the difference between a food web and food chain?

What does the germ theory state?

What are diseases caused by?

How are infectious diseases spread?

What are antibiotics?

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses? Most important nonspecific defense?

What are examples of the immune system overacting to an antigen?

What are ways in which HIV is spread?

What are allergies caused by?

What did Darwin notice about the structural adaptations of the tortoises?

What ideas is Darwin’s theory of evolution based on?

What is natural selection?

How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? Give an example.

What did Darwin define fitness as?

What is directional selection?

What is disruptive selection?

What is stabilizing selection?

What are two main sources of genetic variation?

What is temporal isolation?

What is behavioral isolation?

What is geographical isolation?

What is the difference between motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons?

What is a threshold potential?

What are neurotransmitters?

What are the four basic types of tissue in the body? How are neurons categorized?

What does the axial skeleton include? Appendicular skeleton?

Describe the different parts of compact bone.

Recognize examples of synovial joints.

What proteins are involved in skeletal muscle contraction.

What is the function of cartilage, ligaments, and tendons?

Define and differentiate between skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle.

Define and give examples of immovable and slightly movable joints.

What are myofibrils and what are their names?

What does the circulatory system consist of?

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Compare what a bolus is with chyme.

What are the respiratory structures from largest to smallest?

What are the organs involved in the digestive system?

What organs are involved in the respiratory system?

What organs are involved in the excretory system?

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

What is the function of the respiratory system?

What is the function of the digestive system? Possible Written Response/ Essay Questions

DNA & RNA Ch. 12

Describe the structure of DNA. (4 pts)

What are four differences between RNA and DNA? (4 pts)

Genetic Engineering – Ch. 13

Compare the transformation of a bacterium cell with the transformation of a plant cell. (4 pts)

What is the process of cloning. (6 pts: 1 for every step)

How might karyotypes be useful to doctors? (4 pts)

Bacteria & Virus - Ch 18 & 19

List four factors that are used to identify prokaryotes. (4 pts)

Describe two roles that bacteria have in the environment. (2 pts)

What is a virus? Describe the basic structure and size of a virus. (3 pts)

Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ. (4 pts)

Briefly describe two ways that bacteriophages infect cells. (6 pts)

What is the difference between binary fission and conjugation? (4 pts)

Immune System – Ch. 40

What are three causes of disease?

List the steps in BOTH humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Then, contrast the roles of B cells and T cells. (6 pts)

Ecology – Ch. 3 & 4

Describe the two sources of energy that fuel life on Earth. 6 pts

Describe the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. 6 pts

How might a large input of phosphorus affect a freshwater lake over time? 4 pts

Describe the greenhouse effect and explain how it maintains Earth’s temperature range. 4 pts

Describe the six main zones of the marine biome. Explain how these zones are differentiated. 6 pts

Evolution – Ch. 15 & 16

List 5 conditions needed to maintain genetic equilibrium.

Discuss all three Catholic perspectives on evolution, defining each in your own words. (6 pts) Human Systems – Ch. 35 - 38

What is the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system? (4 pts)

What is the passage of food through the digestive system? (8 pts)