Chapter Objective Essays

Chapter Objective Essays These must be in complete sentences. BE DETAILED IN YOUR RESPONSES!!!!! Draw graphs or diagrams if necessary.

Chapter 34 Essays (40 points)

34.1 Define and distinguish between the different levels within ecosystems. Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. 34.2 Summarize the subject and impact of Rachel Carson’s influential book Silent Spring. 34.3 Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in the biosphere. 34.4 Describe the adaptations that enable pronghorns to survive in the open plains and shrub deserts of North America. 34.5 Explain how global climate patterns are influenced by solar energy input as well as the movement of Earth through space. Explain how landforms affect local climate. 34.5 Explain why the seasons of the year, prevailing winds, and ocean currents exist. Aquatic Biomes 34.6 Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the different ocean zones and adjacent aquatic biomes. 34.7 Describe the different types of freshwater biomes. 34.7 Explain how the properties of a river change between its source and its outlet, and how this impacts the biotic components of this biome. Terrestrial Biomes 34.8 Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features. 34.8 Explain why storms and fire are crucial factors in some biomes. 34.8–34.16 Describe the types of characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Then use these characteristics to define the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, coniferous forests, and tundra. 34.17 Explain how all parts of the biosphere are linked by the global water cycle.

36.1 Define a population. Describe the general type of work performed by population ecologists. (2pts)

36.2 Define population density and describe different types of dispersion patterns. (4pts)

36.3 Explain how life tables are used to track mortality and survivorship in populations. Compare Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves. (5pts)

36.4 Describe and compare the exponential and logistic population growth models, illustrating both with examples. Explain the concept of carrying capacity. (5 pts)

36.5 Describe the factors that regulate growth in natural populations. (2pts)

36.6 Define boom-and-bust cycles, explain why they occur, and provide examples. (4 pts)

36.7 Explain how life-history traits vary with environmental conditions and with population density. Compare r-selection and K-selection and indicate examples of each. (6pts)

36.8 Describe the major challenges inherent in managing populations. (2pts) 36.9 Explain how the structure of the world’s human population has changed and continues to change. Describe the key factors that affect human population growth. (4pts)

36.10 Explain how the age structure of a population can be used to predict changes in population size and social conditions. (4 pts)

36.11 Explain the concept of an ecological footprint. Describe the uneven use of natural resources in the world. (2pts)

Chapter 37 Essays (60 points) 37.1 Define a biological community. Explain why the study of community ecology is important. (2 pts) 37.2 Define interspecific competition, mutualism, predation, herbivory, and parasitism, and provide examples of each. (10 pts) 37.3 Define an ecological niche. Explain how interspecific competition can occur when the niches of two populations overlap. (2 pts) 37.4 Describe the mutualistic relationship between corals and dinoflagellates. (2 pts) 37.5 Define predation. Describe the protective strategies potential prey employ to avoidpredators. (2 pts) 37.6 Explain why many plants have chemicals, spines, or thorns. Define coevolution and describe an example. (5 pts) 37.7 Explain how parasites and pathogens can affect community composition. (2 pts) 37.8 Identify and compare the trophic levels of terrestrial and aquatic food chains. (2 pts) 37.9 Explain how food chains interconnect to form food webs. (2 pts) 37.10 Describe the two components of species diversity. Explain why large fields of a single crop are vulnerable to devastating disease. (3 pts) 37.11 Define a keystone species. Explain why the long-spined sea urchin is considered akeystone species. (3 pts) 37.12 Explain how disturbances can benefit communities. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. (4 pts) 37.13 Explain how invasive species can affect communities. (2 pts) 37.14 Compare the movement of energy and chemicals through ecosystems. ( 2 pts) 37.15 Compare the primary production of tropical rain forests, coral reefs, and open ocean. Explain why the differences between them exist. (5 pts) 37.16–37.17 Describe the movement of energy through a food chain. Explain why there are more producers than consumers and why eating meat counts as a great luxury. (3 pts) 37.18–37.21 Explain how carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle within ecosystems. (4 pts) 37.22 Describe the results of the long-term study of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Explain why this ecosystem is particularly useful for this sort of experimentation. (2 pts) 37.23 Define cultural eutrophication and explain its causes. Describe the experiment conducted by Dr. David Schindler that demonstrated the impact of phosphorus pollution in aquatic ecosystems. (3 pts)

38.1 Explain why biodiversity is vital to human welfare. Explain the biological significance of the island of Madagascar. (2 pts) 38.2 Describe the three components of biodiversity. Explain how human activities can threaten biodiversity. Distinguish between endangered species and threatened species. (10 pts) 38.3 Describe the three greatest current threats to biodiversity, providing examples of each. ( 6 pts) 38.4 Explain how human activity has polluted the environment and contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer. Describe the consequences of these actions. (4 pts) 38.4 Describe the process of biological magnification. (2 pts) 38.5–38.8 Describe the causes and consequences of global warming. (1 pts) 38.9 Explain why the efforts to save the red-cockaded woodpecker from extinction are a good model for future conservation efforts. (2 pts) 38.10 Describe the goals of landscape ecology. Describe the significance of edges and movement corridors in maintaining biodiversity. (2 pts) 38.11 Describe the significance of biodiversity hotspots. Describe the challenges of protecting species that migrate or otherwise require great ranges. (2 pts) 38.12 Explain how zoned reserves are being used to protect ecosystems. Describe the success and ongoing challenges of such reserves in Costa Rica. (2 pts) 38.13 Describe the goals of the Yukon to Yellowstone Initiative. Explain why wolves are considered a keystone species and how their return to Yellowstone National Park has impacted the ecosystem there. (2 pts) 38.14 Describe the goals and methods of restoration ecology. Describe the goals and expected outcomes of the Kissimmee River Project. (2 pts) 38.15 Explain why sustainable development should be the ultimate goal for the long- term maintenance of human societies and the ecosystems that support them. (2 pts)