Short Report on the Project Establishment of a Swedish Centre of Excellence for Support

SHORT REPORT ON THE PROJECT “ESTABLISHMENT OF A SWEDISH CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR SUPPORT OF A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL” (SWE-2004/086)

William Hogland1), Lennart Mathiasson2), Lennart Mårtensson3), Sanjay Nath Khanal4) and Dinesh Raj Manandhar5)

July 2010 Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden

1) The School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden 2) Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund 3) Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden 4) D epartment of Environmental Science and Engineering (DESE), School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal 5) Development Network Pvt. Ltd, G.P.O. Box: 9492, Tebahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Popular Scientific Summary

The Swedish Center of Excellence in Nepal was established in 2005 with the aim of serving as a resource base for Swedish researchers, teachers and companies that are interested in environmental projects of high relevance for developing countries like Nepal and Swedish aid organizations. The center developed a broad interdisciplinary working profile covering technical-engineering fields, such as waste and water management, working environment, analytical chemistry and biotechnology. The objective has also been to increase the competence within the Laqua group, which is a research and teaching constellation connecting researchers from Linnaeus University, Lund University and Kristianstad University, to learn more about future basic conditions for improvement of life quality for those living in developing countries with the main focus on waste and water management. The international conference “For a Better Tomorrow: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries” was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, 10-14 January 2006 in cooperation with IFS. Kalmar Eco-Tech 2007 was held in Kalmar, 26-28 November 2008 (10 year anniversary of the conference) with the goal of transferring the knowledge gathered in Sida Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology (ARRPET) headed by Asian Institute of Technology during seven years in the research areas of air pollution, waste water management, waste management, hazardous waste, to the Kalmar Eco-Tech participants, particularly student working for the centre. Two PhD-courses were offered: (a) International Environmental Engineering Sciences for PhD studies on Eco-Cyclic Systems Part 1: Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment in Nepal, 16-24 October, 2008 and; (b) International PhD course on Waste Management and Sanitation at High Altitudes and Downstream Effects, 7-26 April 2010, both in Kathmandu, Nepal. The audience to these courses, included Swedish undergraduate and PhD students and the lecturers were Swedish, Nepalese and Indian professors. Mr. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, Managing Director of Development Network Pvt. Ltd and Research Fellow at the Kathmandu University is making PhD studies under the research subject “Water Management of Landfills using Pilot Scale Lysimeters” with the supervision from one of the Swedish professors in the Laqua group. This research work has been conducted in a pilot scale with fresh solid waste samples from Balkhu in the Bagmati river bank, when dumping of solid waste was going on at the bank. The master students Mr. Gustav Larsson and Mr. Jakob Sahlén developed their Minor Field Study “Municipal solid waste management in Nepal, EU and Sweden-Case study of Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Sub-metropolitan City & Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal in 2009 with the support from Sida. Based on the experiences and lessons learned, it is concluded that there is still a need and an excellent opportunity for continuation of the cooperation with Nepal. The research focused on waste management with proper landfilling and leachate treatment should also include in a second phase, the development of a methodology to study air pollution, which is among the most important issues in the country. The knowledge and experience acquired have been spread to Swedish graduate and undergraduate students to increase their awareness and interest for developing country issues. The target has also been to initiate research cooperation and new projects, if possible in connection with running Swedish projects, so the results could be compared, and the knowledge easily transferred to Swedish students and engineers. Swedish companies have had discussions with the researchers from Kathmandu University regarding the potential for cooperation projects and implementation of Swedish technology, in particular for biogas production. The Linnaeus Eco-Tech´10 (International Conference on Natural Sciences and Technologies for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Remediation, Emissions Related to Climate, Environmental and Economic Effects) to be held in Kalmar during November 22-24, 2010 will be attended by researchers and students from Nepal. Study visits discussions on the results obtained during the project development will be carried out. 1. Goal of the Project

The goal of the project has been to establish a Swedish Centre of Excellence in Nepal to be used as a base of resources for Swedish enterprises and researchers with interest in environmental projects of high relevance for developing countries and the Swedish aid programme. The centre should have broad interdisciplinary scientific approach covering initially technology, analytical chemistry, working environment, biotechnology, water transport and waste management. Furthermore develop and establish high competence in the Swedish research group, Laqua (a cooperation between University of Kalmar (today Linnaeus University), Lund University and, about water and-waste management issues and focus a significant part of the research and teaching of the group for future work in developing countries.

The base of knowledge should also include local socio-economic realities, which will facilitate discussions on how to establish more efficient waste and water treatment systems in the developing countries. The gained competence should be utilized for development of systems, tailor-made for actual sites. The knowledge obtained in research projects on waste and water management in developing countries should be spread to graduate and undergraduate students to increase their awareness and interest for developing country issues. The target has also been to initiate research cooperation and new projects, if possible in connection with running Swedish project so results can be compared, and the knowledge easily transferred to Swedish students and engineers.

Below the most important activities that have been carried out during the project period are summarized.

2. PhD Studies, under Swedish Supervision

Mr. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, at the Kathmandu University is making PhD studies under the research subject “Water Management of Landfills using Pilot Scale Lysimeters” and under supervision of professor William Hogland, Linnaeus University and Prof. Dr. V. Krishna Murthy, Professor and Head, Department of Biotechnology, Dean (Evaluation), PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore and Co-supervisor, Professor Dr. Sanjay Nath Khanal, DESE, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.

Summary of Research carried out so far

This research work has been conducted in a pilot scale with fresh solid waste samples from Balkhu in the Bagmati river bank, when dumping of solid waste was going on at the bank. The lysimeter previously constructed has been continued to be used in current research as well. Also a new lysimeter is being constructed and described below in another section.

The previous lysimeter has been placed outdoors under ambient environment conditions. The experimental system consists of 1 digester built up by rings of concrete with a diameter of 1 m and to a height of 3 m. Leachate have been separated at the bottom of the digester and drained into a storage tank located close to the lysimeter. There are collection pipe arrangements at bottom of the lysimeter. The column is replicated and functioning as a simulated model reflecting the profile of waste dumped in the landfill as far as possible.

Construction of a New Underground Lysimeter

Discussion has been held with Prof. Dr. William Hogland and Prof. Dr. Sanjay Nath Khanal about the erection of the lysimeter which is constructed underground which would make it possible for comparison with previous set up. The researcher now has received the second grant from International Foundation for Science. Thus the future plan of construction has been modified accordingly. The field work shall be expedited now as necessary research fund is available. There is also regular communication with supervisor, Prof. V. Krishnamurthy through email about the progress of work. The design and schematic diagram of the lysimeter is shown as follows.

Other Progress and Activities a. Participated in the International PhD course on Waste Management and Sanitation at High Altitudes and downstream effects, Nepal 7 - 26 April 2010 organized by Kathmandu University in collaboration with LAQUA group, Sweden. During the course, a 15 day trekking was completed in the Sagarmatha National Park region starting from Lukla to Kalapathar. Various environmental aspects were studied and observed by the researcher especially wastewater and solid waste management issues during the trek. b. Abstract for conference paper (attached) has been sent to Linnaeus Ecotech conference to be held in Kalmar, Sweden during November 22-24, 2010. Title of the paper is “Environmental Observations of Solid Waste Management at High Altitude in Nepal: Case Study along Trekking Route in Sagarmatha National Park” c. A scientific paper has been drafted along with Mr. Henrik Hansson, PhD student at Linnaeus University to be published in the Open Waste Management Journal.

Preliminary Future Work Plan

Future Tasks Time Target

Analysis of data and interpretation of Ongoing simulation with HELP model

Construction of New Underground Construction to be Lysimeter and research observations completed by September 2010 and data collection continued.

Dissemination of findings through Ongoing. Previous paper publication in International Journals and attached. Conferences

Finalization of thesis planned June 2011

The scientific paper “Quantitative leachate estimation from a pilot-scale lysimeter study” by Dinesh Raj Manandhar, V. Krishnamurthy, and Yamuna Shanker Kasaju was published in Int. J. Environment and Waste Management, Vol. 4, Nos. 3/4, 2009, Copyright © 2009 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Abstract: Sanitary landfilling is the most important component of waste management. One of the main concerns is water contamination by leachate. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water management of landfill in Nepal. The related leachate production as an effect of climatically factors is assessed. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) computer model has been used to compute estimates of water balances. The evaluation as well as applicability of the model has been discussed. The application of the model has raised issue like effect on water balance by the variation of short-term rainfall into percolation. Keywords: ET; evapotranspiration; HELP model; hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance; landfill; lysimeter; water balance.

3. Kalmar Eco-Tech 2007

Kalmar Eco-tech 2007 was held 26-28 November (10 year anniversary of the conference). The idea was to transfer knowledge, gathered in the Sida Asian Regional Research Programme on Environmental Technology (ARRPET) headed by Asian Institute of Technology during 7 years, to the participants of the conference. Professor William Hogland has been mentor for the sub program in Solid Waste Management during the same period. Representatives from different member countries were invited to participate the conference.

Representatives from Nepal were presenting the following paper: Estimation of leachate production from a pilot scale lysimeter in Nepal by Dinesh Raj Manandhar and Sanjay Nath Khanal and presented in Proceedings of Kalmar Eco-Tech 07, Technologies for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Energy from Waste, Remediation of Contaminated Sites and Emissions Related to Climates, 6th International Conference on the Establishment of Cooperation Between Companies and Institutions in the Nordic Countries, the Baltic Sea Region and the World, November 26-28, 2007, Kalmar, Sweden, V I, 325-332.

ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE PRODUCTION FROM A PILOT SCALE LYSIMETER IN NEPAL

Dinesh Raj Manandhar Sanjay Nath Khanal Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT

More than eight million tons of solid waste is produced per day in developing countries. While Europe and industrialized countries go for high-tech solutions (e.g. modern incineration technologies), there is still a huge demand for proper landfilling in developing countries. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water management of landfill in Nepal using a pilot scale lysimeter. The related leachate production as an effect of climatological factors is assessed. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model has been used to compute estimates of water balances. The local weather data (evapotranspiration data and daily values of rainfall, temperature and solar radiation), vegetative growth were prepared as required and variable soil and waste data (porosity, field capacity, wilting point, initial moisture content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of layers and materials) have been determined.

With the simulation carried out, it indicates that the evapotranspiration (ET) is nearly constant, but not high. This may be due to the small area of lysimeter and higher portion has been percolated before evaporation could take place. T he trend of leachate generation on HELP simulation seems to be similar in October to December season, but in June to September, the trend shows higher percolation rate compared to the model. The annual data shows that percolation is about 81-84% of rainfall amount whereas evapotranspiration is about 15-19%. The daily production rate of percolation is about 3.47 L/m2/day. Within highest rainfall days during 2000 to 2004 (88 L/m 2/day), average percolation is about 5.78 L/m2/day (6.5% of the rainfall).

The application of the model in the developing country like Nepal has raised issue like effect on water balance by the large variation of short-term rainfall, which might have greater input into percolation.

KEYWORDS

Evapotranspiration; HELP model; Landfill; Lysimeter; Water balance.

4. PhD Course 1 in International Environmental Engineering Sciences for Eco-Cyclic Systems Part 1 - Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment in Nepal , 16-24 October, 2008, Kathmandu, Nepal

Objective: To increase the knowledge and the scientific level of the Swedish PhD and MSc/BSc students and students from Nepal concerning waste and water management problems in developing countries and to increase the research cooperation with South East Asia with the help of the knowledge of the Laqua Research Group, researchers from Mid Sweden University and researchers from the Sida ARRPET program. The Laqua Research Group is formed by Researchers from University of Kalmar, University of Lund and the University of Kristianstad. By teaching about building up interdisciplinary networks between professor, PhD student and MSc/BSc and companies the daily life shall be improved in developing countries towards a global sustainability based on knowledge and experience already archived by the Sida programme in South East Asia. The activity directly connected to the ‘Swedish Center of Excellence for Support of Development of a Sustainable Society in Nepal” sponsored by Sida and built up by the Laqua Research Group, Sweden.

The course should stimulate Swedish PhD students and PhD students as well as MSc/BSc students from both countries to work with teaching, research and cooperation with trade and industry in developing countries and in particular increasing their interest towards protection of water resources, implementation of proper waste and water management in fast increasing urbanization areas including aspects on energy, air pollution control and climate changes. In particular it was focused on under developed research areas in the developing countries and thus 2008 is “the UN International Year of Sanitation” that will highlight ‘Silent Humanitarian Crises” e.g. the lack of sustainable toilets. The key was to teach the students to use creativity and scientific knowledge to change attitudes, to achieve more production efficiency, sustainable use of resources, and to achieve recycling of materials and energy, using a combination of new technology and traditional knowledge.

Schedule for the course:

Start date: 16 October 2008

Registration and Opening Session: 8:30 a. m -9:30 a. m

Note: All lectures included about 15 minutes of discussion and gave possibilities to questions. The lectures gave a small assignment related the lecture.

Date Time Subject Lecturer/person in charge 16 09:30 Waste Management in Nepal and Dr. Sanjay Nath October -10.30 Future Strategies Khanal, Nepal

10.30- Integrated Waste Management in Dr. William 12.00 Sweden and EU in a Historical Hogland; Sweden Perspective, the EU-Directive 12:00- Lunch 14.00 14.00- Waste Management in Asia, the Dr. Kurian Joseph, 16.00 ARRPET program India

16.00- Landfill mining and land Dr. Kurian Joseph 17.00 remediation 17.00- Sorting schemes SWM and Dr. William Hogland 18.00 storage of organic material 17 09:00- Visit to the Landfill Municipality of October 12:00 Kathmandu 12.00- Lunch 14.00 14-16 Visit a sorting plant for waste Municipality of Kathamandu 16-18 How to implement changes in Dr. Ulla Zetterlind, waste handling procedures Sweden among decision makers and the population 18 09.00- Sampling and handling of Dr. Lennart October 11.00 samples for advanced chemical Mathiasson, Sweden analyses (including interpretation Dr. Lennart of data) Mårtensson, Sweden

11.00- Leaching test for solid waste Dr. Lennart 12.00 Mårtensson 12.00- Lunch 14.00 14.00- Instrumental Analysis of Water Dr. Jay Kumar 15.00 Pollution Gurung, Nepal 15.00- Fundamental chemistry for Dr. Mangala 16.30 environmental control Manandhar, Nepal 16.30- Persistent Organics Pollutants Dr. Bhupendra 18.00 and other relevant pollutants Devkota, Nepal from the modern society 19 09.00- Treatment strategies for landfill Dr. Lennart October 10.00 leachate - from bench scale up to Mathiasson full scale 10.00- Drugs in wastewater and medical Dr. Lennart 11.00 waste Mathiasson 11.00- Experiences of analysis of Dr. Lennart 12.00 pharmaceuticals in waste water Mårtensson treatment plants 12.00- Lunch 14.00 14.00- Assessment of Environmental Dr. Nawa Raj 15.30 Risks in Nepal : Theory, Khatiwada, Nepal Practice and the Gaps 15.30- Water, Waste Water Treatment, Dr. Atindra Sapkota, 16.30 Air Pollution Control in Nepal Nepal and South East Asia 16.30- Storage of Organic Materials and Dr. William Hogland 18.00 Fire Fighting 20 09:00- Application of Renewable Dr. Jagannath October 10.30 Energy in Nepal and Energy Shrestha from Waste in the Perspective of Nepal 10.30- Technical Development and Dr. Bim P. Shrestha 12.00 Implementation of Advanced Techniques in Nepal: Possibilities and Obstacles 12.00- Lunch 13.00 13.00- Bioremediation of Contaminated Dr. Marcia Marques, 14.00 Soils Brazil 14.00- Phytoremediation of Dr. Marcia Marques, 15.00 Contaminated Soils and Brazil Phytotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment 15.00- Summing up and closure Dr. William Hogland 17.00 & others 21-24 Trekking Routes Assignment October Assignments:

Assignment for the first course: Water and Waste Management in Nepal

Activities: Together with City Engineers from Kathmandu, mapping of water and waste management in Mountain Villages and downstream effects. Assignments: a) Practical inventory of contaminated sites, e.g. petrol stations, industries, dump sites, etc. b) Comparison of low-tech with high-tech treatment methods using handouts of scientific literature and discussions in groups c) Situation of waste and water handling in rural areas-performed by the students during trekking routes, 21-24 October 2008

The following PhD students from Sweden were participating the course. Fabio Kazcala, Sawanya Laohapranon, Darlan Perrira and the teachers from Sweden mentioned in the program above. From Nepal PhD students and MSc students were participating the course and the teachers are mentioned in the program.

5. Visit by Professor Sanjay Nath Khanal to Sweden

Professor Sanjay Nath Khanal visited Sweden in order to discuss the program for the PhD course and discuss biogas installation with Swedish experts and companies with experiences of operations of biogasplants. Biogas might have high potential for the energy supply in Kathmandu and other parts of the country. Professor Khanal stayed in Sweden during the period 25 th of October to 1 th of November, 2009.

Program during the visit to Kristianstad University by Professor Sanjay Khanal from Kathmandu University, Nepal, 25th of October to 1th of November, 2009

Host: Assoc. Prof. Lennart Mårtensson (in Kristianstad) and Prof. William Hogland (in Kalmar)

Participants within the Laqua Research Group: Prof. Lennart Mathiasson, Lund University

Prof. William Hogland, Kalmar University

Assoc. Prof. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University

Activity

Sunday 25 Oct Arrival to Copenhagen at 6.35

Transfer to Kristianstad by train from Copenhagen International Airport

Check in at Hotel Åhus Strand, Åhus

18.00 Dinner

Monday 26 Oct 10.00 Kristianstad the Energy Friendly Municipality – Show Room at Krinova

Science Park, Patrik Lindblom, Krisitanstad Municipality

13.15 Study visit Biogas plant at Karpalund, Christer Johansson, Kristianstad

Biogas Company

15.00 Discussion about common research activities

18.00 Dinner

Tuesday 27 Oct 10.00 Study visit – Waste Recycling Park at Snårarp, Jenny Petersson,

Environment and Quality Controller

13.00- 15.00 Meeting – discussions about future projects

15.37 William Hogland arriving to Kristianstad – pick up at railway station

19.00 Dinner

Wednesday 28 Discussions about future projects Oct 10.00 -12.00 Meeting with Vice Chancellor Lars Carlsson, Kristianstad

University

13.00 Meeting with MFS-students Gustav Larsson and Jakob Sahlén

14.00 -1700 Planning of future activities within the Center of Excellence

Transfer to Kalmar

Thursday 29 Oct 09.30 Departure from Slottshotellet, W.Hogland, H.Svensson, H.Hansson, M.Sundén

10.00–12.00 Study visit at Moskogen - Pontus Steinwall, W.Hogland, Combined heating and power plant H.Svensson, H.Hansson, M. Sundén

10.00–11.00 Study visit at Kalmar Reningsverk (treatment plant) J.Holmgren, W.Hogland

11.00–12.00 Study visit at Kalmar Biogas AB L. Pettersson, W.Hogland

(Digester)

15.00-17.00 Meeting with Olof Pettersson Läckeby Water, Kalmar, W. Hogland

Discussion of biogas establishment in Nepal

Saturday 31 Oct Touristic activities on Öland with W.Hogland and dinner in his house

Sunday 1 Nov Departure from Copenhagen International Airport at 14.00

The visit to Moskogen combined heating and power plant is reported at: http://eco- technology.nv.hik.se/?page_id=137

6. Minor Field Studies in Nepal

A minor field study was carried out in Nepal resulting in:

A Bachelor thesis in Environmental science, Department of Environmental Science Lund University and Kristianstad University, Sweden and Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Science, at Kathmandu University, Nepal, 2009 with the title: Municipal solid waste management in Nepal, EU and Sweden - a case study of Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Sub- metropolitan City & Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal, 2009, by Gustav Larsson and Jakob Sahlén.

ABSTRACT Nepal, situated in the Himalayan belt has a rapidly growing population together with high urbanisation rate. These factors are causing problems connected to municipal solid waste (MSW) e.g. lack of management, leakage of hazardous substances to soil and surrounding aquatic systems, and health problems. There are differences in waste generation and composition between urban areas of Nepal. In order to retrieve a broad picture of the current waste management situation, three population differentiated municipalities in different areas of the country were investigated. Studies of the MSW regarding composition and generation were conducted. Additionally, the chemical properties of soil and leachate water were looked upon. Moreover, waste management in Nepal was compared the basic waste management in the European Union (EU) and Sweden. Landfill sites (LFS) in Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Sub-metropolitan City (PSMC) and Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) were studied. Our studies show differences in waste composition, generation and management between the three locations. The leachate water analyses showed high levels of ammonia, iron, manganese, chromium and lead. However, the fractional parts analyses did not show any alarming results. The urban areas of Nepal are very much in need of a more structured waste management system. Apart from structural problems, there are attitude and behavioral issues that needs to be dealt with. Further studies regarding social patterns, attitude and behavior, needs to be conducted in order to retrieve an even broader picture and understand important underlying issues.

7. PhD Course 2 - International PhD course on Waste Management and Sanitation at High Altitudes and Downstream Effects, 7 - 26 April, 2010, Nepal

The second PhD course was held in April 2010. The teachers and participants of the PhD course were 3 professors, 1 Ass. Professor, 8 PhD students, 10 MSc students from Nepal and 1 professor, 1 doctor and 2 PhD students from Sweden. The course began with a meeting at Kathmandu University on April 8 and a field visit to Kathmandu University biogas plant and later also a field visit to Shreekhandapur wastewater treatment and biogas plant. A meeting was also held at SWMRMC (Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center) including discussions with Dr. Sumitra Amatya, General Manager, SWMRMC and Mr. Ashok Shahi, Engineer, SWMRMC. A meeting was also held about the Biogas Support Program including Mr. Saroj Rai, Chief, BSP/SNV Nepal and Ms. Bindu Manandhar, Program Officer, BSP/SNV Nepal.

Course programme:

1. Introduction to the course at Kathmandu University on April 8, 2010

Presenters: a. Prof. Bhadra Man Tuladhar, Registrar b. Prof. Panna Thapa, Dean, School of Science c. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science d. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden e. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden f. Prof. Ramesh Maskey, School of Engineering g. Dr. Bhola Thapa, School of Engineering h. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student i. Henric Svensson, PhD Student j. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student k. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student

2. Meeting at SWMRMC (Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center), April 23, 2010

Presenters: a. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science b. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden c. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden d. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student e. Henric Svensson, PhD Student f. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student g. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student h. Dr. Sumitra Amatya, General Manager, SWMRMC i. Mr. Ashok Shahi, Engineer, SWMRMC

3. Meeting at Biogas Support Program, April 23, 2010

Presenters:

a. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science b. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden c. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden d. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student e. Henric Svensson, PhD Student f. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student g. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student h. Mr. Saroj Rai, Chief, BSP/SNV Nepal i. Ms. Bindu Manandhar, Program Officer, BSP/SNV Nepal

Minutes from the meetings have been written and can be found on the homepage

4. Visit to the International Research Station at Pyramid, EVK2CNR Project at 5050 m above sea level 8. Media Information

The project has frequently been reported to media and at the two occasions the local television has followed the project. Local news papers both in Nepal and Sweden have also followed the project. Some examples are as follows: Barometern 22 November 2008, De kämpar för ett rent Nepal (They are fighting for a clean Nepal) Barometern 1 April 2010, Doktorander från Kalmar till Nepal (PhD students from Kalmar in Nepal) Linnéuniversitetet, 2010-04-19, Doktorandkurs på hög höjd (PhD course on high altitude) http://lnu.se/institutioner/1.26950 Kalmarposten 22 April, Årgång 22, Nr 16, Kalmardoktorander i Nepal (PhD students from Kalmar i Nepal) Barometern 8 May 2010, Lärorik resa till skräpigt Nepal (Informative trip to a littered Nepal)

The results of the PhD course 2 were presented in Swedish media both before and after the trip. On the 24 of April a press conference was held in Kathmandu. The TV channels coming to the press conference Image Television and Kantipur Television that interviewed the PhD students and the Professors and then broadcasted the news. The Himalayan Times among others published the news. In Sweden the project was presented in Barometern and Kalmarposten.

Barometern 1 April 2010, Doktorander från Kalmar till Nepal (PhD students from Kalmar in Nepal)