American Journey Pages 306-311

CIVIL WAR REVIEW

United States of America (USA) vs. Confederate States of America (CSA) Union – North – Blue - Yankee vs. Confederacy – South – Grey - Rebel Capitol = Washington, D.C. vs. Capitol = Richmond, Virginia

BEGAN: April 12, 1861, Confederate attack on Ft. Sumter in Charleston Bay, South Carolina, and with the secession of South Carolina (first state to leave the Union) ENDED: April 9, 1865, Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia (650,000 total dead)

PEOPLE:

Abraham Lincoln: elected U.S. president in 1860 and 1864 Jefferson Davis: president of the Confederate States of America Robert E. Lee: leader of the Confederate Army Ulysses S. Grant: final leader of the Union army (trusted by Lincoln, although was a notorious drunk) David Farragut: Union naval officer who won strategic control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans Robert Shaw: officer who led the courageous 54th Massachusetts African-American army unit Stonewall Jackson: Confederate officer who rallied Rebel soldiers at Bull Run William T. Sherman: led Union soldiers on destructive total war “March to the Sea” in Georgia McClennan and Burnside: failed Union army generals, later replaced by General Ulysses S. Grant

IDEOLOGIES: states’ rights: idea that individual states are more important than the federal government secession: idea of quitting being one of the United States abolition: idea of ending or outlawing slavery habeas corpus: constitutional idea that citizens have right to be informed of their crime if arrested black soldiers: idea of including African-American soldiers in the Union army total war: idea of taking the war to civilians and eliminating anything useful to the enemy

BATTLES: (U) = Union victory; (C) = Confederate victory; (U/C) = fought to a draw (tie)

Bull Run (C): Confederate soldiers rallied by Stonewall Jackson used rebel yell to scare Union soldiers Monitor vs. Merrimac (U/C): battle of the ironclads (iron-covered ships) New Orleans (U): Union naval victory led by Admiral Farragut earning Union control of the Mississippi Antietam (U/C): claimed as Union victory to give Lincoln excuse to give the Emancipation Proclamation Fredericksburg (C): surprising Confederate victory which provided them the drive to attack the North Chancellorsville (C): surprising Confederate victory which provided them the drive to attack the North Gettysburg (U): surprising Union victory in Pennsylvania – many, many deaths on both sides Vicksburg (U): threatening Union from cliff overlooking Mississippi R., successfully attacked from rear

OUTCOMES:

Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln freed slaves in South (no effect, but did impress Britain & France) Britain and France: wanted cheap Southern cotton, but eventually backed the Union strategies: like blockades, rebel yell, total war, frontal assault, guerilla fighting ironclads: Union = Monitor (revolving turret); Confederate = Merrimac (armor-covered) medical care: very primitive, lots of amputations, and use of chloroform as anesthetic (if available) Gettysburg Address: Lincoln’s 2-minute speech that spoke of repairing the nation Sherman’s March to the Sea: example of Union’s strategy of total war in Georgia 13th Amendment: officially freed all slaves and made the practice of slavery unconstitutional Reconstruction: period from 1865 to 1873 when the South was to be rebuilt and re-enter the U.S.A.