Mathematics Grade-Level Standards Glossary

Mathematics Grade-level Standards Glossary

Sources:

(H) Harcourt Animated Math Glossary. Referenced February 29-March 2, 2000. (M) Massachusetts Department of Education Glossary (W) Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Referenced February 29-March 2, 2000 (M) Massachusetts Department of Education Glossary

(HC) Harper Collins Mathematics Dictionary. Referenced January 18, 2002 – February 15, 2002.

(WM) Webster’s New World Dictionary of Mathematics. Referenced January 18, 2002 – February15, 2002.

(A) Arizona Department of Education Glossary

(C) California Department of Education Glossary

GLOSSARY

Absolute Value A numbers distance from zero on a number line. The absolute value of –4 is 4; the absolute value of 4 is 4. (A)

Acute angle An angle less than 90.

Algebraic Methods The use of symbols to represent quantities and signs to represent their relationships. (A)

Algebraic sequence A general term for equations and inequalities. (A)

Algorithm A finite set of steps for completing a procedure, e.g., long division. (H)

Altitudes Indicates the measure of the height of a shape. The line that is perpendicular from the base to the vertex (common point of the other lines or angles).

Analog Having to do with data represented by continuous variables, e.g., a clock with hour, minute, and second hands. (W)

Analytic geometry The branch of mathematics that uses functions and relations to study geometric phenomena, e.g., the description of ellipses and other conic sections in the coordinate plane by quadratic equations. (M)

Angle A figure formed by two line segments that extends from a common point, or by regions of two planes that extend from a common line. (HC)

Angle measure The measure of the space between two lines that meet in a point. Angles are measured in degrees or radians. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 1 Annulus Also called “ring.” The region enclosed between two concentric circles (HC)

Array A collection of objects (squares, circles, etc.) arranged in a pattern (rectangle, square, “L-shaped”, pyramid, etc.) used to picture the results of operations or a growth in a pattern.

Associative property of addition and multiplication When you add or multiply a group of numbers together, the order in which you add or multiply does not change the resulting sum or product. For example, 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 whether you add 1 and 2 first or 2 and 3 first, before adding the last number. Likewise for multiplication, if you multiply 1 x 2 x 3 = 6, if you first multiply 1 and 2, or 2 and 3, it does not change the product.

Asymptotes Straight lines that have the property of becoming and staying arbitrarily close to the curve as the distance from the origin increases to infinity. For example, the x-axis is the only asymptote to the graph of sin(x)/x. (C)

Arithmetic sequence A sequence of elements, a1, a2, a3, . . ., such that the difference of successive terms is a constant ai+1 - ai = k; for example, the sequence {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, . . .} where the common difference is 3. (C)

Array An arrangement of numbers or symbols in rows and columns. (HC)

Binomial In algebra, an expression consisting of two terms connected by a plus or minus sign, such as 4a + 6. (A)

Binomial distribution In probability, a binomial distribution gives the probabilities of k outcomes A (or n-k outcomes B) in n independent trials for a two-outcome experiment in which the possible outcomes are denoted A and B. (C)

Bisector A segment, ray, or line that divides a segment or angle into two congruent halves.

Bivariate data Involving two random variables, not necessarily independent of one another. (HC)

Box-and-whisker plot A method for displaying the median, quartiles, and extremes of a set of data, using the number line. (H)

Capacity The maximum amount or number that can be contained or accommodated, e.g., a jug with a one-gallon capacity; the auditorium was filled to capacity. (M)

Cardinal number A number (as 1, 5, 15) that is used in simple counting and that indicates how many elements there are in a set. (M)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 2 Cartesian plane or Euclidean plane A coordinate plane with perpendicular coordinate axes. (M)

Categorical Data Data that can be identified by category, e.g. gender, favorite color, etc.

Census The count of a population. (A)

Circumference The distance around a circle.

Circumscribed Two geometric figures positioned such that one is around the outside of another in such a way that they are in contact but do not intersect. (HC)

Closure property A set of numbers, such as the integers, is closed under a particular operation if performing the operation on numbers in the set results in another number in that set. For example, the set of non-zero integers is closed under multiplication, but is not closed under division: the product of two non-zero integers is again a non-zero integer, but their quotient need not be an integer. (M)

Combinations Subsets of a larger number of items (e.g., the number of different teams of three that can be chosen from a group of 21). (A)

Commutative property of addition and multiplication The sum and product remains the same regardless of the order that the numbers are added or multiplied. For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 and 2 x 3 = 3 x 2.

Complex number A number that can be written in the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i = √ -1 (Imaginary number). (M)

Complementary angles Two angles with measures whose sum is 90o.

Complementary event In probability, when one outcome or another are the only possibilities. For example, there are either students at the high school who do play a musical instrument, or students at the high school that do not play a musical instrument.

Composite number An integer that is divisible by more than two integers . . . that is not a prime number. For example, 365 = 73 x 5 is composite. (HC)

Compound event In probability, looking for more than one result during a trial. For example, when throwing a paper airplane, the probability that it will fly a distance of less than, or farther than 20 feet. (An event composed of two or more simple events.)

Computational Techniques Operations or tools-number lines, calculators. (A)

Conditional event In probability, the likelihood of an event occurring based on conditional criteria. For example, the likelihood that a student who plays on a sports team plays also plays a musical instrument.

Congruence The state of having the same size or shape. (A)

Conjecture An inference drawn from observed patterns in several examples. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 3 Contextual Situation Relating mathematical problems to real, modeled or illustrated circumstance. (A)

Convenience (haphazard) sampling The collection of data from readily available sources, without emphasis on methodological rigor. (M)

Coordinate geometry The branch of mathematics in which geometrical points and figures are described using algebraic notation in terms of their position on a coordinate plane. (HC)

Coordinate plane (graph) A plane in which two coordinate axes are specified, i.e., two intersecting directed straight lines, usually perpendicular to each other, and usually called the x-axis and y-axis. Every point in a coordinate plane can be described uniquely by an ordered pair of numbers, the coordinates of the point with respect to the coordinate axes. (M)

Coordinate system Any set of two or more magnitudes used to locate points, lines or curves. Commonly placed by using a horizontal axis (x axis) and vertical axis (y axis). (A)

Counting number A number used in counting objects, i.e., a number from the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,.... (A)

Correlation Coefficient A statistical measure that relates how well a set of data points can be modeled by a line. (A)

Cosine The trigonometric function that is defined as the ratio of the leg adjacent to an angle to the hypotenuse of its right angle. (A)

Counterexample An example that disproves a general statement, or that shows an argument to be invalid by satisfying its premises (antecedent) while rendering its conclusion (consequent) obviously false. (HC)

Cube root The number, quantity, or expression whose cube is a given number, quantity or expression. For example, the cube root of 8 is 2. The real cube root of x is usually written 3x; every non- zero real has one real and two complex roots. (HC)

Curve fitting Plotting data and observing the pattern to predict trends. (A)

Decimal number Any real number expressed in base 10 notation, such as 2.673. (M)

Deductive reasoning A type of reasoning wherein the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises. (W)

Dependent event In probability, a predicted event that occur only when another predicted event occurs.

Dependent variable A variable whose value is determined by that value of the independent variable. For example, in y = f(x), y is the dependent variable. (HC)

Derived Data Data collected and analyzed by students using appropriate statistical methods.

Diagonals A line segment that connects two non-adjacent vertices in a polygon.

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 4 Diameter A straight line (chord) that crosses the center of a circle.

Digit a) Any of the Arabic numerals 1 to 9 and usually the symbol 0; b) One of the elements that combine to form numbers in a system other than the decimal system. (M)

Digital Having to do with data that is represented in the form of numerical digits; providing a read-out in numerical digits, e.g., a digital watch. (M)

Dilation A type of transformation of the plane that fixes a point C (the center of the dilation) and maps any other point P to the point P' characterized as follows: the segment CP' has the same direction as the segment CP, and has length k times the length of the segment CP, where k is a positive constant (the scale factor of the dilation). (M)

Dimensional analysis A method of manipulating unit measures algebraically to determine the proper units for a quantity computed algebraically. For example, velocity has units of the form length over time (e.g., meters per second [m/sec]), and acceleration has units of velocity over time; so it follows that acceleration has units (m/sec)/sec = m/(sec2). (C)

Direct Proof A conclusion proved through deductive reasoning. (A)

Direct and Indirect (or inverse) Variation Concerns how the changes in one variable affect the other (how a change in x effects y.) If x and y change in a similar fashion, (if x increases so does y), then it is direct variation. If the change in x negatively impacts y – then it is indirect (or inverse) variation.

Discontinuity A point or value of the independent variable at which the value of a function is not equal to its limit as the value of the independent variable approaches that point, or where it is not defined. (HC)

Discrete mathematics The study of mathematical properties of sets and systems that have only a specifc number of elements. For example, the result of tossing dice form a discrete set of events, since the die has to land on one of its six faces. (A)

Distributive property of multiplication over addition Multiplying a sum by a number is the same as multiplying each addend by that number and then adding the products together. For example, a(b + c) = ab + bc. Where a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4. 2( 3 + 4) = (2 x 3) + (2 x 4) 2 x 7 = 6 + 8 14 = 14

Domain and range The domain is the set of possible values for the independent variable, and the range is represented by the set of values of the dependent variable.

Dot product For vectors A = and B = , the dot product A•B = (xa)(xb ) + (ya) (yb). (M)

Empirical Relating to the collection of actual data. (A)

Equation A mathematical statement in which one expression is equal to another. (A)

Euclidian transformations In geometry, the process of changing one configuration info another, including slides, rotations and reflections. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 5 Expanded notation A way of representing a number that shows the sum of each digit multiplied by the appropriate positive power of ten and the units digit, e.g., 3451 as 3 x 1000 + 4 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 1 or as 3 x 103+ 4 x 102 + 5 x 10 + 1. (M)

Experimental probability Expressed as a ratio, the result of an experiment that shows the number of times an expected outcome occurred compared to the number of times the experiment was performed.

Explicit (of a function) equating the dependent variable directly with a function of the independent variable, as in y = f(x), so that it’s values may be calculated from those of the independent variable. (HC)

Exponent Tells how many times a number or variable is used as a factor. For example, 6 with an exponent of 3 (63) indicates that 6 is a factor of 3 times (6 x 6 x 6). (A)

Exponential function A function commonly used to study growth and decay. It has a form y = ax . (A)

Expression A mathematical phrase with no equal sign, such as 3x, 6, or 2n + 3m. (A)

Exterior angle At the vertex of a polygon, sides (lines) are extended beyond the polygon, allowing two exterior angles to be created and measured.

Factors Any of two or more quantities that are multiplied together. (A)

Fibonacci numbers The sequence of numbers beginning with 1, 1, in which each number that follows is the sum of the previous two numbers, i.e., 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144.... (M)

Finite graph A structure consisting of vertices and edges, where the edges indicate a mapping among the vertices (e.g., the vertices may represent players in a tournament, and the edges indicate who plays whom). (A)

Flip A transformation, also called a reflection, that produces a mirror image of a geometric figure. (A)

Function A mathematical relation that associates each object in a set with exactly one value. (M)

Fundamental Counting Principle If event M can occur in m ways, and after it has occurred, event N can occur in n ways, then event M followed by event N can occur m·n ways. (M)

Fractal A curve or shape so irregular that its dimension (according to the technical definition of dimension) is a fraction, rather than an integer. Many interesting examples of fractals have the property of being self-similar, in the sense that portions of the fractal are similar in shape to magnified parts of itself at arbitrarily high rates of magnification. (M)

Frustum A part of a solid such as a cone or pyramid lying between the base and a plane parallel to the base that intersects with the solid. (HC) (A cone or pyramid with the top “chopped-off” parallel to the base.)

Geometric or figural pattern A sequence of symbols or geometric figures. (M)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 6 Geometric sequence (progression) An ordered list of numbers that has a common ratio between consecutive terms, e.g., 2, 6, 18, 54....(H)

Hemisphere Half of a sphere, bounded by a plane containing it’s center. (HC)

Histogram A vertical block graph with no spaces between the blocks. It is used to represent frequency data in statistics. (C)

Identify To state, match, select or write. (A)

Imaginary numbers The square root of a negative number usually expressed as i . (A)

Independent outcomes Of two or more events, such that the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of any of the others. Consequently, the probability of any set of independent events occurring equals the product of their individual probabilities. (HC

Independent variable A variable in a mathematical equation or statement, whose value determines that of the dependent variable. In y = f(x), x is the independent variable. (HC)

Independent event In probability, a predicted event that occur regardless of another event occurring.

Indirect proof A deductive proof using contradiction or elimination to rule out all except the desired conclusion. (A)

Inductive reasoning a) The type of reasoning that uses inference to reach a generalized conclusion from particular instances; b) In mathematics, demonstration of the validity of a law concerning all the positive integers by proving that it holds for the integer 1 and that if it holds for an arbitrarily chosen positive integer k it must hold for the integer k+1; also called mathematical induction. (W)

Inequalities Statements indicating that two quantities are not equal, utilizing symbols > (greater than) or < (less than) and  . (A)

Inscribed Two geometric figures arranged where one is inside another so that they have points in common but do not intersect. (HC)

Integers A number that is either a whole number or the negative of a whole number.(M) Or, the set of whole numbers and their opposites (i.e.. . ., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ) Integers allow the distinction to be made between measurement to the right (or above) a zero point and measurement to the left (or below) the zero point (an example of that is the thermometer). (WM)

Interior angle Angles on the inside of a polygon, measured at the vertices.

Interquartile range The difference between the first and third quartiles, that is, between the value of a variable below which lie 25% of the population, and that below which lie 75%; a measure of the spread of distribution. (HC)

Inverse A related but opposite process or number such as multiplication being the inverse of division and 2/1 being the inverse of 1/2. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 7 Irrational number A number that cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers, e.g., √ 2. It can be shown that a number is irrational if and only if it cannot be written as a repeating or terminating decimal. (M)

Iterative pattern or sequence A sequence or pattern formed by repeating the same procedure; for example, the Fibonacci sequence. (M)

Iterative process In discrete math, a method of calculating an amount by using an initial value and applying a function repeatedly. (A)

Least common multiple The smallest number or quantity that is exactly divisible by all of a given set of numbers or quantities; for example, the LCM of 3, 5, and 10 is 30. (HC)

Line graph A set of data points on an X-Y grid, possibly with consecutive points connected by line segments. (M)

Line of best fit A straight line drawn through or near to as many data points as possible on a scatter plot. (M)

Line plot A number line with dots or other marks above it to show the number of times an event occurs. (H)

Line Symmetry If a line drawn through the center of a figure allows for each half to be identical (reflection), then the figure has line symmetry.

Linear equation Any equation that can be written in the form Ax + By + C = 0 where A and B cannot both be 0. The graph of such an equation is a line. (M)

Linear function A function that has a constant rate of change and can be modeled by a straight line. (A)

Linear programming A mathematical method of solving practical problems (as the allocation of resources) by means of linear functions where the variables involved are subject to constraints. (W)

Logarithm An alternative notation for expressing an exponent. (A)

Logic A system of reasoning used to validate arguments. (A)

Magnitude Size or quantity. (A)

Manipulatives A wide variety of physical materials and supplies that students use to foster the learning of abstract ideas in mathematics. (A)

Maximum In a set of numbers or a function, the greatest value.

Matrix , pl. matrices A rectangular array of numbers or variables arranged in rows and columns. (A)

Mean In statistics, the average obtained by dividing the sum or two or more quantities by the number of these quantities. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 8 Measure of central tendency Either the mean, median, or mode of a distribution, i.e., one of the possible notions of an average. (M)

Minimum In a set of numbers or a function, the least value.

Median In statistics, the quantity designating the middle value in a set of numbers. (A) In geometry, the median of a triangle is a line that begins at the vertex and ends at the midpoint of the opposite side.

Mode In statistics, the value that occurs most frequently in a given series of numbers. (A)

Monomial In algebra, an expression consisting of a single term such as 5y. (A)

Multiple A number into which another number may be divided with no remainder. (A)

Mutually exclusive event In probability, two events that cannot occur at the same time.

Nth or n th Having an unspecified ordinal number, often either the final member of a finite sequence of elements, or an arbitrary member of an infinite sequence. (HC)

Network a) A figure consisting of vertices and edges that shows how objects are connected, b) A collection of points (vertices), with certain connections (edges) between them. (H)

Nonstandard measurement Measurements expressed in terms or objects such as paper clips, sticks of gum, or shoes, [i.e., the desk is 23 sticks of gum wide.] (A)

Nonstandard unit of measure Any object that can be used as a referent for measuring another object. For example, the length of a shoe used to measure the length of a table.

Normal curve In statistics, the distribution of data along a bell-shaped curve that reaches its maximum height at the mean. (A)

Numeral A symbol or mark used to represent a number. (M)

Numeric pattern A pattern composed of numerals. (M)

Obtuse angle An angle greater than 90.

Open sentence A statement that contains at least one unknown. For example, 6 + x = 14. (A)

Operation Any procedure, such as addition, multiplication, set union, conjunction, etc., that generates a unique value according to mechanistic rules from one or more given numbers or values as arguments. The fundamental operations of arithmetic are taken to be addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; extraction of square roots is often added to this list. (HC)

Order of Operations 1. Do all of the operations inside parentheses, and/or above and below a fraction bar in the proper order, 2. Find the value of any powers or roots, 3. Multiply and divide from left to right, 4. Add and subtract from left to right. (H)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 9 Ordinal number A number designating the place (as first, second, or third) occupied by an item in an ordered sequence. (W)

Outlier A point in a sample widely separated from the main cluster of points in the sample. (HC)

Parallelism The state of being parallel, not intersecting. (A)

Parallel Box Plots Box-and-whisker plots used side by side to compare categorical data against a continuous measurement. (E.g. Categorical: Beef, Meat, and Poultry and Continuous: Calories per hot dog) (NCTM)

Parameter A quantity whose value varies with the circumstances of its application, such as the radius of a group of circles. (A)

Partition A process of dividing an object into parts. (M)

Pascal's triangle A triangular arrangement of numbers in which each row starts and ends with 1, and each other number is the sum of the two numbers above it. (H)

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1

Permutations Ordered arrangements of a given number of items in a set. (A)

Polynomials In algebra, an expression consisting of two or more terms such as x2 – 2xy + y2. (A)

Pictogram (pictograph) A graph that uses pictures to show and compare information. (H)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 10 Prime factorization A number expressed as a product of prime factors. For example, 30 = 2 x 3 x 5.

Primes Counting numbers that can only be evenly divided by two numbers which are the number itself and 1. For example, the numbers 2, 3, 5, 7. (A)

Probability A number between zero and one that describes the likelihood that a given event will take place. For example, the probability of throwing a six with a single throw of one die is 1/6, and the probability of throwing two sixes with a single throw of two dice is 1/36. (M)

Proof A method of constructing a valid argument, using deductive reasoning. (M)

Proportion An equation that states that two ratios are equivalent, e.g., 4/8 = 1/2 or 4:8 = 1:2. (M)

Pythagorean theorem For any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the measures of the legs equals the square of the measure of the hypotenuse. (M)

Quadratic function A function that has an equation of the form y = Ax2 + Bx + C where A does not equal 0. (A)

Radian The size of the central angle of a circle when the arc length equals the radius. (A)

Radius A straight line from the center of a circle to the edge of a circle.

Random sampling A smaller group of people or objects chosen from a larger group or population by a process giving equal chance of selection to all possible people or objects. (H)

Random variable A variable that is itself a function of the result of a statistical experiment in which each outcome has a definite probability of occurrence; also called variate. (W)

Range In statistics, the difference between the greatest and the smallest values in a set. (A)

Ratio A comparison of two numbers or quantities, e.g., 4 to 7 or 4 : 7 or 4/7. (M)

Rate of change The ratio of change per unit time . . . the rate of change of y with respect to x. (HC)

Rational number A number that can be written as the ratio of an integer to a counting number; or more formally, a number that can be expressed as a ratio a/b where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0, e.g., 0.5, 3/5, -3, 8, 3-9/10. (M)

Real number A number from the set of numbers consisting of all rational and all irrational numbers. (M)

Recursive or Iterative From RECURSION, the application of a function to its own values to generate an infinite sequence of values. (HC)

Recursive pattern or sequence A pattern or sequence wherein each successive term can be computed from some or all of the preceding terms by an algorithmic procedure. (M)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 11 Recursive relations In discrete mathematics, a value in a series of numbers is derived by applying a formula to the previous value. (A)

Recursive sequence In discrete mathematics, a series of numbers in which values are derived by applying a formula to the previous value. (A)

Referent A term used in the standards to mean an object to measure against another object, or compare one thing to another. For example, a student’s desk is four shoes in length. The shoes would be the referent for the measure of the desk.

Reflection A type of transformation that flips points about a line, called the line of reflection. Taken together, the image and the pre-image have the line of reflection as a line of symmetry. (M)

Relationship or Relation An association between, or a condition satisfied by, ordered pairs of objects, numbers, etc., such as ab+1, or … is greater than…. Defines the relation between the first member of the pair and the second. (HC)

Relative frequency The ratio of the actual number of favorable events (successes) to the total number in a sample, often taken as an estimate of probability. (HC)

Relatively prime number (coprime) (A pair or integers or polynomials) not having any common divisor other than one; for example, 8 and 9. (HC)

Remainder The amount left over when dividing when one quantity (number, polynomial, etc.) cannot be exactly divided into another; the difference between a given dividend and the largest multiple or the divisor less than (or of lower degree than) the dividend. For example, the remainder of 10  3 is 1; the remainder when x3 – 2x2 + 7 is divided by x2 + 2x is 8x + 7. (HC)

Repeated addition Adding a number to itself multiple times. For example, 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8. (Multiplication)

Repeated subtraction Subtracting a number from itself multiple times. For example, 8 – 2 – 2 – 2 – 2 = 0. (Division)

Repeated multiplication Multiplying a number by itself multiple times. For example, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8.

Repeated subtraction Multiple subtraction of a number from another. For example, 8 – 2 – 2 – 2 – 2 = 0. (Division)

Rhombus A parallelogram in which are four sides are equal (congruent) (WM)

Right angle An angle of exactly 90.

Rotation A type of transformation that turns a figure about a fixed point, called the center of rotation. (M)

Rotational Symmetry A figure has rotational symmetry if it is identical after being rotated on an axis up to 180.

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 12 Sample space In probability, the set of all outcomes of a given experiment, e.g., the sample space for tossing two coins is (H,H), (H,T), (T,H), (T,T). (H)

Scatter plot Two sets of data plotted as ordered pairs in the coordinate plane. (H)

Winning Olympic High Jump

Scientific notation A widely used floating-point system in which numbers are expressed as products consisting of a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by an appropriate power of 10, e.g., 562 = 5.62 x 102. (W)

Sequence, progression A set of elements ordered so that they can be labeled with consecutive positive integers starting with 1, e.g., 1, 3, 9, 27, 81. In this sequence, 1 is the first term, 3 is the second term, 9 is the third term, and so on. (W)

Similarity In geometry, objects or figures that are the same shape but not necessarily the same size. (A)

Sine A trigonometric function that is defined as the ratio of the leg opposite the angle to the hypotenuse of its right angle. (A)

Skew (lines) Lines that are not on the same plane and do not intersect. For example, the line at the base of the face of the cube, and the line the goes from the base to the top of the back of the cube.

Skip counting Counting by equal intervals. (2,4,6,8…) (A)

Slides In geometry, a transformation where a figure moves in a given direction. (A)

Slope (of a straight line or segment) The ratio of the rise (incline) to the run (distance) of any two distinct points on the line or segment. (HC)

Square number A number that is a product of an integer being multiplied by itself, such as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, etc.

Square root Two equal factors of a number. For example, 4 is the square root of 16. (A)

Standard deviation A statistic that measures the dispersion of a sample. (A)

Stem-and-leaf- plot A table utilizing digit(s) of a number as stems and the other digit as leaves. For example, 5l 7,8 shows the numbers 57 and 58. (A)

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 13 Supplementary angles Two angles with measures whose sum is 180.

Survey Interview, questionnaire and/or polling. (A)

Symbol A letter or sign used used to represent a number, quantity, function, relation, variable, etc. (HC)

Symbolic Rules Using mathematical symbols to represent patterns in a sequence of numbers.

Symmetry A correspondence in size, form and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane, line or point. For example, a figure that has line symmetry has two halves that coincide if folded along its line of symmetry. (A)

Synthetic representation The geometric form as opposed to the algebraic representation of a figure. (A)

System of linear equations A set of equations (or inequalities) that are to be solved together to determine the relationship between the pair of equations.

Tangent A trigonometric function of an angle which is defined as the ration of the lengths of the leg opposite to the leg adjacent to an angle in its right triangle. Also a line having one point in common with a curve. (A)

Tesselations A mosaic formed by repetitions of a single shape. (A)

Theoretical (mathematical) Relating to the probability of a given event, using mathematical relationships (e.g., the chance of a red side coming up on the flip of a two-colored counter is one in two, or 1/2). (A)

Transformation A prescription, or rule, that sets up a one-to-one correspondence between the points in a geometric object (the pre-image) and the points in another geometric object (the image). Reflections, rotations, translations, and dilations are particular examples of transformations. (M)

Translation A type of transformation that moves every point by the same distance in the same direction, e.g., in a geographic map, moving a given distance due north. (M)

Transversal In geometry, given two or more lines in the plane a transversal is a line distinct from the original lines and intersects each of the given lines in a single point. (C)

Trapezoid A quadrilateral which has exactly one pair of parallel sides (sometimes the parallelogram with both pairs of sides parallel is included). (WM)

Trigonometric ratios The rations of the lengths of pairs of sides in a right triangle, i.e., sine, cosine, and tangent. (A)

Trigonometry The branch of mathematics involving triangles that combines arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. Trigonometry is used in surveying, navigation, and physics. (A)

Univariate data Single variable data.

D:\Docs\2017-12-14\077c5e11e5feeaedc22866dbe6e3d7c2.doc 14 Valid a) Well-grounded or justifiable; being at once relevant and meaningful, e.g., a valid theory; b) Logically correct. (W)

Variable A letter used to represent one or more numbers in an expression, equation, inequality, or matrix. (H)

Variability Numbers that describe how spread out a set of data is (e.g., range and quartile). (A)

Vector A quantity that has magnitude and direction. A vector is typically represented by a directed line segment, whose length represents the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction. (W)

Venn diagram A diagram that is used to show relationships between sets. (H)

Vertex The point where lines, rays, or line segments, originate and form an angle.

Vertex-edge graph A graph consisting of points with connections in which the points are called vertices and the line segments are called edges. (M)

Whole number A number that is either a counting number or zero. (M)

X-axis One of the axes of a Cartesian Coordinate System; conventionally, the horizontal axis. (HC)

Y intercept The point at which a given line intersects with the y-axis on a coordinate plane.

Zeros of a function The points at which the value of a function is zero. For example, if a function reads x2 + 2x, the zero of the function x = -2 (C)

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