DNA Test Review Guide

Name: KEY DNA Test Review Guide

1. What do the letters DNA represent? DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

2. Who received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of DNA? WATSON, CRICK & WILKINS

3. What is DNA made of? NUCLEOTIDES

4. Why is DNA considered a polymer? IT IS MADE UP OF A BUNCH OF BUILDING BLOCKS

5. What makes up a nucleotide? PHOSPHATE, SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE-DNA & RIBOSE-RNA), NITROGENOUS BASES

6. What are the 4 bases used in DNA? ADANINE, THYMINE, GUANINE & CYTOSINE

7. What is DNA Polymerase? ENZYME THAT MOVES ALONG EXPOSED NITROGEN BASES AND MATCHES UP FREE FLOATING NITROGEN BASES.

8. When and where does DNA Replication occur? DURING INTERPHASE INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

9. What are Chargaff’s Rules? A binds to T & G binds to C

10.You should be able to explain the steps to DNA Replication.

11.DNA is the blueprint for making _PROTEINS_.

12.Explain the process of protein synthesis. TRANSCRIPTION – DNA MAKES mRNA IN THE NUCLEUS. mRNA AND tRNA MEET AT THE RIBOSOME WHERE TRANSLATION OCCURS. TRANSLATION- mRNA CODES FOR MAKING OF PROTEINS.

13.What is mRNA, what is its role, and where can it be found? MESSENGER RNA, IT CARRIES THE INSTRUCTIONS/CODE TO RIBOSE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MADE IN NUCLEUS AND TRAVELS THROUGH CYTOPLASM TO RIBOSOME

14.What is tRNA, what is its role, and where can it be found? TRANSFER RNA, PICK UP CORRECT AMINO ACIDS AND TRANSPORT TO RIBOSOME, IN THE CYTOPLASM

15.What is rRNA, what is its role, and where can it be found? RIBOSOMAL RNA, STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF RIBOSOME, IN THE RIBOSOME 16.What are the bases used to create RNA? ADANINE, URACIL, GUANINE AND CYTOSINE

17.What is transcription? DNA MAKING mRNA

18.What is translation? COVERTING CHEMICAL CODE/CODONS TO PROTEINS

19.What is a codon? A SET OF 3 NITROGEN BASES, EX. AUG, AAA 20.You should be able to read the codon chart. 21.What is a mutation? CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE THAT AFFECTS GENETIC INFORMATION

22.What is a point mutation? A SINGLE LETTER IS CHANGED IN THE CODE

23.What is a frame shift? A CHANGE IN THE CODE THE RESULTS IN A “RIPPLE” EFFECT OR SHIFT IN THE CODE.

24.What is an insertion mutation? WHEN A BASE/BASES ARE ADDED/INSERTED INTO THE CODE

25.What is a deletion mutation? WHEN A BASE/BASES ARE REMOVED/DELETED FROM THE CODE

26.What is a substitution mutation? WHEN A BASE/BASES ARE SWITCHED

27.Define mutagen. ANY COMPOUND THAT CAUSES A MUTATION

28.How can a mutation affect a protein? IT CAN MAKE NO CHANGE, CAUSE IT NOT TO BE MADE OR MAKE A MUTATED FORM OF THE PROTEIN

29.What is a gel electrophoresis? DNA FRAGMENTS ARE PLACE INTO A GEL CHAMBER AND THEN AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSES THROUGH THE GEL. THE SMALLER FRAGMENTS TRAVEL FASTER & FARTHER THAN LARGER FRAGMENTS AND THIS PRODUCES A PATTERN

30.What is a DNA Fingerprint? A PATTERN OF DNA FRAGMENTS PRODUCES BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

31.What is a restriction enzyme and how does it work? ENZYMES THAT CHEMICALLY CUT DNA INTO SMALLER FRAGMENTS

32.What is DNA Extraction? REMOVAL OF DNA FROM A NUCLEATED CELL

33.What does PCR mean and what is its purpose? POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, PROCESS THAT PRODUCES BILLIONS OF COPIES OF THE SAME STRAND OF DNA

34.What is recombinant DNA? TAKING DNA FROM ONE ORGANISM AND SPLICING IT INTO A HOST ORGANISM

35.What are some specific examples of transgenic organisms? PIGS- INSULIN PRODUCTION

36.What is cloning? GENETICALLY IDENTICAL CELLS PRODUCED BY A SINGLE CELL

37.You should be able to explain how Dolly was cloned. SEE BIOTECH NOTES IN WORKBOOK

38.Why is there controversy surrounding the issue of cloning? DOES A CLONE HAVE RIGHTS THAT SAME AS ANY OTHER LIVING ORGANISM?