Nutrient Loads Flowing Into Coastal Waters from the Main Rivers of China (2006-2012)
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Nutrient Loads Flowing into Coastal Waters from the Main
Rivers of China (2006-2012)
Yindong Tong1, 2, Yue Zhao3*, Gengchong Zhen4, Jie Chi1, Xianhua Liu1, Yiren Lu1,
Xuejun Wang2, 5, Ruihua Yao3, Junyue Chen6, Wei Zhang4*
1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin,
300072, China
2. Ministry of Education Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University
3. Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
4. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China,
Beijing, 100872, China
5. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing,
100871, China
6. Yang Ming Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315122, China
1 Water discharges of the rivers
The total water discharge of the rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean was about
1.4×1012 m3 in 2012, with over 3/4 of the water flowing into the East China Sea.
Yearly variation in the water discharge was observed. For example, in 2007, the total water discharge of the selected rivers was 1.1×1012 m3, 22% higher compared to the value in 2011. The river with the largest annual water flow was the Yangtze River, accounting for over 50% of the total water discharge flowing into the ocean. In the Yangtze River, the largest annual water flow occurred in
2010, reaching as high as 1.0×1012 m3. The water discharges of the rivers in the southern part of China were significantly higher than those in the North, and decreased significantly from south to north. For example, the sum of the annual water flow for the Huanghe River, Liaohe River and Haihe River was only 0.2×10 11 m3 in 2011, while the corresponding value for the Yangtze River was 6.7×1011 m3.
Seasonal variation of the water discharge was observed in all of the selected rivers. Higher flows occurred more often during the rainy season, and over 62% of the total water discharges occurred from April to September. The highest monthly discharge of the rivers always occurred from July to September.
2 3.5e+5 1800 5000 70 ) ) 3
) + ) + 3
s NH4 -N s NH4 -N m m
n n
8 8 o 3.0e+5 1600 o 60 t TN t TN 0 ( 0 (
4000 1 1 r r (
TP ( TP
e e r r v v e i Runoff i Runoff 2.5e+5 1400 e 50 r r v
v i i e e R R
h h
t t 3000 e
e h n 1200 n
2.0e+5 z 40 i i t
g g s s n t t n a n n a u e e i i 1.5e+5 1000 Y 2000 30 r H r
t t e u e u h n h n t t
f f f 800 f o o 1.0e+5 o 20 o
f s s f f 1000 f d d o o a a n n o o
600 u l l
5.0e+4 10 u r
r
y y l y l y l l h h h t t
0 h t t n n
400 n
0.0 0 n o o o o M M M M 200 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Yangtze River Huanghe River
2500 30 3000 2.5 )
+ ) + ) ) 3
s NH -N NH -N 3
4 s 4 n n m m
o
o
t TP 8 TN
25 t 8 ( (
0 2500 2.0 r 0 r Runoff 2000 1 TP e 1 e ( (
v v
i r i Runoff r r r e
e v
20 e e v i i h h t
R 2000 t 1.5 R
n e n i e i
1500 h h s i s o t
t 15 a a n i n H e e L
i i 1500
r 1.0 r e t t e h u u h t t
n
n
10 f
f
1000 f f o o
o
o f
f f f s
s 1000 .5 o o d d n n a a
5 u u o r o r l
l
y y y l y l l
l 500 h h h t h
t t 500 t 0.0 n n n
n 0 o o o o M M M M 0 0 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Liaohe River Haihe River )
25000 70 3 40000 300 ) m 3
) + ) + 8
s NH -N s NH -N
4 4 m
0 n n 8 1 o o ( 0 t TN 60 t TN 250
( ( 1 r ( r r 20000 TP e TP r e e v i v v e i Runoff i 30000 Runoff v r r R i
50 200 e e g R
h h n t t g
a i n j n n i i a g 15000 i j s s 40 n
t t 150 g a n n t n i e e n
i i 20000 r r a M t i t
u u e 30 Q
n n
100 h
t
10000 e f f
f h o o t
o
f s s f f o d d
20 o f a a 50 f n
o o 10000 l l o u
r n
y y
l 5000 l u y r l h h
t t
10 h y t n n
l 0 n o o h t o M M n M o
0 0 M 0 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Qiantangjiang River Mingjiang River )
50000 180 h 2.5e+5 1000 t n ) ) ) + + 3 o 3 s NH4 -N NH4 -N m m n 160 m /
8 o s 8 t TN TN 0 ( n 0
1 r o
TP 1 TP ( 40000 t 2.0e+5 800
140 ( e ( r
v r i r
Runoff Runoff e r e e v
i t v i e 120 a R h
R t w
g
e n n e i h
30000 1.5e+5 600
100 i a h i t s j a
t u u n n i h
e H i
s 80 Z r t
t e n e u h t e h n i
t
f r 20000 1.0e+5 400 f 60 t f o o
u o
f
f n f s
f o f d 40 o n o a n u o s r u l
r d
y y l
l 10000 a 5.0e+4 200 20 y l h h o l t t h
t n n y n l o o
0 o h t M M M n
0 o 0.0 0 Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 M Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 Huaihe River Zhujiang River *Due to the lack of data, the TN loads were not included for the Liaohe River.
Figure S1. Monthly variations in NH3-N, TN and TP loads from 2006 to 2012 (tons)
3
, g )
800 n 3 a i m j
8 Yangtze g 0 n 1
Zhujiang a ( t 2000 r Huanghe n e a i v i ) Liaohe Q
R 3 ,
e g Haihe 600 m 8 h n i 0 a
Qiantangjiang a i j 1 ( H u
Mingjiang r 1500 , h e e Z
v
Huaihe h i d o R n a
i a e
L
h e , 400 i z e a t h u g g h n 1000 n a d a Y n u
a e
H
h g t e
n f h a t i o
j
f f n f i
200 o
o f
500 M f n
o u
n
R u
y
R l
h
y t
l
n
h
t o
n
M
0 0 o
Jan. 2006 Jan. 2007 Jan. 2008 Jan. 2009 Jan. 2010 Jan. 2011 Jan. 2012 M
Figure S2. Monthly water discharges of the eight rivers from 2006 to 2012
4 Table S1. Seasonal variations in nutrients loads from the eight rivers during 2006-2012 (104 tons) Spring Summer Autumn Winter
NH3-N TN TP NH3-N TN TP NH3-N TN TP NH3-N TN TP e z
t 2006 18.07 35.56 3.70 15.49 43.31 3.58 6.95 35.65 2.56 3.23 20.61 2.38 g n
a 2007 10.28 24.80 2.76 5.77 37.10 3.53 13.85 68.33 6.92 6.73 22.83 2.38 Y 2008 10.59 25.79 1.49 9.37 45.15 3.98 9.99 69.56 6.00 4.82 31.56 2.85 2009 6.29 23.73 2.55 8.94 48.46 4.19 7.85 57.35 5.29 2.48 19.85 2.79 2010 6.36 31.77 4.04 13.92 68.45 6.29 16.15 79.24 6.23 6.37 29.96 3.68 2011 7.67 22.86 2.95 7.57 40.24 4.46 10.24 59.16 6.04 4.33 39.24 3.27 2012 9.59 40.78 3.61 6.60 68.13 7.13 5.70 63.07 8.74 2.53 31.82 4.28
a 2006 0.16 0.20 0.01 0.52 0.51 0.04 0.39 0.67 0.02 0.12 0.23 0.01 u
H 2007 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.21 0.27 0.01 0.41 0.94 0.03 0.26 0.49 0.02
e 2008 0.12 0.20 0.01 0.25 0.46 0.02 0.20 0.43 0.01 0.10 0.27 0.01 h g
n 2009 0.07 0.13 0.00 0.14 0.33 0.02 0.24 0.42 0.03 0.26 0.33 0.01 2010 0.12 0.15 0.01 0.23 — 0.04 0.58 0.80 0.03 0.14 0.25 0.02 2011 0.03 — 0.10 0.22 0.01 0.46 0.58 0.03 0.42 0.75 0.04 2012 0.11 0.54 0.01 0.26 — 0.02 0.61 0.06 0.27 0.03
o 2006 0.11 — 0.00 0.22 — 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.00 a i
L 2007 0.03 — 0.00 0.09 — 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.00
e — — h 2008 0.08 0.00 0.18 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.01 2009 0.05 — 0.00 0.08 — 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 2010 0.02 — 0.00 0.11 — 0.01 0.52 0.03 0.17 0.01 2011 0.10 — 0.00 0.07 — 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 2012 0.02 — 0.00 0.07 — 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.01 e
h 2006 0.71 1.22 0.05 0.35 1.13 0.04 1.13 3.71 0.19 0.15 0.72 0.03 i a u 2007 0.87 1.80 0.06 0.33 0.93 0.04 2.12 6.89 0.46 0.19 0.57 0.02 H 2008 0.28 0.36 0.02 0.23 0.53 0.05 0.77 1.62 0.16 0.20 0.38 0.03 2009 0.09 0.14 0.01 0.15 0.32 0.02 0.52 0.80 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.03 2010 0.36 0.47 0.04 0.31 0.59 0.06 1.07 1.76 0.20 0.15 0.30 0.03 2011 0.09 0.12 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.01 0.25 0.42 0.04 0.22 0.30 0.03 2012 0.14 0.18 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.01 0.39 0.60 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.01
g 2006 0.28 0.95 0.48 0.12 n a i j 2007 0.28 0.06 0.33 0.06 0.34 0.06 0.02 0.00 n i
M 2008 0.20 0.04 0.55 2.49 0.10 0.39 1.90 0.04 0.18 0.90 0.02 2009 0.22 1.06 0.03 0.40 1.94 0.07 0.38 1.86 0.08 0.17 0.97 0.02 2010 0.36 2.08 0.05 1.39 7.93 0.34 0.47 2.57 0.09 0.15 0.83 0.04 2011 0.18 0.99 0.03 0.33 1.89 0.05 0.16 1.14 0.04 0.10 0.92 0.03 2012 0.35 2.79 0.12 0.60 5.09 0.20 0.24 2.08 0.08 0.44 2.36 0.09
g 2006 3.01 10.03 0.43 9.60 24.43 1.04 8.84 34.58 1.61 2.95 8.37 0.26 n a i j 2007 2.73 6.69 0.50 10.85 18.87 0.81 7.24 35.29 1.00 0.53 9.68 0.21 u h
Z 2008 5.59 11.04 0.35 14.54 35.05 1.64 5.71 36.72 1.62 3.07 18.95 0.66 2009 3.37 13.56 0.34 9.58 26.49 0.57 4.53 26.85 0.84 2.50 8.26 0.25
5 2010 3.62 11.48 0.34 16.07 43.21 2.07 6.18 26.71 0.95 2.93 13.75 0.30 2011 3.02 8.81 0.34 6.56 18.93 0.94 3.04 10.06 0.48 1.28 11.80 0.41 2012 3.56 11.20 0.35 11.39 37.34 1.53 4.28 20.79 1.13 2.69 10.83 0.46
g 2006 n a i j
g 2007 0.17 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.07 0.58 0.01 0.06 n a t 2008 0.10 0.63 0.02 0.68 2.27 0.07 0.06 0.56 0.02 0.06 0.42 0.02 n a i
Q 2009 0.12 0.78 0.02 0.12 0.91 0.03 0.14 0.92 0.03 0.10 0.56 0.02 2010 0.35 2.30 0.10 0.44 2.28 0.10 0.18 1.17 0.05 0.06 0.84 0.02 2011 0.10 0.71 0.02 0.17 2.68 0.07 0.06 0.43 0.02 0.07 0.77 0.02 2012 0.37 2.43 0.07 0.40 2.76 0.11 0.06 1.10 0.04 0.13 1.23 0.03
e 2006 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 h i a
H 2007 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.08 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 2008 0.04 0.06 0.00 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.19 0.33 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.00 2009 0.09 0.12 0.00 0.26 0.30 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.19 0.14 0.01 2010 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.01 2011 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 2012 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.14 0.28 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.01 *For the season with data missing for all the three months, the seasonal flux was not included. **For the Liaohe River, the fluxes of TN was not included
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