Joined Into One Word

-ence patience, confidence, difference, intelligence Compound nouns -er teacher babysitter reader, driver, follower We sometimes join two nouns together to express a -hood childhood, brotherhood, motherhood new concept or idea. These two nouns may be: -ing finding, driving, meaning, swimming, heating -ion instruction, situation, creation, attraction  joined into one word: -sion concision, discussion, tension, collision bathroom / bedroom / football¡ / housewife / tracksuit / -tion solution, combination, intention, frustration weekend/workshop -ition partition, demolition  joined by means of a hyphen (-): -sm racism, optimism, capitalism, impressionism -ity nationality, electricity, generosity, popularity data-processing / horse-riding / ice-skating / tea-room -ment development, movement, government  kept as two separate words: -ness illness, emptiness, happiness, kindness alarm clock / drinking water / shop window / -or actor, conductor director swimming pool / training school / credit card / -ty certainty» safety loyalty, simplicity, visibility goal keeper / shopping centre / table tennis / -y difficulty, honesty, delivery, burglary, harmony waiting room / dining room /petrol station / Some adjectives may be turned into nouns in different shopping list / taxi driver / writing paper / disc jockey / ways: shop assistant / sports centre / tennis court Adjective - Noun Be careful! To find out which of the three possibilities angry - anger / high - height / thirsty - thirst / is the correct one you must use a good dictionary. brave - bravery / hot - heat / true - truth / broad - breadth / hungry - hunger / warm – warmth / dead - death / Compound adjectives long - length / wide - width / deep - depth /poor - poverty / wise - These consist of two words normally separated by a wisdom / free - freedom / strong - strength / hyphen (-). The second element is usually a present young - youth participle (-ing) or a past participle (-ed or irregular). Some verbs may be turned into nouns in different ways: absent-minded / left-handed /good-looking / hard-working / broad-shouldered / short-sighted / hand-made / well- Verb - Noun dressed / bad-tempered behave - behaviour / inhabit - inhabitant / Formation of adjectives by means of suffixes please - pleasure / succeed - success / choose - choice / know – knowledge / post - postage / weigh - weight/ Adjectives can be made from nouns or verbs by depart - departure / laugh - laughter / rob - robbery / adding suffixes. You can see some examples in the believe - belief/ die - death / live - life / see - sight / following box. fly - flight / marry - marriage / sign - signature Be careful! The spelling of the adjective may change. Verbs and nouns with the same spelling -able acceptable, reasonable, predictable, When in doubt, use the context around the word. comfortable, believable, advisable Example: -al traditional, musical, medical, environmental, answer / change / rush / smoke / taste / tattoo political, accidental -ent /-ant dependent, different, intelligent, resident, consistent, resistant Formation of verbs by means of suffixes -ful helpful, peaceful, awful, wonderful, colourful,  Verbs can be made from adjectives or nouns by successful adding suffixes. -ible horrible, divisible, accessible, comprehensible, Be careful! The spelling of the verb may change. sensible, terrible -en lessen, tighten, sharpen -ic atomic, problematic, idiomatic, energetic, -ify simplify, notify, falsify systematic, emphatic -ise / -ize privatise, apologise, fertilise -ive permissive, cohesive, supportive, offensive, decisive, constructive -less hopeless, harmless, homeless, meaningless, Negative prefixes fearless, countless These are used to give a verb, an adjective or a noun -like childlike, godlike, ladylike a negative meaning: -Iy deadly, friendly, lovely, manly, kingly, earthly -ous dangerous, courageous, mysterious, erroneous, dis- disagree, discomfort, disobedient, disadvantage suspicious, malicious il- illegal, illiteracy, illogical, illegitimate -y lucky, cloudy, sleepy, sunny, hairy im- impossible, immature, impractical, impatient in- incomplete, inefficiency, invisible, insecurity ir- irresponsible, irregularity, irrelevant, irrational Formation of nouns by means of suffixes mis- misguided, misunderstand, misbehave Nouns can be made from other nouns, adjectives or non- non-smoker non-verbal, non-stop, non-resident verbs by adding suffixes. Examples: un- unusual, untidy, unfasten, unfortunate Be careful! The spelling of the noun may change. -al arrival, revival, approval, burial -ance performance, appearance, importance -ation organisation, occupation, explanation -cy privacy, pregnancy, accuracy, privacy