Anatomy & Physiology Chp 28- Reproductive System

Prefixes/Suffixes to know: 1. andr- ______2. ______- to shoot forth 3. ______fringe 4. ______small bag 5. genesis- ______6. ______to bud or sprout 7. labi- ______8. mens-______9. ______-mountain 10. puber-______

INTRODUCTION

11. Various reproductive organs 1) produce ______cells and sex ______2) help ______the lives of these cells 3) or ______the above cells from place to place

ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

12. The primary sex organs (______) are the ______(______singular), which produce ______cells and male sex ______. There are other structures of MRS called ______organs, that are futher broken down into ______and ______reproductive organs. 13. TESTES 1)______structures ______cm long x ______cm in diameter 2) each ______is contained within the cavity of the saclike ______3) STRUCTURE OF THE TESTES 1- composed of ______, separated by connective tissue called ______, and filled with ______tubules 2- seminiferous tubules are lined with epithelium, which produces ______cells 3- interstitial cells produce male sex ______2) FORMATION OF SPERM CELLS 1- the epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules consits of the supporting cells and ______cells #1- the supporting cells support and ______the spermatogenic cells #2-spermatogenic cells give rise to the ______cells #3-sperm cell production occurs ______throughout the reproductive life of a ______#4-sperm cells collect in each ST and then pass into the ______where they remain for a time and ______#5-a mature sperm cell is a tiny, ______-shaped structure about ______mm long 2- a sperm celss consists of a flattened ______, a cylindrical ______, and elongated ______. #1-head of sperm cell is composed primarily of a ______, which contains ______compacted chromosomes #2-anterior end of head has a small part called the ______which contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in penetrating an egg during fertilization 3) SPERMATOGENESIS 1- sperm cells are produced from ______(these are undifferentiated cells that contain ______chromosomes—this is the usual number for human body cells) 2- in early adolescence, hormones stimulate the spermatogonia to undergo ______, where some of them enlarge to become ______that will eventually divide by ______3-during ______, the ______spermatocytes each divide to form ______spermatocytes; each of these cells, in turn, divides to form ______, which mature into ______cells 4-also, during ______, the number of chromosomes in sperm cells is reduced by ______(____ to ____) (for each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, ______sperm cells with ______chromosomes in each of their nuclei are formed—this process by which sperm cells are produced is called ______. 14. MALE INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 15. EPIDIDYMIS 1) tightly ______tube (______m long) that leads into the ______2) it stores ______sperm cells, which are ______(However, as they travel through the epididymis, they undergo ______and are capable of independently moving).

16. VAS DEFERENS (DUCTUS DEFERENS) 1) muscular tube (_____ cm long) that passes along the ______side of the ______2) passes upward through the ______canal, enters the ______cavity and ends behind the urinary ______3) fuses with the duct from the ______to form the ______and then passes through the substance of the prostate gland and empties into the ______17. SEMINAL VESICLE 1) convoluted, saclike structure (______cm long) attached to the ______near the bladder 2) it secretes an ______fluid, which contains nutrients, such as ______, in order to provide sperm cells with an energy source 18. PROSTATE GLAND 1) ______shaped, ______cm across and ______cm thick 2)surrounds the ______just below the ______3) it has many tubular glands that secretes a thin, ______into the urethra 4)the fluid neutralizes ______and acidic secretions of the vagina 5) PG is relatively ______in male children and begins to grow in early ______and reaches its adult size a few years later. As a rule, its size remains unchanged b/t the ages of 20 and 50. In older males, the PG commonly enlarges and it may squeeze the urethra and interfere with ______excretion. 19. BULBORUETHRAL GLANDS (COWPER’S GLANDS) 1) 2 small structures (1 cm in diameter) beneath the ______gland 2) they secrete a mucuslike fluid that serves as a ______for the end of the______for sexual intercourse 20. SEMEN 1) fluid conveyed by male urethra to the ______as a result of sexual stimulation 2) composed of ______cells from testes and secretions of the ______vesicles, ______gland, and ______glands 3) this fluid is slightly ______pH and contains ______and ______which enhance sperm cell survival and movement through the ______reproductive tract 4) sperm cells remain ______while they are in the ducts of the testis and epidiymis, but become activated as they are mixed with the secretions of the ______glands; but these cells are unable to ______egg cells until they enter the ______reproductive tract (the development of this ability is called ______). 5) Volume of semen released at one time varies from ______milliliters, and the average number of sperm cells present in the fluid is about ______per milliliter. 21. MALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 1) 2) 22. SCROTUM 1) it is a ______of skin and ______tissue that ______the testes 2) it hangs from the lower ______region behind the ______3) it is subdivided into ______by a medial septum, and each chamber is occupied by a ______and contains a serous ______to cover the testis to allow for smooth movement within the scrotum 23. PENIS 1) a cylindrical organ that conveys ______and semen through the urethra 2) it is specialized to become ______(______)for insertion into the vagina during sexual intercourse 3) its ______is composed of three columns of erectile tissue—corpora cavernosa ( a pair of dorsally located columns) and corpus spongiosum (a single column located below) 4) the corpus spongiosum, through which the ______extends, is enlarged at its distal end to fom a ______, cone-shaped ______5) the glans also bears the urethral opening (external urethral ______) and its skin is very ______and ______6) ______(foreskin) is a loose fold of skin that begins just behind the glans and extends forward to cover it as a sheath—very often removed by a surgical procedure called ______

24. ERECTION, ORGASM, AND EJACULATION 1) during ______, the vascular spaces within the ______tissue become ______with ______(ordinarily, the vascular spaces remain small as a result of partial contractions in the smooth muscle fibers that surrond them. During sexual stimulation, the smooth muscles become relaxed. At the same time, parasympathetic nerve impulses cause the arteries leading into the penis to ______and the veins leading away from the penis to ______. As a result, blood accumulates in the erectile tissues and the penis swells, elongates, and becomes erect. 2) ______-(______feeling of physiological and psychological release) is the culmination of sexual stimulation and in the male is accompanied by ______( movement of ______cells from testes and secrections from the prostate and seminal vesicles into the urethra where they are mixed to form ______) and ______(forcing semen through the urethra to the outside) 3) movement of ______occurs as a result of ______reflexes/nerve impulses from the spinal cord which cause peristaltic contractions in the walls of the testicular ducts, epedidymides, vasa deferentea, and ejaculatory ducts as well as the seminal vesicles and prostate gland 4) once the urethra fills with semen, sensory impulses are sent to the spinal cord which then cause a motor impulse to be sent to certain skeletal muscles at the base of the erectile columns of the penis, causing them to ______rhythmically. This increases the pressure within the erectile tissues and aids in forcing the semen through the urethra to the outside (______) 4) immediately after ______, ______impulses cause ______of the arteries that supply the erectile tissue of the penis with blood, thus ______blood flow causing the penis to return to a ______state 5) ______emissions and ejaculations commonly occur in adolescent males during ______; these nocturnal emissions are caused by changes in ______concentrations that accompany adolescent development and sexual maturation

HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS (male reproductive functions are largely controlled by hormones secreted by the: 1. hypothalamus 2. anterior pituitary gland 3. testes 25. ______and ______hormones 1) The male body remains reproductively ______(for about 10 years) until the ______releases ______( gonadotropin-releasing hormone) , which stimulates the ______gland to release gonadotropins (LH and FSH). 2) ______( follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates ______3) ______( luteinizing hormone and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) stimulates the ______cells to produce male sex hormones—in the presence of FSH and testosterone, supporting cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells 26. Male sex hormones are called ______(mostly produced by the interstitial cells of the testes). 27. ______is the most important androgen. 28. Androgen production increases rapidly at ______(the secretion of testosterone begins during fetal development and continues for a few weeks following birth, but secretions nearly cease during childhood). After puberty, testosterone secretion continues throughout the ______of a male. 29. Actions of ______1) stimulates the development of the male ______organs (testes) 2) responsible for the development and maintenance of male ______sexual chars (the primary male sexual char is the presence of the testes) 1- increased growth of body______#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

2-enlargement of the ______and thickening of the vocal cords 3-thickening of the ______4-increased ______growth (broader ______and ______waist) 5-thickening and strengthening of ______3) increases rate of cellular ______and production of ______4) stimulates ______activity by influencing certain portions of the brain 30. Regulation of male sex hormones (the extent to which the male secondary sexual chars develop is directly related to the amount of ______secreted by the interstitial cells) 1) ______concentration is regulated by a ______feedback mechanism 1-as testosterone concentration rises, the ______is inhibited and the ______secretion of ______is reduced 2-as testosterone concentration falls, the ______signals the pituitary to secrete gonadotropins 2) the concentration of ______remains relatively ______from day to day 3) ______- the amount of testosterone decreases after age ______; although sexual activity may be continued into old age, males typically experience a decrease in sexual function as they grow older Anatomy & Physiology Chp 28- Reproductive System

ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (specialized to 1. produce and maintain the female ______cells 2. transport these cells to the site of ______3. provide a favorable environment for a developing ______4. move the offspring to the ______5. produce ______sex hormones

31. The primary sex organs (______) are the ______, which produce female sex ______and sex ______. 32. OVARIES *STRUCTURE 1) solid, ______structures about ______cm in length, ______cm in width, and ______cm in thickness 2) located, ______on each side, in a shallow ______in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity 3) subdivided into an inner ______and an outer ______4) medulla is composed of 1- 2- 3- 4- 5) cortex contains ovarian ______and is covered by cuboidal ______(this tissue has a granular appearance due to the presence of ______follicles)

*PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES 1) during prenatal development, groups of cells in the ovarian ______form ______of primordial follicles 2) each primordial follicle contains a large primary ______and several follicular cells that closely surround the oocyte 3) in early development, the primary oocyte begins to undergo ______, but the process is halted and is not continued until ______4) once the pridmordial follicles have appeared, no ______ones are fomred 5) instead, the number of ______in the ovary steadily ______throughout the life of a female (many oocytes ______) 6) of the several ______oocytes formed originally, only a million or so remain at the time of ______, and perhaps ______are present at puberty; of these, probably fewer than ______will be released from the ovary during the ______life of a female

*OOGENESIS 1) beginning at puberty, some primary oocytes are stimulated to continue ______2) as in the case of sperm cells, the resulting cells have ______as many chromoses (from ______to ______) in their nuclei as their parent cells 3) when a primary oocyte divides, the division of the cellular cytoplasm is very ______; one of the resulting cells, called a ______, is quite large, and the other, called the ______, is very small 4) the large ______oocyte represents a future egg cell ( ______) in that it can be fertilized by uniting with a sperm cell; if this happens, the oocyte divides unequally to produce a tiny ______and a relatively large fertilized egg cell or, ______(which can give rise to a developing ______) 5) the polar bodies have no further function and they soon ______

*MATURATION OF A FOLLICLE 1) the ______follicles remain relatively unchanged throughout ______2) at ______, ______stimulates the primordial follicles to become ______follicles 3) during maturation, the ______of a primary follicle enlarges, the follicular cells ______, and a fluid-filled cavity appears in the cellular mass which bathes the oocyte 4) the fluid-filled follicular cavity continues to enlarge, and the oocyte is pressed to ______side; in time, the follicle reaches a diameter of ______mm or more and ______outward on the surface of the ovary like a ______5) the oocyte within such a mature follicle is a large, spherical cell, surrounded by a membrane and follicular cells 6) although as many as ______primary follicles may begin the process of maturation at any one time, usually only one follicle reaches full ______and the others degenerate

*OVALUATION 1) as a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes ______,giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body; these cells are released from the follicle by the process called ______2) the resulting oocyte is released when the follicle ______3) after ovulation, the oocyte is drawn into the opening of the ______tube 4) if the oocyte is not fertilized by union with a sperm cell within a relatively short time, it will ______

33. FEMALE INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS 1) a pair of ______(fallopian tubes or oviducts) ~______cm long, passes ______to the uterus, pentrates the uterine wall, and opens into the uterine ______1- the end of each uterine tube is ______, and its margin bears irregular extensions (a funnel-shaped ______with little extensions called ______) 2- the movement of an egg cell into the uterine tube is aided by ______cells that line the tube and by ______contractions in the wall of the tube 2) ______- nonpregnant state- ____ cm long, _____ cm wide, _____ cm in diameter 1- located ______within the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity, above the ______, and bent forward over the urinary ______; a hollow, ______organ, shaped like an inverted ______2- receives the ______and sustains its life during development 3- uterine wall includes an ______, ______,and, ______4- the lower 1/3 of the uterus is called the ______(pap smear) 3)______- fibromuscular ______, ~ ____ cm in length extending from the uterus to the outside 1- receives the erect______, conveys uterine ______,and transports the offspring during ______2- it extends upward and back into the ______cavity; it is ______to the urinary bladder and urethra and ______to the rectum and attached to these parts by connective tissue 3- wall consists of ______, ______, and ______layers 4- the vaginal ______is partially closed by a thin membrane of connective tissue called the ______34. FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands; as a group, these structures surround the openings of the urethra and vagina and compose the ______) 1) ______-lie closely together and are separated by a longitudinal ______(which includes the urethral and vaginal ______) 1- enclose and ______the other external reproductive organs 2- corresponds to the ______of the male 3- rounded folds of ______tissue and ______- 4- upper ends (anteriorly) form a rounded, fatty ______over the symphysis pubis (______) 2)______1-flattened, longitudinal ______between the labia majora 2- well supplied with ______, causing a ______appearance 3- posteriorly merges with the labia majora and anteriorly form a hood-like covering around the ______3) ______- ______cm long and ______cm in diameter 1- small projection at the anterior end of the ______between the labia minora, which corresponds to the male ______2- composed of 2 columns of ______tissue and has a small mass at its anterior end called a ______, which is richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers 4) ______1- space enclosed by the ______2- vestibular glands secrete ______into the vestibule during sexual stimulation (correlate to the male bulbourethral glands) 35. ______, ______, and ______1) during periods of sexual stimulation, the ______tissues of the ______and vestibular bulbs become engorged with ______and ______2) vestibular glands secrete ______into the vestibule and lower end of the vagina, facilitating the insertion of the penis into the vagina 3) when the clitoris is abundantly supplied with sensory nerve fibers (as it is especially sensitive to local stimulation), the culmination of such stimulation is the pleasureable sense of physiological and psychological release called ______4) during ______, the muscles of the perineum, uterine wall, and uterine tubes contract rhythmically which are thought to aid the transport of sperm cells to the uterine tubes

HORMONAL CONTROL OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

36. Hormones from the ______, anterior ______gland, and ______play important roles in the control of sex cell ______and the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics. 37. Female ______1) a female body remains reproductively immature until about ______years of age when gonadotropin secretion increases 2) the most important female sex hormones are ______and ______1- ______from the ______, stimulates enlargement of various accessory organs (vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and external reproductive structures) and is responsible for the development and maintenance of most female ______sexual chars female secondary sex chars: 1. development of ______and the mammary glands 2. increased ______deposits in breasts, thigh, and butt 3. increased vascularization of the ______2-______, also from the ovaries, functions to cause changes in the ______during the female reproductive cycle, affects the ______glands, and helps to regulate the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior ______gland 3- other changes that occur in females at puberty seem to be related to ______concentration; ex: increased growth of hair in the ______and ______regions due to the presence of androgen and conversely, narrow ______and broad ______due to a low concentration of androgen 38. Female ______cycle (menstrual cycle)—characterized by the regular, recurring changes in the uterine ______, which culminate in menstrual ______; these cycles usually begin near the age of ______and continue into middle age. A female’s first menstrual cycle is initiated after the ______and other organs of the female reproductive control system have become mature and responsive to certain hormones. 1) a ______cycle is initiated by ______, which stimulates the maturation of a follicle 2) the maturing follicular cells secrete ______, which is responsible for maintaining the secondary sexual traits and causing the uterine ______to ______during the first week or so of a menstrual cycle 3) meanwhile, the developing follicle has completed its______, and by the ______day of the cycle, the follicle appears on the surface of the ovary as a blisterlike bulge (when this follicular wall weakens and ruptures due to hormonal responses, this is “ovulation”) 4) ______is triggered when the anterior ______gland secretes a relatively large amount of ______5) following ovulation, the follicular levels give rise to the ______(“yellow body”) 1- the corpus luteum secretes ______, which causes the uterine lining to become more ______and glandular and also causes the endometrial tissues of the uterus to become filled with fluids containing nutrients and ______that can provide a favorable environment for the development of an ______2-consequently, no other follicles ar stimulated to ______during the time that corpus luteum is active 3-if an egg cell is not fertilized, the corpus luteum begins to ______about the ______day of the cycle and eventually is replaced by ______connective tissue 4- as the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone ______, the uterine lining disintegrates, causing ______(menses) which usually begins about the ______day of the cycle and continues ____ to ___ days while the estrogen concentration is relatively ______5) during this cycle, estrogen and progesterone ______the release of ______, and inhibin inhibits the release of ______; as the concentrations of these hormones decline, the ______secretes FSH and LH again, stimulating a new ______6)The beginning of the menstrual ______marks the end of a menstrual ______and the beginning of a new cycle. 7) After puberty, menstrual cycles normally continue to occur at more or less regular ______into the late ______or ealy ______, at which time they usually become increasingly ______. After a few months or years, the cycles ______altogether (______). 8) The cause of menopause seems to be an aging of the ______. After about ______years of cycling, appearently few primary follicles remain to be stimulated by pituitary gonadotropins. Consequently, the follicles no longer ______, ______does not occur, and the blood concentration of ______decreases greatly. 9) As a result of ______estrogen concentration and lack of ______, the female secondary sex chars undergo varying degrees of change. (EX: the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes may ______in size, as may the external reproductive organs; pubic and axillary ______may become thinner, and the ______may regress.

**Summary for the major events in a menstrual cycle 1. the anterior pituitary gland secretes ______and ______2. FSH stimulates ______of a follicle 3. follicular cells produce and secrete______1) estrogen maintains secondary sexual ______2)estrogen causes the uterine lining to ______4. the anterior pituitary gland secretes a surge of LH, which stimulates ______5. follicular cells become corpus ______cells, which secrete ______and ______1) estrogen continues to stimulate ______wall development 2) progesterone stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular and ______3) estrogen and progesterone inhibit the secretion of LH and ______inhibits the secretion of ______from the anterior ______gland 6. if the egg cell is not ______, the corpus luteum ______, and no longer secretes estrogen and progesterone 7. as the concentrations of luteal hormones decline, the blood vessels in the uterine lining ______8. the uterine lining ______and sloughs away, producing a ______flow 9. the anterior pituitary gland, which is no longer inhibited, again secretes ______and ___ 10. the menstrual cycle is ______

MAMMARY GLANDS

39. Mammary glands are ______organs of the female reproductive system that are specialized to secrete ______following pregnancy. 40. The glands are located in the ______tissue of the anterior ______within the ______that overlie the ______major muscle 41. the ______is located near the tip of each breast and is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin, called the ______42. they are composed of 15-20 lobes; each lobe contains ______glands, and a lactiferous ______that leads to the nipple and opens to the ______43. lobes are separated by dense connective and ______tissues 44. ______stimulates female ______development 1) alveolar glands and ducts ______2) ______is deposited within the breasts 45. Mammary glands of male and female children are ______. As children reach ______, the male glands fail to develop, and the female glands are stimulated to develop by the______hormones. As a result, the ______glands and ducts enlarge, and ______is deposited so that the glands become surrounded by ______tissue. Topics of interest to follow-up with: (most in purple book) 1. National Geographic video of sperm –Sizing Up Sperm 2, Testicular cancer 3. Male Infertility 4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 5. Female Athlete Triad Syndrome 6. Menopause 7. Breast Cancer 8. Birth Control 9. hormonal mechanism that stimulate the mammary glands to produce and secrete milk 10. Chp 20 of purple book-pregnancy, growth, and development