Congress Endorses Competitiveness Increases, Adds Funds for Biomedical, Environmental and Energy R&D in 2008

(This report is a summary of AAAS estimates and analyses of federal R&D appropriations in the FY 2008 appropriations process as of the August congressional recess.)

As of the August congressional recess, Congress is poised to add billions of dollars to proposed budgets for the federal investment in research and development (R&D) for fiscal year (FY) 2008. The House and Senate would endorse large proposed increases for select physical sciences agencies in the President’s American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI) and would continue to support Administration plans to expand development investments for new human spacecraft. But instead of cutting funding for other R&D programs as requested, the House and the Senate would provide increases to every major nondefense R&D funding agency, and would turn proposed cuts into significant increases for the congressional priorities of biomedical research, environmental research (particularly climate change research), and energy R&D. The added billions in FY 2008 appropriations so far would turn a requested cut in federal support of basic and applied research into a real increase, after three years of decline. But these increases depend on an overall congressional budget plan allocating $21 billion more for domestic appropriations than the President’s budget; because the President has threatened to veto any appropriations bills that exceed his budget request, these R&D increases could disappear or diminish this fall in negotiations between the President and Congress over final funding levels.

Figure 1. (click on image for PDF)

Highlights So Far of Federal R&D in FY 2008 Appropriations

Before the traditional month-long August congressional recess, the 110th Congress made progress on FY 2008 appropriations, although much remains to be done this fall. The House of Representatives approved all 12 of its FY 2008 appropriations bills. The Senate lagged further behind: although the Senate Appropriations Committee drafted 11 of its 12 bills (all except Department of Defense (DOD) appropriations), the full Senate found time to debate and approve only the one bill for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), leaving the remaining bills for the fall. With the October 1 start of FY 2008 looming less than four weeks after Congress returns to session, it now appears likely that only one or two bills will make it to President Bush’s desk by the start of FY 2008. Instead, in what is now the usual pattern, Congress will have to pass several stopgap spending bills (continuing resolutions) this fall to allow more time to finalize the remaining appropriations bills, especially if President Bush vetoes several bills as he has threatened to do.

In related news, Congress gave final approval on August 2 to comprehensive innovation legislation, the 21 st Century Competitiveness Act of 2007 or America COMPETES Act (HR 2272). As with the ACI for R&D funding, this authorization bill responds to the recent National Academies Rising Above the Gathering Storm report and other reports calling on the U.S. to make a renewed commitment to encouraging science and engineering-based innovation for future U.S. prosperity. The bill addresses most of the non-R&D funding recommendations of the report. It would: create or reauthorize numerous science and math education programs at federal agencies; create a Technology Innovation Program (TIP) to replace the Advanced Technology Program (ATP); create an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA-E) to fund high-risk, high-reward energy research; and authorize programs to encourage more U.S. students to pursue science and engineering careers. The bill would also authorize but not appropriate continued funding increases for the three ACI agencies.

(This analysis features AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 House and Senate appropriations bills; because the Senate has not drafted a DOD appropriations bill yet, FY 2008 Senate figures reflect FY 2008 Senate appropriations for all agencies except DOD and House appropriations for DOD. All FY 2008 figures (Request, House, and Senate) exclude $2.9 billion in DOD development funds requested as part of the war supplemental; Congress will consider these appropriations in the fall, after which they will be added to the FY 2008 figures. All FY 2007 figures include $1 billion in supplemental appropriations (mostly in DOD) enacted in May as part of the 2007 war supplemental.)

- Congress is poised to add billions of dollars to the federal R&D portfolio in its FY 2008 appropriations bills. The House has approved appropriations bills that would allocate $144.3 billion in 2008 for federal R&D, $4.0 billion more than the President’s budget and $3.2 billion or 2.3 percent more than this year (see Table 1). Although the Senate has not acted on the DOD budget yet, Senate appropriations bills so far would give federal R&D agencies $500 million more than the House, for a potential $3.7 billion or 2.6 percent increase in total R&D (see Table 4). These proposed increases, however, may be reduced in the final versions of the appropriations bills, especially if President Bush vetoes appropriations bills for exceeding his spending targets.

- Congress fully endorses requested increases for the three agencies in the Bush Administration’s American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI). Both the House and the Senate would match or exceed the R&D requests for the National Science Foundation (NSF; up 8.7 percent to $4.9 billion in the House, up 9.1 percent in the Senate), the Department of Energy’s Office of Science (DOE OS; up 16.8 percent to $4.1 billion, up 18 percent in the Senate), and Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories (NIST; up 13 percent to $420 million; see Tables 1 and 4 and Figure 1).

- Congressional appropriators would reverse proposed cuts in many R&D programs by adding billions of dollars to the budget request, especially for R&D programs in the key congressional priority areas of biomedical research, environmental research (particularly climate change), and energy R&D. The House would add $1 billion to a requested cut in biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH); although the resulting increase would be a modest 2.4 percent in percentage terms, it would be $668 million above current-year funding for a total of $29.1 billion for NIH R&D (see Table 1 and Figure 1). The Senate would add $1.2 billion, enough for a 3.2 percent increase for NIH R&D over 2007 (see Table 4). Congress would turn steep requested cuts into increases for environmental research programs, including R&D in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS; up 6.6 percent in the House and 3.0 percent in the Senate), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; up 9.9 percent in the House and 18.1 percent in the Senate), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; up 10.6 percent in the House and 0.9 percent in the Senate). Total environmental R&D, encompassing R&D in the above agencies, would rise 9.2 percent in House plans to $2.3 billion instead of falling 3 percent as requested (see Table 3). In addition, appropriators would boost climate change research in other agency budgets, including targeted boosts for earth observing satellites and supporting research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). And instead of requested cuts to energy R&D in 2008 after a banner year in 2007, Congress would keep increasing DOE energy R&D spending dramatically, by 18.5 percent in the House to $1.8 billion and a staggering 29 percent to $2.0 billion in the Senate for the renewable energy, fossil fuels, and energy conservation programs (see Figure 1).

- The House and the Senate would provide increases for every major R&D funding agency except DOD (see Figure 1), and would add R&D funding to the request for every major agency including DOD. Armed with a congressional budget resolution allocating $21 billion more for domestic appropriations than the President’s request, congressional appropriators would spread the additional dollars throughout the federal R&D portfolio and turn requested cuts into increases for several agencies. So far on the nondefense side, R&D earmarks (congressionally designated, performer-specific projects) would make up one-fifth of the additional dollars, leaving four-fifths of the additional R&D appropriations for core programs.

Figure 2. (click on image for PDF)

- Federal support of basic and applied research would stay ahead of inflation in 2008 after three years of decline if congressional appropriations prevail (see Tables 2 and 5 and Figures 2 and 3). Although the request for 2008 would have continued the recent downward trend in federal research support after peaking in 2004, additional dollars for research programs in both House and Senate appropriations would allow federal research support to increase in real terms. Federal support of research (excluding development and R&D facilities) would increase 3.0 percent to $58.6 billion in House appropriations instead of a requested cut; every major research agency except DOD would increase its support of basic and applied research (see Table 2). In real terms, the House would stay just ahead of the expected 2.4 percent inflation rate (see Figure 2). The Senate would go even higher with a 3.9 percent or $2.2 billion boost for federal research support to $59.1 billion (see Table 5 and Figure 3). Figure 3. (click on image for PDF)

- Congress would fully support the Administration’s other R&D priorities in the development of new spacecraft and expanded R&D facilities support. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s R&D funding would climb $1.2 million or 9.8 percent to $13.0 billion in the House and 8.4 percent to $12.8 billion in the Senate; appropriators would support a 10 percent requested increase to $3.1 billion for development funding of the next generation of human space vehicles. Total development funding would fall behind inflation with a 0.8 percent increase to $80.8 billion (see Figure 2), but will show a large increase this fall when Congress adds in war-related supplemental development funding. In construction of large R&D facilities, Congress would endorse NASA’s proposed 28 percent boost in construction of the International Space Station. Other proposed boosts in R&D facilities funding at DOD, NSF, NIST, and DOE also win congressional support to bring total R&D facilities and large equipment funding to $4.9 billion in both the House and Senate (up 22 percent and 21 percent, respectively; see Tables 1 and 4).

- In a change from past appropriations seasons, defense R&D would fall but nondefense R&D would see big gains. The House would add $2.5 billion on top of a requested increase for nondefense R&D programs for a total of $62.7 billion, a substantial 6.5 percent increase (see Table 3). The Senate would add even more money for a total of $63.2 billion, up 7.3 percent. Defense R&D, however, would fall slightly by 0.7 percent to $81.6 billion in House appropriations (see Table 3), but only because Congress has not yet considered $2.9 billion in requested 2008 war supplemental funds for development programs; later this fall, when Congress approves a war supplemental, the cut will turn into an increase. The House would add $1.7 billion to a $3 billion requested cut in DOD’s “S&T” programs (research plus early technology development), to moderate a 22 percent requested cut into a 10 percent cut.

- Congress has resumed earmarking R&D projects in FY 2008 appropriations, after a one-year moratorium on most nondefense earmarks in 2007. The AAAS analysis of R&D earmarks in FY 2008 appropriations, to be released in August, shows that the House would designate $529 million for congressionally designated performer-specific R&D projects in its FY 2008 bills and the Senate $624 million in its bills (both totals exclude DOD for the moment). Roughly one-fifth of the dollars added to the request for nondefense R&D would be in the form of earmarks. Both the House and Senate totals are in line with 2005 and 2006 earmark levels at the same stages of the appropriations process. Although earmarks appear to be down in nondefense R&D agencies, defense R&D earmarks are expected to reach new highs in 2008, partly because improved disclosure of earmarks this year has made previously hidden earmarks more visible. (For full details see the forthcoming AAAS R&D Funding Update on R&D Earmarks in FY 2008 Appropriations, available in mid-August on the AAAS R&D web site.)

R&D Appropriations for Key Agencies

Detailed analyses of FY 2008 House and Senate appropriations for individual agencies are available in AAAS R&D Funding Updates on the AAAS R&D Web site.

Figure 4. (click on image for PDF)

- Both the House and Senate would add more than a billion dollars to the budget request for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to turn a cut into an increase. The House would give NIH a total budget of $29.9 billion in 2008, an increase of $701 million or 2.4 percent over the current year that would be $1.0 billion more than the request. The Senate would provide $249 million more than the House to allow NIH a 3.3 percent increase. Because part of the increase would go to a larger transfer to the Global Fund for HIV/AIDS and increased funding for the NIH Common Fund, most NIH institutes and centers (IC’s) would see their budgets increase between 1.5 and 1.7 percent in the House, well short of the 2.4 percent expected economy-wide inflation rate. In the Senate plan, most IC’s would just match inflation with increases between 2.3 and 2.5 percent. But both plans would fall well short of expected biomedical research inflation of 3.7 percent in 2008. NIH R&D spending, 97 percent of the total NIH budget, would grow 2.4 percent in the House and 3.2 percent in the Senate (see Figure 1). Both the House and Senate would require NIH grantees to make their published research papers freely accessible within a year of publication; only the Senate would expand the number of embryonic stem cell lines eligible for NIH funding from the current policy of lines created before August 2001 to those created before June 2007.

- Congressional appropriators would endorse the Bush Administration’s requested increase for the National Science Foundation (NSF) as part of the ACI but would also add significantly to the request for its education programs. The House would give NSF $6.5 billion for its total budget for a 10.0 percent increase, while the Senate would allocate even more. NSF’s R&D investments would total $4.9 billion in both the House and the Senate, up 9 percent (see Figure 1 and Tables 1 and 4), bringing NSF R&D funding to an all- time high in real terms (see Figure 4) after cuts in 2005 and 2006. Most research directorates would receive increase between 4 and 9 percent for the second year in a row. NSF’s Education and Human Resources (E.H.R) budget, after years of steep budget cuts, would soar 18 percent in the House appropriation to $823 million and 22 percent to $851 million in the Senate. Much of the additional funding would go to new programs in science and math education that would be authorized by the innovation bill cleared by Congress; the bill would also authorize future increases in the NSF budget along the ten-year doubling trajectory envisioned by the ACI.

- The Department of Defense (DOD) would be the only major R&D funding agency to receive a cut in its R&D portfolio in the House’s appropriations bills, but later this fall Congress will add supplemental funds for an eventual increase. DOD R&D would total $77.6 billion in the House plan for 2008, a cut of 0.8 percent or $641 million (see Table 1). While House appropriators would add $1.7 billion to the Pentagon’s request for DOD’s “Science and Technology” (S&T) programs of basic and applied research and early technology development, primarily for earmarked projects, total DOD “S&T” would still fall 9.7 percent down to $12.6 billion instead of a 22 percent requested cut (see Table 1 and Figure 4). The House would keep basic research (“6.1”) funding close to current funding with a 0.5 percent cut to $1.6 billion (see Table 2), roughly even in real terms with funding over the last seven years. Despite House additions of $718 million, applied research (“6.2”) funding would fall 4.8 percent to $5.1 billion. Any supplemental funds this fall will go to development, not to research. The research-oriented Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) would see its budget fall 2.5 percent to $3.0 billion, while the similarly research-oriented Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP) would climb 17 percent to $1.1 billion. In development, Air Force R&D would soar $1.6 billion or 6.7 percent to a record $26.2 billion. The House bill would cap indirect costs on DOD basic research grants at 20 percent.

- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is on track to receive more funding for its earth observing satellite and other climate change related programs. Although NASA requested a large increase for its R&D programs in 2008, the increase would have gone entirely to human spacecraft, especially the project to develop the Space Shuttle’s replacement. Responding to NASA’s proposed cuts in its research-oriented programs, both the House and Senate would add funds, especially for earth science programs. Both the House and the Senate would shore up NASA support of the earth sciences with $1.6 billion for the Earth Science portfolio, in the House 9.3 percent more than the current year and 13 percent more in the Senate. Some of the additional funding would go specifically to implement recommendations of a recent National Research Council report expressing concerns that the number of earth-observing sensors on NASA spacecraft could decrease by 40 percent this decade if current NASA budget trends continue. NASA’s satellite capabilities for earth observation are vital for environmental research, especially on climate change. The House and the Senate would also add funding for specific earth observing satellite missions and for research utilizing the satellite data. The broader Science portfolio incorporating other NASA research programs would climb 5.7 percent to $5.7 billion in the House, and 4.3 percent to $5.6 billion in the Senate. Combined with some congressional adds for aeronautics and other research outside Science, Congress now offers the possibility of the first inflation-adjusted increase for NASA research funding since 2003. Both chambers would endorse large requested increases for the International Space Station facilities project, and the $3.1 billion Constellation Systems development project to replace the Space Shuttle and carry humans toward the moon; as a result, total NASA R&D would gain 9.8 percent in the House to $13.0 billion and 8.4 percent in the Senate to bring NASA R&D out of a decade-long flat funding trend (see Figure 4).

- The Senate would provide $10.0 billion for the Department of Energy’s R&D portfolio in FY 2008, an increase of 14.5 percent or $1.3 billion (see Table 4). The House increase would be 11.7 percent. Both the House and the Senate would add to a 15 percent requested increase for R&D in the DOE Office of Science, bringing the House increase to 17 percent and the Senate to 18 percent (see Figure 1). The additional funds would go to earmarked projects, climate change research, and energy-related biological research, on top of requested increases to boost funding for physical sciences research. DOE’s energy-related R&D would total $2.0 billion in the Senate, an enormous 29 percent increase; the House would almost keep pace with a large 18.5 percent increase, both in contrast to DOE’s requested cuts for 2008 after large increases in 2007. Congress would boost R&D investments in renewable energy technologies such as hydrogen, solar, and biomass but would also revive geothermal, hydropower, and oil and gas technology R&D programs proposed for elimination, reverse proposed cuts in energy conservation R&D and many fossil fuels R&D programs, add substantially to coal-related R&D in areas such as carbon sequestration, and bring back energy earmarks after a one-year moratorium. In DOE’s defense programs, the House would eliminate requested funding for early development work on a new nuclear warhead, the Reliable Replacement Warhead, while the Senate would keep the project alive but would trim the request. The innovation bill cleared by Congress would authorize new DOE programs to boost math and science education, and would create a new semi- independent Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA-E) authorized at $300 million in 2008 to fund breakthrough alternative energy R&D technologies. Neither the House nor the Senate, however, have drafted appropriations yet to actually give money to ARPA-E.

- The Senate would give the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) R&D portfolio a large $104 million or 11 percent increase to $1.1 billion in FY 2008, after a steep cut in 2007 (see Table 4 and Figure 1). The Senate would far exceed smaller increases in the DHS request and the House appropriation (up 3.3 percent), with much of the increase going to Senate earmarks. Within the DHS portfolio, research on radiological and nuclear countermeasures within the new Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) would continue to show growth, by 9 percent to $336 million in the Senate plan. Congress would mostly go along with the newly restructured S&T Directorate’s plan to cut funding for most R&D areas, including cuts to chemical and biological countermeasures R&D.

- Instead of a steep requested cut, both the House and the Senate would add hundreds of millions of dollars to R&D programs in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for a slight increase in 2008. The Senate would give slightly more than the House for a total of $2.3 billion for USDA R&D (see Table 4), 3.9 percent more than this year; the House increase would be 1.5 percent (see Figure 4). The National Research Initiative (NRI) of competitively awarded research grants would increase $54 million to a record $244 million in the Senate, slightly short of the request. The House would provide $190 million. After a one-year moratorium in 2007, congressionally designated projects (earmarks) would return in both the House ($250 million) and Senate ($141 million) bills. Congress is considering structural changes in the R&D portfolio as part of a new farm bill, but the proposed changes will not become clear until the fall.

- The Department of Commerce’s R&D portfolio is a high priority for both the House and the Senate, with large increases in store for both of Commerce’s main R&D units, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NIST R&D would surge a surprising 26 percent in the House and 21 percent in the Senate (see Figure 1); not only would Congress agree to large proposed increases in NIST intramural research as part of the ACI but both the House and the Senate would save the extramural Advanced Technology Program (ATP) from proposed elimination and instead provide large increases; both chambers would also boost NIST R&D construction funding, on the House side with a new extramural construction program. Just before the August recess, Congress also approved an innovation bill that would replace the ATP with a Technology Innovation Program (TIP), and authorize the new program for the next three years. The bill would also authorize continuing increases for the NIST labs to 2010. Instead of a requested cut, both the House and the Senate would provide large increases for NOAA R&D, on the Senate side by 18 percent to $621 million. Both chambers would heavily favor NOAA’s climate change research and the Senate would also favor oceans-related research with large increases. Total Commerce R&D would climb 19.5 percent in the Senate to $1.3 billion and 17.7 percent on the House side (see Tables 4 and 1).

- R&D in the Department of the Interior’s lead science agency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), would increase 3.0 percent or $17 million to $581 million in Senate action and 6.6 percent to $602 million in House action, both in contrast to a requested cut. The sharpest reversal would be in the mineral resources R&D program, which Interior once again proposed to cut in half but Congress would save. The House would add $10 million in new money specifically for climate change research. - The House would dramatically increase R&D funding in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by 11 percent or $60 million to $620 million instead of a requested cut (see Table 1 and Figure 1). $50 million of the increase would be new money for a proposed climate change commission to prioritize climate change adaptation and mitigation research and then fund that research. In the regular EPA budget, climate change R&D would also be a priority. The Senate plan, without the climate change commission, would provide a small 0.9 percent increase for EPA R&D.

- Both the House and the Senate would boost R&D funding in the Department of Transportation (DOT), with cuts to aviation R&D balanced by large increases for highway R&D. The House would give DOT R&D a 5.2 percent increase to $836 million (see Table 1), while the Senate would give more, a 6.6 percent increase (see Table 4 and Figure 1).

- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) federal R&D would increase $61 million or 7.1 percent in the latest Senate appropriation to $911 million in 2008, $20 million more than a similar House appropriation.

Budget Outlook: Proposed Increases Uncertain in a Long Autumn of Waiting

Although the House approved all 12 of its appropriations bills and the Senate drafted 11 out of 12, the Senate debated and approved only 1 appropriations bill before the August recess because of the difficulty in scheduling Senate floor time. When Congress returns to session in September, the Senate may have time to debate only 2 or 3 more bills, if any, before the October 1 start of FY 2008. As a result, few if any of the conference committees to craft House-Senate compromises on the final versions of the appropriations bills will be able to complete their work on time. Complicating matters, President Bush has threatened to veto any 2008 appropriations bills that exceed his budget request; as many as 10 bills could do so. Any vetoes would require Congress to attempt to override a veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers, or to rework the bills with less funding. If Congress does the latter, then some of the $21 billion or more that Congress has allocated itself for domestic appropriations could disappear, and the R&D increases Congress has proposed with the extra money will be threatened. After starting out the year promising to complete appropriations on time and in an orderly manner, the 110th Congress is headed toward the now-familiar situation of multiple continuing resolutions providing temporary funding for programs in unfinished appropriations bills through the fall and into the winter. This Congress, after hoping to get all 12 bills enacted individually, is also likely to wrap up multiple appropriations bills into an omnibus spending bill (as in 4 of the last 5 years), with increases for domestic programs packaged together with defense or homeland security bills the President may find politically difficult to veto.

So although early indications are that Congress supports the full requested increases for American Competitiveness Initiative programs and funding well above requested levels for biomedical research, environmental, and energy R&D, the President’s veto power could force Congress to abandon or scale back R&D increases. Whatever the outcome in dollar terms, it will not be a timely outcome so most R&D funding agencies, as well as the U.S. science and engineering community that looks to them, will be once again waiting well into the new fiscal year to find out what the federal government’s fiscal commitment to R&D in FY 2008 will be.

(This analysis is one of a series of AAAS R&D Funding Updates on FY 2008 congressional appropriations. The complete series of AAAS R&D Funding Updates, including continually updated analyses of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations, is available on the AAAS R&D Web Site (http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd) in the “FY 2008 R&D” or the “What’s New” sections.)

- August 6, 2007

AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program 1200 New York Ave, NW Washington, DC 20005 (202) 326-6607 [email protected] http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd Table 1. Total R&D by Agency (House Action as of August 6) Table 2. Estimated Research by Agency (House Action as of August 6) Table 3. Major Functional Categories of R&D (House Action as of August 6) Table 4. Total R&D by Agency (Senate Action as of August 6) Table 5. Estimated Research by Agency (Senate Action as of August 6)

Table 1. Total R&D by Agency House Action on R&D in the FY 2008 Budget (as of August 6, 2007) (budget authority in millions of dollars)

Action by House FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2008 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2007

Estimate Request House Amount Percent Amount Percent

Defense (military) 78,214 76,139 77,572 1,433 1.9% -641 -0.8% ("S&T" 6.1,6.2,6.3 + Medical) 14,008 10,906 12,645 1,739 15.9% -1,363 -9.7% (All Other DOD R&D) 64,205 65,233 64,927 -306 -0.5% 722 1.1% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 11,806 12,594 12,959 365 2.9% 1,153 9.8% Energy 8,732 9,234 9,753 519 5.6% 1,021 11.7% (Office of Science) 3,511 4,052 4,102 50 1.2% 591 16.8% (Energy R&D) 1,522 1,386 1,803 417 30.1% 281 18.5% (Atomic Energy Defense R&D) 3,699 3,796 3,848 52 1.4% 148 4.0% Health and Human Services 29,657 29,485 30,459 974 3.3% 802 2.7% (National Institutes of Health) 28,399 28,066 29,067 1,001 3.6% 668 2.4% (All Other HHS R&D) 1,258 1,419 1,392 -27 -1.9% 134 10.6% National Science Foundation 4,482 4,856 4,870 14 0.3% 388 8.7% Agriculture 2,256 2,009 2,289 281 14.0% 34 1.5% Homeland Security 955 996 986 -11 -1.1% 31 3.3% Interior 634 621 680 59 9.5% 46 7.2% (U.S. Geological Survey) 564 547 602 55 10.0% 37 6.6% Transportation 794 813 836 22 2.8% 41 5.2% Environmental Protection Agency 561 540 620 80 14.9% 60 10.6% Commerce 1,048 1,070 1,233 162 15.2% 185 17.7% (NOAA) 532 528 585 57 10.8% 53 9.9% (NIST) 491 514 619 105 20.5% 128 26.2% Education 318 317 312 -5 -1.5% -6 -1.8% Agency for Int'l Development 223 223 256 33 14.9% 33 14.9% Department of Veterans Affairs 851 822 891 69 8.4% 41 4.8% Nuclear Regulatory Commission 74 77 77 0 0.0% 3 4.1% Smithsonian 175 183 175 -8 -4.4% 0 0.0% All Other 288 299 318 19 6.5% 30 10.5% ______TOTAL R&D 141,067 140,278 144,287 4,009 2.9% 3,220 2.3%

Defense R&D 82,209 80,110 81,595 1,485 1.9% -614 -0.7% Nondefense R&D 58,858 60,167 62,692 2,524 4.2% 3,834 6.5% Nondefense R&D minus NASA 47,051 47,574 49,733 2,159 4.5% 2,682 5.7%

Basic Research 28,310 28,228 29,389 1,160 4.1% 1,078 3.8% Applied Research 28,604 27,338 29,243 1,905 7.0% 639 2.2% ______Total Research 56,915 55,567 58,632 3,066 5.5% 1,717 3.0%

Development 80,144 79,948 80,755 807 1.0% 611 0.8% R&D Facilities and Capital Equipment 4,008 4,763 4,899 136 2.9% 891 22.2%

"FS&T" 61,821 61,370 64,942 3,573 5.8% 3,121 5.0%

AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations bills. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures. FY 2007 figures have been adjusted to reflect supplementals enacted in Public Law 110-28. FY 2008 figures exclude $2.9 billion in requested supplemental funds for DOD development. These figures have been revised since the publication of AAAS Report XXXII: R&D FY 2008. August 6, 2007 - AAAS estimates of House- and House Appropriations Committee-approved appropriations. Table 2. Estimated Research by Agency House Action on R&D in the FY 2008 Budget (as of August 6, 2007) (budget authority in millions of dollars)

Action by House FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2008 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2007

Estimate Request House Amount Percent Amount Percent Basic Research: Health and Human Services 15,944 15,554 16,411 858 5.5% 467 2.9% National Institutes of Health 15,941 15,551 16,408 858 5.5% 467 2.9% National Science Foundation 3,751 3,977 3,990 13 0.3% 239 6.4% Department of Defense 1,564 1,428 1,555 127 8.9% -8 -0.5% Department of Energy 3,167 3,409 3,467 58 1.7% 301 9.5% Office of Science 3,128 3,394 3,444 50 1.5% 316 10.1% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 2,259 2,226 2,274 48 2.1% 15 0.6% Department of Agriculture 815 770 801 31 4.0% -15 -1.8% Department of the Interior 42 39 43 4 10.4% 1 2.6% Department of Homeland Security 105 132 131 -1 -1.0% 26 24.4% Smithsonian 129 137 129 -8 -5.8% 0 0.0% Environmental Protection Agency 95 91 105 13 14.5% 10 10.6% Department of Commerce (NIST) 78 102 88 -14 -14.0% 10 12.8% All Other 362 363 395 32 8.8% 33 9.1% ______Total Est. Basic Research 28,310 28,228 29,389 1,160 4.1% 1,078 3.8%

RESEARCH (basic and applied): Health and Human Services 29,484 29,281 30,266 985 3.4% 782 2.7% National Institutes of Health 28,285 27,922 28,938 1,016 3.6% 653 2.3% National Science Foundation 4,058 4,358 4,372 14 0.3% 314 7.7% Department of Defense 7,573 5,920 7,083 1,164 19.7% -490 -6.5% Department of Energy 5,933 6,279 6,474 195 3.1% 540 9.1% Office of Science 3,128 3,394 3,444 50 1.5% 316 10.1% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 3,419 3,353 3,550 197 5.9% 131 3.8% Department of Agriculture 1,961 1,754 1,963 208 11.9% 2 0.1% Department of the Interior 575 564 620 56 10.0% 45 7.9% Department of Homeland Security 630 728 713 -15 -2.1% 83 13.2% Environmental Protection Agency 457 438 505 67 15.3% 49 10.6% Department of Commerce 816 826 924 98 11.9% 108 13.2% NOAA 434 430 471 41 9.5% 37 8.5% NIST 374 388 446 58 14.9% 72 19.2% Department of Transportation 478 542 554 12 2.2% 76 15.9% Department of Veterans Affairs 803 774 839 65 8.4% 36 4.5% Department of Education 184 182 179 -3 -1.5% -5 -2.6% All Other 545 569 591 22 3.9% 46 8.5% ______TOTAL EST. RESEARCH 56,915 55,567 58,632 3,066 5.5% 1,717 3.0% AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations bills. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures. FY 2007 figures have been adjusted to reflect supplementals enacted in Public Law 110-28. These figures have been revised since the publication of AAAS Report XXXII: R&D FY 2008. August 6, 2007 - AAAS estimates of House- and House Appropriations Committee-approved appropriations. Table 3. Major Functional Categories of R&D House Action on R&D in the FY 2008 Budget (as of August 6, 2007) (budget authority in millions of dollars)

Action by House FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2008 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2007 % of Total Estimate Request House Amount Percent Amount Percent ('08 House)

Defense 1 82,209 80,110 81,595 1,485 1.9% -614 -0.7% 56.6%

Nondefense 2 58,858 60,167 62,692 2,524 4.2% 3,834 6.5% 43.4%

Space 11,111 12,040 12,259 219 1.8% 1,148 10.3% 8.5% Health 30,451 30,213 31,256 1,043 3.5% 806 2.6% 21.7% Energy 1,617 1,485 1,902 417 28.1% 285 17.6% 1.3% General Science 7,993 8,908 8,972 64 0.7% 979 12.2% 6.2% Natural Resources & Environ. 2,060 2,004 2,250 245 12.2% 190 9.2% 1.6% Agriculture 1,934 1,704 1,942 238 14.0% 8 0.4% 1.3% Transportation 1,509 1,387 1,558 171 12.3% 50 3.3% 1.1% Commerce 516 543 648 105 19.4% 132 25.7% 0.4% International 255 255 288 33 13.0% 33 13.0% 0.2% Administration of Justice 740 897 904 7 0.8% 165 22.3% 0.6% All Other 674 732 712 -20 -2.7% 38 5.7% 0.5% ______Total R&D 141,067 140,278 144,287 4,009 2.9% 3,220 2.3% 100.0%

AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations bills. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures. Classifications generally follow the government's budget function categories except health (which here includes health R&D in HHS and VA). 1 Includes DOD R&D, atomic energy defense R&D in DOE, and defense-related R&D in DHS. 2 Includes all R&D not in defense (domestic and international discretionary programs). FY 2007 figures have been adjusted to reflect supplementals enacted in Public Law 110-28. August 6, 2007 - AAAS estimates of House- and House Appropriations Committee-approved appropriations. Table 4. Total R&D by Agency Senate Action on R&D in the FY 2008 Budget (as of August 6, 2007) (budget authority in millions of dollars)

Action by Senate FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2008 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2007 Estimate Request Senate Amount Percent Amount Percent

Defense (military) * 78,214 76,139 77,572 1,433 1.9% -641 -0.8% ("S&T" 6.1,6.2,6.3 + Medical) * 14,008 10,906 12,645 1,739 15.9% -1,363 -9.7% (All Other DOD R&D) * 64,205 65,233 64,927 -306 -0.5% 722 1.1% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 11,806 12,594 12,798 204 1.6% 992 8.4% Energy 8,732 9,234 9,995 761 8.2% 1,263 14.5% (Office of Science) 3,511 4,052 4,141 89 2.2% 630 18.0% (Energy R&D) 1,522 1,386 1,965 579 41.8% 443 29.1% (Atomic Energy Defense R&D) 3,699 3,796 3,889 93 2.5% 190 5.1% Health and Human Services 29,657 29,485 30,760 1,275 4.3% 1,103 3.7% (National Institutes of Health) 28,399 28,066 29,310 1,244 4.4% 911 3.2% (All Other HHS R&D) 1,258 1,419 1,451 32 2.2% 193 15.3% National Science Foundation 4,482 4,856 4,888 32 0.7% 406 9.1% Agriculture 2,256 2,009 2,343 334 16.6% 87 3.9% Homeland Security 955 996 1,059 63 6.3% 104 10.9% Interior 634 621 661 40 6.5% 26 4.2% (U.S. Geological Survey) 564 547 581 35 6.3% 17 3.0% Transportation 794 813 847 33 4.1% 52 6.6% Environmental Protection Agency 561 540 566 26 4.8% 5 0.9% Commerce 1,048 1,070 1,252 182 17.0% 204 19.5% (NOAA) 532 528 628 101 19.1% 96 18.1% (NIST) 491 514 595 81 15.8% 104 21.2% Education 318 317 338 21 6.7% 20 6.4% Agency for Int'l Development 223 223 215 -8 -3.6% -8 -3.6% Department of Veterans Affairs 851 822 911 89 10.8% 61 7.1% Nuclear Regulatory Commission 74 77 78 1 1.3% 4 5.4% Smithsonian 175 183 183 0 0.0% 8 4.6% All Other 288 299 322 23 7.7% 34 11.8% ______TOTAL R&D 141,067 140,278 144,788 4,511 3.2% 3,721 2.6%

Defense R&D * 82,209 80,110 81,637 1,526 1.9% -572 -0.7% Nondefense R&D 58,858 60,167 63,152 2,984 5.0% 4,294 7.3% Nondefense R&D minus NASA 47,051 47,574 50,354 2,780 5.8% 3,302 7.0%

Basic Research 28,310 28,228 29,636 1,407 5.0% 1,326 4.7% Applied Research 28,604 27,338 29,482 2,144 7.8% 877 3.1% ______Total Research 56,915 55,567 59,118 3,551 6.4% 2,203 3.9%

Development 80,144 79,948 80,817 869 1.1% 673 0.8% R&D Facilities and Capital Equipment 4,008 4,763 4,854 91 1.9% 846 21.1%

"FS&T" 61,821 61,370 65,011 3,641 5.9% 3,189 5.2%

AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations bills. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures. FY 2007 figures have been adjusted to reflect supplementals enacted in Public Law 110-28. FY 2008 figures exclude $2.9 billion in requested supplemental funds for DOD development. These figures have been revised since the publication of AAAS Report XXXII: R&D FY 2008. * The Senate has not yet acted on DOD appropriations. FY 2008 Senate DOD figures are House appropriations. August 6, 2007 - AAAS estimates of Senate- and Senate Appropriations Committee-approved appropriations. Table 5. Estimated Research by Agency Senate Action on R&D in the FY 2008 Budget (as of August 6, 2007) (budget authority in M USD)

Action by Senate FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2008 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2007 Estimate Request Senate Amount Percent Amount Percent Basic Research: Health and Human Services 15,944 15,554 16,562 1,009 6.5% 618 3.9% National Institutes of Health 15,941 15,551 16,559 1,009 6.5% 618 3.9% National Science Foundation 3,751 3,977 4,006 29 0.7% 255 6.8% Department of Defense * 1,564 1,428 1,555 127 8.9% -8 -0.5% Department of Energy 3,167 3,409 3,505 96 2.8% 338 10.7% Office of Science 3,128 3,394 3,482 88 2.6% 355 11.3% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 2,259 2,226 2,272 46 2.1% 13 0.6% Department of Agriculture 815 770 833 63 8.2% 18 2.2% Department of the Interior 42 39 42 3 7.8% 0 0.2% Department of Homeland Security 105 132 139 7 5.2% 34 32.2% Smithsonian 129 137 137 0 0.0% 8 6.2% Environmental Protection Agency 95 91 95 4 4.4% 1 0.9% Department of Commerce (NIST) 78 102 88 -14 -13.7% 10 13.1% All Other 362 363 401 38 10.5% 39 10.8%

______Total Est. Basic Research 28,310 28,228 29,636 1,407 5.0% 1,326 4.7%

RESEARCH (basic and applied): Health and Human Services 29,484 29,281 30,545 1,264 4.3% 1,061 3.6% National Institutes of Health 28,285 27,922 29,181 1,259 4.5% 896 3.2% National Science Foundation 4,058 4,358 4,389 31 0.7% 331 8.2% Department of Defense * 7,573 5,920 7,083 1,164 19.7% -490 -6.5% Department of Energy 5,933 6,279 6,700 421 6.7% 767 12.9% Office of Science 3,128 3,394 3,482 88 2.6% 355 11.3% National Aeronautics & Space Admin. 3,419 3,353 3,397 44 1.3% -22 -0.6% Department of Agriculture 1,961 1,754 2,019 265 15.1% 58 3.0% Department of the Interior 575 564 613 49 8.7% 38 6.6% Department of Homeland Security 630 728 763 35 4.8% 134 21.2% Environmental Protection Agency 457 438 461 23 5.2% 4 0.9% Department of Commerce 816 826 966 141 17.0% 150 18.4% NOAA 434 430 510 79 18.4% 75 17.3% NIST 374 388 450 62 15.9% 76 20.3% Department of Transportation 478 542 556 15 2.7% 78 16.4% Department of Veterans Affairs 803 774 858 84 10.8% 55 6.9% Department of Education 184 182 194 12 6.7% 10 5.5% All Other 545 569 572 3 0.5% 27 4.9%

______TOTAL EST. RESEARCH 56,915 55,567 59,118 3,551 6.4% 2,203 3.9% AAAS estimates of R&D in FY 2008 appropriations bills. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures. FY 2007 figures have been adjusted to reflect supplementals enacted in Public Law 110-28. These figures have been revised since the publication of AAAS Report XXXII: R&D FY 2008. * The Senate has not yet acted on DOD appropriations. FY 2008 Senate DOD figures are House appropriations. August 6, 2007 - AAAS estimates of Senate- and Senate Appropriations Committee-approved appropriations. These figures may be amended or rejected by the full Senate