NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1

KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 Introductory Physics, High School Learning Standards for a Full First-Year Course I . C O N T E N T S T A N D A R D S

1. Motion and Forces Central Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects.

1.1 Compare and contrast vector quantities (e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration force, linear momentum) and scalar quantities (e.g., distance, speed, energy, mass, work). 1.2 Distinguish between displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and acceleration. Solve problems involving displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and constant acceleration. 1.3 Create and interpret graphs of 1-dimensional motion, such as position vs. time, distance vs. time, speed vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time where acceleration is constant. 1.4 Interpret and apply Newton’s three laws of motion. 1.5 Use a free-body force diagram to show forces acting on a system consisting of a pair of interacting objects. For a diagram with only co-linear forces, determine the net force acting on a system and between the objects. 1.6 Distinguish qualitatively between static and kinetic friction, and describe their effects on the motion of objects. 1.7 Describe Newton’s law of universal gravitation in terms of the attraction between two objects, their masses, and the distance between them. 1.8 Describe conceptually the forces involved in circular motion.

2. Conservation of Energy and Momentum Central Concept: The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide alternate approaches to predict and describe the movement of objects.

2.1 Interpret and provide examples that illustrate the law of conservation of energy. 2.2 Interpret and provide examples of how energy can be converted from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa. 2.3 Describe both qualitatively and quantitatively how work can be expressed as a change in mechanical energy. 2.4 Describe both qualitatively and quantitatively the concept of power as work done per unit time. 2.5 Provide and interpret examples showing that linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity, and is always conserved (law of conservation of momentum). Calculate the momentum of an object. KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 1.) John runs one complete lap of the track, 2.) Jill drives from Newton to Boston. Her returning to the starting line. Which one of the ending point is 5 miles due East of her starting following is true: point but she had to drive 7 miles total since A. John experienced a displacement of 400m. roads don’t go due East. Which of the B. John ran a distance of 0m. following best describes the displacement Jill C. John experienced a displacement of 0m. experienced? D. Not enough information was provided. A. Jill was displaced 7miles. B. Jill was displaced 5 miles. C. Jill was displaced 7 miles East. D. Jill was displaced 5 miles East. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

C. Displacement is the difference in D. Displacement includes a direction so position between your starting point and it must include East. And displacement is ending point. Since John ended at his the straight line distance between your starting point the difference between starting point and your ending point (5 his ending point and his starting point is miles), NOT the measurement of your 0m. (Note he ran a distance of 400m.) actual path traveled. (7 miles)

Correct Answer and Explanation: Correct Answer and Explanation: KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 3.) Which of the following must be included 4.) Which of the following is NOT a vector with magnitude to represent a vector? quantity? A. mass A. displacement B. direction B. speed C. acceleration C. velocity D. volume D. force My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. By definition, a vector must include B. Speed is not a vector. It does not magnitude (size) and direction. require a direction. The other three all require direction.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 5.) The diagram below shows the path of a jet 6.) The illustration below shows a car slowing from Washington, D.C. to Dallas, TX. down.

The car was initially traveling at 15 m/s. The car slows with a negative acceleration of 4.5 m/s2. How long does it take the car to slow to a final velocity of 4.0 m/s? The trip takes approximately 2 hours and A. 0.89 s covers approximately 1900 km. Which of the B. 2.4 s following best describes the speed and C. 11 s direction of the jet’s flight? D. 60 s A. 475 km/h southwest B. 950 km/h southwest C. 1900 km/h southwest D. 3800 km/h southwest My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. Speed is equal to distance divided by B. v - v time. 1900km/2 hours is equal to a = f i 950km/h. t 4.0m /s - 15m /s - 4.5m /s2 = t 4.0m /s - 15m /s t = - 4.5m /s2 t = 2.4s

Correct Answer and Explanation: Correct Answer and Explanation:

KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 7.) The graph below illustrates the position and 8.)The graph below shows a beetle’s time for a dog that runs to catch a stick and movement along a plant stem. then returns with it.

During which span of time was the beetle not moving? The dog caught the stick after 2 s. What was A. from 0 to 4 minutes the dog’s average speed as he returned with the B. from 4 to 6 minutes stick? C. from 6 to 14 minutes A. His average return speed was 0.7 m/s. D. from 14 to 16 minutes B. His average return speed was 0.9 m/s. C. His average return speed was 2 m/s. D. His average return speed was 4 m/s. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. The dog ran back 7 m in 8 s (the C. A horizontal line on a distance versus time from 2 s to 10 s). Speed = d / t time graph represents “not moving” = 7 m / 8 s = ~0.9 m/s since it is a slope of zero. The position is not changing and the beetle has a speed of 0m/s.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 9.) The position-time graph below shows the 10.) Which of the following cars is NOT motion of three people. Which person is accelerating? accelerating? A. A car that is slowing down to a stop at a red Position versus Time for Three People light. B. A car that is traveling at a constant speed B around a sharp curve. ) C. A car that is speeding up as it passes another m (

n car on the highway. o i

t D. None of the above. All of the cars described i s

o are accelerating. P A C

Time (s)

A. Person A is accelerating. B. Person B is accelerating. C. Person C is accelerating. D. None of the people are accelerating. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

C. A curved line on a position-time D. All of the cars are accelerating. Car graph shows someone who is A has a changing speed. Car B has a accelerating. The curved line has a changing direction and Car C has a changing slope and thus a changing changing speed. Acceleration can be a speed. (Note: In this case person C is change in speed, a change in direction, speeding up since the slope is getting or a change in both. steeper and steeper.)

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 11.) Which of the following is certain to 12.) A bicycle rider is traveling at 7 m/s. change as a ball accelerates? During an 8 s period, the bicycle rider then A. mass of the ball slows down with a constant acceleration to a B. inertia of the ball speed of 3 m/s. C. velocity of the ball How far does the bicycle rider travel during the D. force acting on the ball 8 s? A. 19 m B. 32 m C. 40 m D. 80 m My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

C. By definition, an acceleration is a C. While slowing down, the average changing velocity. speed of the rider is 5 m/s. Distance = average speed * time = 5 m/s * 8 s = 40 m

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 13.) When you see a measurement with the 14.) Which of the following units is used to units m/s2, you know that the measurement is measured displacement? a: A. m/s A. acceleration B. m/s/s B. velocity C. s C. speed D. m D. time My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

A. Acceleration is measured in meters D. Displacement is measured in meters. per second per second which is written as m/s2.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 15.) You are driving along at a constant 20 16.) What do you have to do to get a boulder miles per hour. Then you slam on the brakes. that is at rest to start moving? What happens to your books that are on the A. Nothing. It will eventually start moving. passenger side seat? B. Apply a force that balanced the force of A. The books stay on the seat. friction. B. The books continue moving forward and C. Apply an unbalanced force to the boulder. fall on the floor. D. It is impossible to get the boulder moving C. The books fly up in the air and end up in the because an object at rest stays at rest forever. back seat. D. The books slide to outside of the car. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. Newton’s First Law of Motion says C. To get a boulder that is at rest to that an object in motion will continue in start moving, you are accelerating the motion until an outside, unbalanced boulder. (A change from rest to motion force is exerted. The books were moving is acceleration.) An unbalanced force is forward so they continue to move necessary for acceleration. forward even though the car has stopped. The friction between the seat and the books isn’t enough to hold them in place.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 17.) The tendency of a stationary object to 18.) Which of the following objects has the resist being put into motion is known as most inertia? A. acceleration. A. a 1 kg hamster B. inertia. B. a 2 kg rock C. weight. C. a 4kg box of books D. velocity. D. a 5kg balloon in the Macy’s parade. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. This is the definition of inertia. D. Mass is a direct measure of inertia so the object with the most mass has the most inertia.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 19.) The illustration below shows a 2-ton 20.) A 1500 kg car increases its speed by 2 m/s elephant balancing on a tree stump. for each second of travel. What is the net force acting on the car? A. 750 N B. 1500 N C. 3000 N D. 6000 N

Which of the following statements must be accurate? A. The weight of the tree stump is greater than 2 tons. B. A 4-ton force on the ground spreads out in all directions. C. The tree stump is exerting a 2-ton force upward on the elephant. D. The downward force on the ground under the tree stump is 4 tons.

My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

C. The elephant is at rest. The forces on C. “Increases its speed by 2m/s for the elephant must be balanced since he each second” means that the car isn’t accelerating. The upward force has an acceleration of 2m/s/s. must balance the elephant’s weight. Newton’s Second Law says that the net force acting on the car is equal to its mass (1500 kg) multiplied by it acceleration (2m/s/s) so 1500*2 = 3000 N.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 21.) The forces acting on a skateboarder 22.) Two forces act on the 2 kg box shown moving at a constant velocity along a sidewalk below. are shown in the figure below.

A 4 N force acts to the right and a 6 N force acts to the left. What is the net force acting on the box? A. 10 N to the right B. 10 N to the left Which of the following is the net force on the C. 2 N to the right skateboarder? D. 2 N to the left A. 0 N B. 70 N C. 670 N D. 1270 N

My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

A. All of the force on the skateboarder D. To find the net force you must are balanced. The 35N right balances subtract since the two forces are acting the 35N left and the 600N up balances in opposite directions. 6N-4N = 2N. 6N the 600N down. (the bigger force) is to the left so the net force is to the left. Correct Answer and Explanation: Correct Answer and Explanation: KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 23.) You place a block on a slide at the park. 24.) An object that you are pushing with a The block stays at rest on the slide. What force force of 10 Newtons is sliding at a constant keeps the block in place? velocity. What do you know about the friction A. weight acting on the object? B. static friction A. 10 N of kinetic friction are acting on the C. kinetic friction object. D. normal force B. 10N of static friction are acting on the object. C. Less than 10N of static friction are acting. D. Less than 10N of kinetic friction are acting. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. Normal force and weight are acting A. The object is moving at a constant whether the block is at rest or moving. velocity so the forces on the object So it must be friction which keeps the must be balanced. 10N of friction must block in place. It is specifically static be balancing your 10N of pushing. And friction since the block is stationary. since the box is sliding it is kinetic Kinetic friction applied to objects that friction. are sliding.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 25.) A mosquito flies into the oncoming 26.) You punch a wall. Afterwards your hand windshield of a large truck. The truck exerts a hurts so you know that the wall must have force of 10 Newtons on the mosquito. What exerted a force on your hand. The wall didn’t can we say about the force that the mosquito move or react. Did you exert a force on the exerts on the truck? wall? A. The mosquito exerts a force much less than A. Yes, I exerted a force on the wall. Forces 10N on the truck. always occur in pairs. The force that I exerted B. The mosquito exerts a force exactly equal to is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction 10N on the truck. to the force that the wall exerted on me. C. The mosquito exerts a force much greater B. Yes, I exerted a force on the wall. Forces than 10N on the truck. always occur in pairs. The force that I exerted D. Not enough information is provided. on the wall is much smaller than the force that the wall exerted on me which is why the wall doesn’t move. C. No, I didn’t exert a force on the wall. If I had exerted a force on the wall, the wall would have moved. D. No, I didn’t exert a force on the wall. You can’t exert forces on solid objects like walls. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

B. Newton’s third law says that the A. Newton’s Third Law. force one object exerts on a second object is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that the second object exerts on the first object. The force that the mosquito exerts on the truck is exactly equal in magnitude to the force that the truck exerts on the mosquito.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 27.) How would the measurable properties of a 28.) What is another name for weight? golf ball change if it were moved from Earth to A. Force of Gravity the Moon? B. Mass A. It would have the same mass, but a different C. Inertia weight. D. Volume B. It would have the same weight, but a different mass. C. It would have the same density, but a different mass. D. It would have the same mass, but a different density. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

A. Mass is the same everywhere. A. Weight is the gravitational force Weight changes since it is the that a planet exerts on a nearby object. gravitational force that a nearby planet exerts on an object. The moon exerts a smaller gravitational force thus the golf ball weighs less on the moon.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 29.) On Earth, Johanna weighs 100 lbs. She 30.) How much does a 50kg student weigh? calculated what her weight would be at several A. 5 Newtons other locations in the solar system. The results B. 50 pounds are shown in the table below. C. 50 Newtons D. 500 Newtons

Which of the following statements is best supported by the information in the table? A. Venus has more gravitational force than Earth. B. Mars has less gravitational force than the Moon. C. Earth has four times the gravitational force of Mars. D. Jupiter has more than twice the gravitational force of Earth. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

D. Her weight on Jupiter (260lbs) is D. To find weight on Earth, you multiply more than twice her weight on Earth mass in kg by 10N/kg so 50*10=500N. (100lbs.) Thus Jupiter exerts more than twice the gravitational force.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 31.) One 7.0 kg bowling ball is lifted to a 32.) Tides, such as those along the coast of storage shelf 1.0 m above the floor. A second Massachusetts, are caused by gravitational 7.0 kg ball is lifted to a storage shelf 2.0 m attractions acting on Earth. Why is the above the floor. gravitational attraction of the Moon a greater Which of the following best explains why the factor in determining tides than the measured force of gravity on each ball is nearly gravitational attraction of the much larger Sun? identical? A. Earth is much closer to the Moon than to the A. The final potential energy of each ball Sun. increased. B. The Sun’s gravity is a factor only during the B. The amount of work required to lift each day. ball is identical. C. The Moon’s core has a much greater density C. The distance of each ball from Earth’s than the Sun’s core. center of mass is almost identical. D. The Sun’s mass is smaller than the mass of D. The gravitational force of each ball on the the Moon. other cancels out the force of Earth’s gravity. My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

C. Measured force of gravity depends A. The distance between the centers of on the distance between the centers of the two planetary objects is an the two objects. Since the radius of the important factor in tides. Earth is far, far greater than 1m, it is much more important than the 1m difference in height. Statement A is true but does not answer the question asked.

1. Motion and Forces Broad Concept: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects. 33.) Which one of the following CAN NOT be 34.) Which one of the following are units for measured using the units of Newtons? mass? A. Weight A. Joules B. Friction B. Newtons C. Tension C. kilograms D. Mass D. Watts My Answer and Explanation: My Answer and Explanation:

D. Mass is measured in kilograms. It is C. By definition, mass is measured in not a force. Only forces are measured in kilograms. Newtons. The other three are forces.

Correct Answer and Explanation: Correct Answer and Explanation: KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 Practice: Open-response question #1 BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION. Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.

An elastic cord made for bungee jumping is being tested. A block weighing 800 N is attached to one end of the bungee cord. Then the block is released from a tall tower and it moves downward. When the elastic cord is fully extended, it exerts an opposing force of 900 N on the block. a. Draw and label a force diagram for this situation. b. Calculate the net force on the block. Show your calculations and include units in your answer. c. Explain what would happen if the elastic cord exerted a maximum force of only 700 N on the block.

Answer: A.) This force diagram shows the forces at the moment the cord is fully extended.

Ftension=900 N

Fgravity=800 N

B.) I am calculating the net force on the block at the moment the cord is fully extended.

Fnet = Fup – Fdown = 900 N – 800 N = 100 N C.) If the cord exerted a maximum force of only 700 N, it would never pull up with enough force to cancel out the weight of the block. The net force would always be downward. The block would continually accelerate downward until it hits the ground. KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 D.) Practice: Open-response Question #2 BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION. Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.

The figure below is a graph of net force vs. the acceleration of an object.

a. Use the graph to determine the mass of the object. Show your calculations and include units in your answer. b. What acceleration will the object have if the net force is 50 N and the trend shown by the graph continues? Show your calculations and include units in your answer. c. On the grid in your Student Answer Booklet, draw a graph of force vs. acceleration if the mass of the object is halved and the object is subjected to the same net forces. Label the axes on your graph and be sure to include units. Label this graph “c.” d. On the same axes that you used in part (c), draw a graph of force vs. acceleration if the mass of the object is doubled and the object is subjected to the same net forces. Label this graph “d.”

10 Mass is doubled. a.) m=F/a m=10/5=2kg

b.) a=F/m Mass is a=50N/2kg halved. a=25m/s/s ) N ( e c r o F 0 0 5 Acceleration m/s/s KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 Practice: Open-response Question #3 BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION. Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.

The chart below shows the position of a car moving in a straight line.

Position of a Car

Time (s) Position (m) 0 75 10 125 20 175 30 225 40 275

a. Use the data in the chart to draw and correctly label a position versus time graph. b. Based on the data in the chart, what is the average speed of the car from 0 s to 40 s? c. Based on the graph that you have drawn, describe the acceleration of the car.

Position of a Car

250 200 150 Position (m) 100 Position (m) 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 Time (s)

b.) The average speed from 0s to 40 seconds is: 275m - 75m speed = =5m/s= The slope of this line is 5m/s. 40s

KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 c.) The graph has a constant slope so the velocity is constant. The car is not accelerating. KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 Practice: Open-response Question #4 BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION. Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.

The graph below relates distance to time for a jogger on a morning run. Distance vs. Time

4400 4000

) 3600 m (

e 3200 c n a

t 2800 s i

D 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time (minutes) Juan is on a morning jog. His speed is represented in the graph. a. At what rate of speed is Juan running between 4 min and 6 min? b. According to this graph, what can you tell about Juan’s motion between 8 min and 16 min? c. If Juan had maintained the same speed as in the first 8 min, how long would it have taken him to run 4000 m? Explain your answer. a.) speed = change in position/time speed = (1200m-800m)/2 min = 200m/min b.) Juan isn’t moving between 8min and 16min. The graph is a horizontal line: his position is not changing. The slope is 0 so he is not moving. c.) In the first 8 minutes his speed is 200m/min. KEY NNHS Introductory Physics: MCAS Review Packet #1 dist speed= time 4000m 200m / min = t 4000 t = 200 t = 20 min