Biotechnology in Agriculture
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Biotechnology in Agriculture
Interest Approach o Would you ever think to infect a human with a virus in an effort to attack another disease?
Objective 3.02 - Understand biotechnology in the plant industry. Biotechnology Basics o Biotechnology is the use of (microorganisms) to make new products or carry out new processes (solve problems). . New product – Yogurt . New Process –Tissue culture
Historic Applications of Biotechnology o to make bread rise o Bacteria to produce and other dairy products o Microorganisms to transform fruit or grains into alcoholic beverages o Use of bacteria to “produce” silage o bacteria used to produce insulin . It became created by genetic engineering
Basic Genetics o The science of o . discovered the effect of genetics on plant characteristics with his experimentation with garden peas o Heredity . of characteristics from an organism to its offspring through genes in reproductive cells o Genes . Determine the individual characteristics of living things .
o Generation . the offspring, or , of common parents Pea Plants Heredity o What caused the passing of traits to offspring?
Basic Genetics o DNA – . a structure that holds the genetic information of a cell DNA is wound tightly to form the chromosome . DNA ( ) coded material in all cell nuclei determines what that cell and its successive cells will become structure is that of a twisted ladder . Gene
thousands of genes on a strand of DNA . Gene mapping process of both finding and recording the
o Bases . Like rungs of a ladder that hold the two sides of the DNA strands together. . The bases are: (A) - only pairs with “T” (T) – only pairs with “A” (G) – only pairs with “C” (C) – only pairs with “G” Example: o A – T o G – C o T - A . The sequence of the bases between the DNA strands is the code by which a gene controls a Baldness in humans The color of flowers on a plant
Processes and Practices in biotechnology o Genetic engineering . developed in the early 1980’s . process of moving genetic information in the form of genes
o Gene splicing or Recombinant DNA technology . process of from one organism and inserting them into the DNA of another . Some examples are:
Make a plant to insects o Process in animals is newer and not as well developed
o Cloning (micropropagation in plants) . creating an of another organism
o Indicator species . one of the methods of biological detection. . uses plants, animals and microbes to warn us about in the environment
o . use living organisms to clean up toxic wastes in water and soil
o . Adding nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to stimulate the growth of naturally occurring beneficial microbes . faster more efficient work
o . plant absorbs or immobilizing pollutants . First tested in the 1990’s
o Animal Reproduction and Production . improving the efficiency of reproduction and production involve the use of biotechnology . These are considered the more conventional uses of biotechnology o . Fuels composed of or produced from
Importance of Recombinant DNA Technology o Improve plants’ and animals’ performance . The
o Alter characteristics or performance of microorganisms o Controlling disease, insects, weeds, and other pests .
. Potential for helping clean the environment
Concerns with the use of Biotechnology o Safety . State and federal government monitor . Consumer resistance to new biotech food products remains high
. Rapidly changing field, which when not fully understood can create a fear of the . of genetically modified organisms (GMO) foods many people feel if a product is safe it should be labeled Concern has been expressed over the effect GMO’s may have on biodiversity
o Ethics . system
. defines what is right and wrong in a society . raises important ethical questions about how biotechnology should be used
Scientific Method used in Biotechnology/Agriscience o Steps of the scientific method: 1. Identify the 2. Review literature 3. Form a 4. Prepare a project proposal 5. Design the 6. Collect the 7. Draw conclusions 8. a written report
Biotechnology in the Plant Science industry
o Herbicide and insect resistant crops . Examples: (Round-Up Ready Soybeans) o contains a gene that provides resistance to broad spectrum herbicides o Others being developed
Insect- resistant corn ( ) o contains a built-in insecticidal protein o from a naturally occurring soil microorganism .
o gives season- long control of corn borers
Crops with better nutrition and longer shelf life are products of genetic engineering o . genetically modified to produce nuts in high oleic acid . longer life for nuts, candy and peanut butter o High Oleic Sunflower . sunflower oil that is low in trans-fatty acids o Delayed- ripening . longer . commercial advantages in harvesting and shipping o Tissue culture .
. use of a very small actively growing parts of the plant . produces a large number of new plants African violets Venus Fly Traps
Objective 4.02 - Understand biotechnology in the animal industry. Biotechnology in the Animal Science Industry o Animal cloning . For product drumstick uniformity in the poultry industry . Saving species New animals could be reproduced from the tissue of remaining animals . Research purposes Genetically identical animals are better for research studies that try to isolate one variable
Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction and Production o . A hormone produced in the pituitary gland of cattle . increases . Method of gene splicing genetic material into E. coli bacteria . Produced at relatively low cost . Dairy cows given BST will produce more milk
o (AI) . Process involves the introduction of the male sperm into the reproductive tract of a female . By means other than the natural mating process . Most of the cows in the dairy industry are produced through AI
o Embryo Transfer . Transferring of embryos from one female to another . One female can produce many calves in a year due to
. donor animal to release several eggs instead of just one . A superior female can be fertilized by genetics from a superior male . resulting embryos implanted into inferior female animals
Examples of tools for use in Animal Science o Insemination rods and straws . used in artificial insemination to insert
o . used to examine sperm for artificial insemination o Liquid nitrogen tank . used to
Objective 5.02 - Understand biotechnology in the environmental science industry. Environmental Biotechnology o Biotechnology is playing a large part in detecting and monitoring pollution and determining how much is present
Environmental Biotechnology Examples o Indicator species . are widely used as environmental indicators or bio-indicators . If air is very badly polluted with sulfur dioxide, there may be no lichens present, just green algae may be found
o Bioremediation . Bacteria is used to clean up oil and fuel spills Oleophilic ( ) bacteria used to clean up oil spills Hanahan, SC, a suburb of Charleston, had an 80,000 gallon jet fuel leak from a military fuel storage facility o fuel entered the ground and the groundwater o Bacteria were successfully used to remediate this problem
o Biostimulation . The Exxon Valdez clean-up . Used the addition of nutrients . Feed the bacteria
o Biodiesel . made from oilseeds Soybean canola oil . proven to
o . Oregon Poplar Site (illegal industrial waste dumping site) . J-Field at Aberdeen Proving Ground( disposal site of chemical warfare agents, munitions and industrial chemicals) . used hybrid . remove VOC’s volatile organic compounds from contaminated soil
o Genetic engineering . bacterial strains are under development to convert solid waste from humans and livestock into sugar and fuel
Limitations of using bio and phytoremediation o . often considered slower than chemical techniques o . they do not apply to all situations o Fear . those who live near treatment sites often would rather have the contaminated soil removed than treated . Fear that the process will not uncontaminate the soil
Essay Writing If you were a scientist, what world disease or problem would you be interested in researching and working to find a cure? How do you think biotechnology could help you in your research?
Requirements: 2-3 pages, typed, double spaced, Times New Roman Font Conduct research online and develop your essay.