Minnesota Open 2008: Post-Colonial Collapse Disorder

Minnesota Open 2008: Post-Colonial Collapse Disorder Packet by Trevor Davis, Auroni Gupta, Mike Bentley, and Carsten Gehring Edited by Rob Carson, Andrew Hart, Gautam Kandlikar, Charles Meigs, and Bernadette Spencer

Tossups

1. The chorus of this song is referenced by Akon in a song featuring him and Lil’ Wayne, “Sweetest Girl” by Wyclef. Another reference to this song follows the lines “I’m emotional (I hug the block)/Aye, I’m so emotional (I love my glock).” Referenced in such songs as “New World Water” by Mos Def and “Go Crazy” by Young Jeezy, its own music video opens with a scene of its performers gathered around a wastepaper basket on fire. Early in his life, the speaker moved “to Shaolin land” and later “started smoking woolies at sixteen,” noting that “a young buck selling drugs and such who never had much” faced being “handcuffed in back of a bus, forty of us”. Facing “times as ruff and tuff as leather,” the speaker resolves to “kick the truth in the young black youth.” For 10 points, identify this street anthem about a young man growing up in the “crime side” of New York, an early hit for the Wu-Tang Clan. ANSWER: Cash Rules Everything Around Me [or C.R.E.A.M.]

2. One of this man's works features the 9/8 theme of its namesake creature; that work was a solo flute piece for Sacha Derek's La Mauvaise Pensée called The Dance of the Goat. His collaborations with Albert Willemetz include the operettas Les Petites Cardinales and Les Aventures du roi Pausole, while his choral works include one commissioned by Ida Rubenstein that features the ondes martenot and one that features a children's chorus singing carols. In addition to Joan of Arc at the Stake and Christmas Cantata, he composed a "symphonic psalm" to a libretto by Rene Morax, Le Roi David. The third of his "symphonic movements" was unnamed and received less attention than the first two, which were an expression of the "pulsating action" of a football match and a depiction of a cross-country train in motion. For 10 points, identify this Swiss-French composer and member of Les Six whose works include Rugby and Pacific 231. ANSWER: Arthur Honegger

3. The change in the volume of a polymer gel due to one of these was first observed by Hamlen et al in 1965, and electrons in superlattices oscillate with a frequency directly proportional to this quantity in Bloch oscillations. The magnitude of the Pockels effect is proportional to this quantity, and its non-conservative part is dependent on the partial time derivative of the vector potential. The partial time derivative of this quantity multiplied by the permittivity and permeability gives the displacement current, and the index of refraction changes with the square of this quantity in the Kerr effect. The cross product of it and its magnetic analogue gives the Poynting vector, and it causes the splitting of spectral lines in the Stark effect. For 10 points, name this quantity whose strength is given by Coulomb’s law, a vector field symbolized “E.” ANSWER: electric field

4. One painting of this scene contains a rune inscribed with Aramaic on a tiled floor, on which the central figure is depicted as a phallic sculpture. In addition to that work, which contains a six-legged horse rising from the sea, by Salvador Dali, the better known work of this title was apostrophized by its creator, who scorned at the notion that it fit “le beau ideal.” It depicts a Greek painter whose works are all lost, Apelles, who is dressed in a mauve outfit and has his back to a very girly looking Euripides. One of its figures was displayed with Iktinus in a separate study by its creator. It depicts such luminaries as Camões, Tasso, Gluck, Poussin, Racine, Moliere, and Pindar, who looks intently at Nike, who is poised to crown the title figure. For 10 points, name this Jean Ingres work depicting a certain blind poet’s elevation to divinity. ANSWER: The Apotheosis of Homer 5. A “dark, subdued, and vague” offer for help is extended to Leonidas in one work by this author, A Pale- Blue Woman’s Handwriting. This author attributed “everything evil and stupid in this world” to “a deadly form of lack of fantasy” in one work, while in another, Adler’s sudden appearance causes Sebastian to produce an indecipherable confession in shorthand. In addition to Realism and Inwardness and Class Reunion, this man wrote of a group led by Pastor Nokhudian who abandoned the defense of the titular locale, which is saved once by an avalanche and then by a fire, in The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, while his best-known drama is about a monster-baby born to Stevan Milic and his wife. Also the author of a work about a teen who sees the Virgin Mary in Lourdes, for 10 points, name this Czech novelist of Goat Song and The Song of Bernadette. ANSWER: Franz Werfel

6. Attempts to enforce the “Tenth Penny” tax during it failed, and it saw the Sea Beggars take cities such as Brielle. Its beginning saw the “Beeldenstorm” occur, and the Union of Arras was formed two years before the passing of the Act of Abjuration. One side's early leader was assassinated by Balthasar Gerard. It was interrupted for a time by the Twelve Years' Truce, during which the Arminianism crisis was addressed by the Synod of Dort. It was during this war that the Duke of Alba ran the Council of Blood, and the war would not be resolved until the Treaty of Münster. Begun with the creation of the Union of Delft, for 10 points, name this war which originally pitted Philip II against William of Orange, in which the Netherlands won its independence. ANSWER: Dutch Revolt [or Revolt of the Low Countries; or Eighty Years' War; accept equivalents involving Dutch or Low Countries and fighting; accept Netherlands plus an insinuation of fighting early]

7. In one story by this author, the midnight ride of Dick Bullen to deliver toys to the Old Man's son ends successfully, but with Dick collapsing, while in another, Uncle Billy and Miss Pinkey both spend time as the companion of Bones, the title character. In addition to How Santa Claus Came to Simpson's Bar and A Yellow Dog, this author wrote of a title woman who keeps a magpie Polly, a bear Joaquin, and an invalid Jim, all of whom are met by travelers in need of shelter in Miggles. The supposedly stupid Chinese man Ah Sin cheats the title character and Bill Nye in euchre in this man’s poem “Plain Language from Truthful James.” Another title character interrupts a trial by trying to give a carpetbag filled with gold to Judge Lynch, and later holds a funeral for his friend. For 10 points, name this author of Tennessee's Partner, who also wrote about some gamblers led by John Oakhurst and a child of Cherokee Sal in The Outcasts of Poker Flat and The Luck of Roaring Camp. ANSWER: Francis Bret Harte

8. In the Gesta Danorem, Hadingus is an analogue of this figure, and in the Ynglinga Saga he is said to have died on a bed of sickness after being marked for Odin by a spear. The daughters of Hymir once used this figure’s mouth as a chamber pot. This figure calls Loki a “pervert god” in the Lokasenna after Loki claims that this figure slept with his own sister, sometimes identified as Nerthus, and that she was the mother of his children. His wife used to spend three days out of every twelve at his hall, but she now resides at Thrymheim. His wife chose to marry him after the death of her father Thiazzi, and he was accidentally picked instead of Baldur because of his sexy feet. The ruler of the hall Noatun, for 10 points name this husband of Skadi and father of Frey and Freya, the Vanir god of the sea. ANSWER: Njord

9. One battle at this site was won when pretense at bridge-building allowed a secret river crossing, and was followed by mop-up action at Chrysopolis. Another battle here was prefaced by a botched attempt to take one side’s commanders captive at a banquet, followed by the defeat of Lupicinus. That battle began when an unordered arrow volley began during an exchange of hostages, and the tide turned when the defenders’ previously absent cavalry returned to the wagon wall under Saphrax and Alatheus. The first battle led to the downfall of the man who had earlier defeated Maximinus Daia, Licinius, while the other resulted in the Balkans falling into Gothic control under Fritigern. For 10 points, name this place that saw a victory for Constantine and the ultimate defeat of Valens as well as a fuckton of other battles and the treaty that ended the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War, a site in northwestern Turkey. ANSWER: Adrianople [accept Hadrianopolis; accept Edirne] 10. One type of this reaction proceeds via the formation of a dimethyl chlorosulfonium intermediate and creates a dimethyl sulfide by product, and that reaction improved upon another one of these which was first observed in nucleosides and used DCC. In addition to the Pfitzner-Moffat and Swern types of these reactions, another type of this reaction occurs in either dichloromethane or chloroform and uses the Dess-Martin periodinane to complete one of these reactions, while N-chlorosuccinimide is used in the Corey-Kim type of these reactions. MCPBA can be used in this type of reaction, which is exemplified by the production of lactones from cyclic ketones in the Baeyer-Villiger form of this reaction. It can also be performed using pyridinium chlorochromate and the much stronger chromic acid is used in the Jones type of these reactions. For 10 points, name this type of reaction yields ketones, aldehydes, or carboxylic acids from alcohols, and is more commonly associated with the loss of electrons from a carbon atom. ANSWER: Oxidation reactions

11. The Brock/Rosen objection to modal factionalism uses an example of this kind of swans. J.M.E. McTaggart was the main target of a work which used the concept of “the sensation of [this],” G. E. Moore’s “The Refutation of Idealism.” Fact, Fiction, and Forecast contains a thought experiment in which this adjective is combined with a lighter one, illustrating problems with Hempel’s confirmation theory of induction. In addition to featuring in that work by Nelson Goodman, this concept’s “missing shade” is given as support for Hume’s fork in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. This word names a “book” that aims to figure out “What is the meaning of a word?” and its counterpart first expounds its author’s “language games.” For 10 points, name this color that, along with Brown, titles a set of “books” by Ludwig Wittgenstein. ANSWER: blue

12. This term applies to a condition where the lack of blood flow to a bone results in its fracture of bones that occurs in patients suffering from Gaucher’s disease. In addition to the avascular type, the caseous type of it results in lung tissue that may look like cheese, and occurs due to lesions in the lymph node resulting in Ghon's complexes. The homogenization of chromatin material that occurs during it and a similar process is called karyorhexis. One form of it results in swelling after water and Na+ levels increase in the cell and another mechanism for it results in the release of enzymes being released which degrades tissue and causes liquefaction. Often negatively defined as not involving autophagy or caspases, for 10 points identify this form of cell death that is not planned, unlike apoptosis. ANSWER: Necrosis [prompt on Type III Cell Death]

13. This works rejects the connection between the central nervous system and the conscious in the section “Parallelism and the Ambiguity of ‘Consciousness,’” and it derives a major idea from the work of Wilhelm Wundt. This work divides identity into two forms, one dealing with the reaction to others and the other with taking the attitudes of others - the “I” and the “me.” The first section expounds the theory of social behaviorism, while the second deals with the concepts of “the gesture” and “the significant symbol,” which would later influence Herbert Blumer and Erving Goffman. For 10 points, name this posthumously published collection of lecture notes instrumental in the foundation of symbolic interactionism, the most notable work of George Herbert Mead. ANSWER: Mind, Self, and Society

14. The central character’s lawyer is named Gerardo Trujillo, and he trains Damasio to be a false rebel known as “El Tilcuate.” The true love of a central character marries him after Florencio dies, but she soon goes mad and dies in Media Luna. The central character loves a woman named Susana San Juan, and his excesses are criticized by Father Renteria, whose brother was murdered and his niece raped by the central character’s son Miguel. The central character falls “like a pile of stones” after his son comes to him asking for funeral money, but drunkenly stabs him instead. For 10 points, name this novel whose title character is killed by Abundio Martinez, in which Juan Preciado reveals the history of Comala by talking to ghosts, by Juan Rulfo. ANSWER: Pedro Páramo 15. At one point, this city’s defensive perimeter included three barbicans and four arched portals on a central axis. The Ghost Face City is regarded as the most impressive section of its Stone City, a fortification located at its center. From the heights of its Dragon Shoulder Peak, one invading force was able to place a mine and blow a wide hole in its walls in an 1864 battle. This city was historically known as Moling or Jianye, and it was the home base of Matteo Ricci’s operations. The Hong Wu emperor chose this site as his new capital, from which he rebelled against the Yuan dynasty, which operated from Beijing. Sun Yat-Sen chose this city as the site of the Republic of China, and an earlier treaty signed here opened five ports, including Shanghai. For 10 points, name this Chinese city, site of an infamous namesake rape in 1937. ANSWER: Nanjing [or Nan-ching; or Nanking]

16. The title character's cheek is slashed in Act I of this opera shortly after the foreman reveals that her love interest will not be forced into service. That love interest later reveals that he is engaged to the mayor's daughter, opening the way for an admirer of the title character to move in after he thinks the title character has returned from Vienna. That travel is in fact a cover used to hide the title character's pregnancy, and the screams of Jano reveal to all the discovery of the baby's body near the mill-stream. Kostelnička kills the title character's infant to save her chances with Laca after the failed relationship with Števa. For 10 points, name this opera about peasants in nineteenth century Moravia by Leoš Janáček. ANSWER: Jenůfa [or Her Stepdaughter or Její Pastorkyňa]

17. The “starting” model of these was refuted in a 2008 paper by Peate and Bryan that studied the Emeishan mass. The Elkins-Tanton and Hager models for these suggest that they may be narrower than traditionally thought. Their temperature is related to their buoyancy flux, with high-temperature ones having high iron concentrations. Davies and Sleep showed that they cause about 10% of a certain body’s heat loss, while the mushroom-like heads proposed in the Wilson-Morgan model may result in the creation of flood basalts. The bend at the end of the Emperor Seamounts may be a result of their non-stationary nature. Thought to be responsible for forming the Hawaiian Islands, for 10 points, identify these hypothetical conduits perhaps behind the lifting continents, extending from a namesake layer of the earth, colloquially called “hot spots.” ANSWER: Mantle Plumes [or Asthenoliths; prompt on hot spots]

18. Its beliefs included one that air attacked souls without a “lodging of clay” unless its adherents had lived a good enough life to go to heaven. All that was required of its Credentes was that before death they undergo the Consolamentum. If the Consolamentum were done before death, members of this sect were required to become vegan and were forbidden to touch the opposite gender, as they became part of the Elect or Perfect. It believed that all material goods were the creation of a god called “Rex Mundi,” and that every soul eventually reached salvation with the Good God, a dualism that put this Languedoc-based faith on bad terms with the Catholic Church. For 10 points, name this Christian sect mainly based in France, against which Innocent III called a thirteenth century crusade. ANSWER: Albigensians [or Cathars or Albigenses or Albigeois or Patarenes or Phundaites or Concorricii or Garatenses or Runcarii]

19. One of them was supposedly enacted by a group of commissioners who were secretly practicing infanticide, according to Joshua Hobson, who published the “Book of Murder” about one of them. One was amended by Edward Knatchbull to allow for the purchase of buildings by church leaders or other authorized people, and a system based on the price of bread and number of children was named for the parish of Speenhamland. Nassau Senior led the 1832 Royal Commission to change these laws that recommended banning outdoor relief, while the seminal one was enacted in 1601 and determined that “impotent” individuals were worthy of relief. Another amendment to one of them proposed namesake Gilbert Unions of parishes to set up common workhouses. For 10 points, name these British laws that were aimed at the impoverished. ANSWER: English Poor Laws 20. A Thomas Cole painting named after this work shows a maiden prostrating herself before an outdoor shrine to the Virgin Mary. The poem references Michael Drayton’s The Owle in its image of a “bee with honied thie,” and hails “Thrice-Great Hermes,” who also out-watches the bear, meaning he never sleeps. Its speaker feels the presence of the “Genius of the Wood” as he wakes, and desires to “walk the studious Cloysters pale.” The speaker calls upon a goddess who descends from Vesta to go with him along with Peace and Quiet, and the speaker concludes of her “I with thee with choose to live.” At the beginning of this poem, the poet welcomes the goddess Melancholy, and it opens with “Hence vain deluding joyes.” For 10 points, name this John Milton poem, the brooding companion piece to “L’Allegro.” ANSWER: “Il Penseroso”

TB. This author wrote about how superstition led to an emphasis on the sacredness of human life in a work titled for the act of sorting bad seeds from the good, Psyche’s Task. Responsible for a notable translation of Pausanias’s Descriptions of Greece, he discussed trial by poison in a section on “Bitter Water” in a book which also analyzed “The Place of Law in Jewish History” and stories from “The Times of the Judges and the Kings,” his Folk-lore in the Old Testament. More notably he explored society’s inevitable path from religion to science and discussed such topics as “the flesh diet” and “the king of the wood” in a work aimed at being “A Study in Magic and Religion.” For 10 points, name this author The Golden Bough. ANSWER: Sir James George Frazer Minnesota Open 2008: Post-Colonial Collapse Disorder Packet by Trevor Davis, Auroni Gupta, Mike Bentley, and Carsten Gehring Edited by Rob Carson, Andrew Hart, Gautam Kandlikar, Charles Meigs, and Bernadette Spencer

Bonuses

1. This novella opens with the unnamed protagonist tossing his nostril clippers at the “lunatic.” For 10 points each: [10] Name this story published along with Teach Us To Outgrow Our Madness in which the protagonist gets some goggles from his Tojo-rebelling father. At the moment that his father dies, the narrator sees a gigantic golden chrysanthemum that irradiates everything. ANSWER: The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away [or Mizukara Waga Namida o Nugui Tamau Hi] [10] The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away was written by this Japanese author who is better known for “Aghwee the Sky Monster,” A Personal Matter, and The Silent Cry. ANSWER: Kenzaburō Ōe [either order] [10] This Akutagawa-winning Ōe short was published along with “Aghwee the Sky Monster” and Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness. In it, a downed African-American airman is taken prisoner in a remote Japanese village. ANSWER: “The Catch” [or “Shiiku” or “Prize-Stock” or “Prize-Catch”]

2. Their role was first identified during the study of transplants from one individual to another. For 10 points each: [10] Identify these polymorphic glycoproteins, whose class I is expressed by all somatic cells. They present a peptide fragment from an antigen to a T-cell, and they can be complexed with self-peptides to prevent autoimmune functions of the immune cells. ANSWER: MHC [or major histocompatibility complex] [10] Interleukins are a class of these soluble molecules secreted by the immune cells and used in signaling. They are sometimes distinguished according to their secretion by lymphocytes, macrophages, and so on. ANSWER: cytokines [10] This cytokine is sometimes called leutotropin. It stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands. It is also involved in osmoregulation to a lesser extent. ANSWER: prolactin

3. Its pedestal, Thunder Rock, took nearly a year to be transported, and in one part of it, a snake is crushed by the hind legs of a rearing horse. For 10 points each: [10] Name this equestrian statue near the Neva River, completed in 1782, in which the titular character has his arm raised outward from his rearing steed, possibly toward a Swedish enemy. ANSWER: The Bronze Horseman [accept Copper Horseman; accept equestrian statue of Peter the Great or equivalents] [10] This French creator of “The Bronze Horseman” also created the series “Friendship” for Madame de Pompadour, and, in his work “Pygmalion et Galathée”, Cupid mouths Galatea's right hand while Pygmalion kneels before her. ANSWER: Étienne-Maurice Falconet [10] The namesake figure of this Falconet statue reaches for an arrow while holding a finger to his lips, and the socle contains a Voltaire quote claiming “Whoever you are, this is your master- He is, he was or he will be”. ANSWER: Seated Cupid (accept L'Amour Menaçant; accept Love Threatens or near equivalents)

4. It was hard out there for a nineteenth-century abolitionist. For 10 points each: [10] This editor of the antislavery Alton Observer had his press thrown into a river three times for his views, and would later be killed protecting his printing press from a proslavery mob. ANSWER: Elijah Parish Lovejoy [10] This abolitionist wrote the article “Sambo's Mistakes” in an attempt to show blacks how to avoid the mistakes of whites, and he formed the all-black League of Gileadites in Springfield in order to fight enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Laws with force if needed. His son Frederick died at Osawatamie during the Bleeding Kansas saga. ANSWER: John Brown [10] This man set sail for the Bahamas with seven blacks, but lacked the energy to make it, instead being towed back to Key West and given a heavy sentence. Part of that sentence included branding his palm with the letters “S.S.,” leading to his nickname and John Greenleaf Whittier's poem “The Branded Hand.” ANSWER: Jonathan Walker 5. Answer the following about some Russian short stories, for 10 points each: [10] The batshit insane Hermann dupes Elizaveta to learn the secret of The Countess in this story. The Countess dies of fright but her ghost tells Hermann to play a seven, three, and an ace, which he unsurprisingly fails to do. ANSWER: “The Queen of Spades” [or “Pikovaya dama”] [10] A lovestruck unnamed narrator has a brief fling with Nastenka in his “White Nights,” while Ivan Matveitch is swallowed by an animal belonging to The German in “The Crocodile.” His longer works include The House of the Dead and The Possessed. ANSWER: Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky [10] The spineless title character of this Chekhov short story falls in love with Kukin, a theatre manager, Pustovalov, the owner of a lumberyard, and Smirnin, a vet. She ends up devoting herself to Smirnin’s son Sasha. ANSWER: “The Darling” [or “Dushechka”]

6. This engagement pitted some turmeric-smeared forces on one side and Najib Khan’s excellent defensive formations on the other. For 10 points each: [10] Name this 1761 battle in which the light Afghan cavalry led by Ahmad Durrani were finally able to overcome French-trained artillery commanded by Sadashivrao Bhau. ANSWER: Third Battle of Panipat [prompt on Battle of Panipat] [10] The losing force at the Third Battle of Panipat was the Maratha Empire, which was united after the decline of the Mughals by this victor of the Battle of Sinhagad. NAQT high school questions would like you to know that his name is reminiscent of a destroyer. ANSWER: Shivaji Bhosle [accept Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle] [10] After Panipat, Ahmad Durrani ordered the Indian chiefs to recognize Shah 'Alam II, and this Englishman was present. Earlier, he had participated in the siege of Arcot, but he may be best known for defeating the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey. ANSWER: Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive

7. Carsten Gehring thinks we should only pretend to care about organic chemistry, but we all know that organic reactions are the best form of chemistry. For 10 points each: [10] This reaction yields cyclic beta keto esters from a compound containing two ester groups, and is the intramolecular form of a more famous reaction. ANSWER: Dieckmann Condensation [do not accept “Claisen condensation”] [10] Carsten is told that the Dieckmann condensation is a special case of this general type of reaction partially developed by Alexander Borodin, which produces the namesake compound, which is either a beta-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde. It proceeds via the formation of an enol or an enolate. ANSWER: Aldol Condensation [10] This reaction involves reacting cyclohexanone with a diethyl succinate in the presence of an strong alcoxide base is rather boring but Carsten is excited by the fact that it is solventless and can be performed by grinding the reactants with a mortar and pestle. ANSWER: Stobbe Condensation

8. At one point in this play, a Scythian archer guards Mnesilochus as he is about to be roasted by the title group. For 10 points each: [10] Name this comedy whose title chicks are a group of fertility celebrants pissed off at Euripides for the negative portrayal of women in his plays. ANSWER: Thesmophoriazusae [accept Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria Festival or close English equivalents involving Thesmophoria] [10] The Thesmophoriazusae was written by this Athenian playwright of Peace, The Acharnians, The Wasps, and Lysistrata. ANSWER: Aristophanes [10] Hermes appears near the end of this play to mention that he’s starving as nobody offers oblations to the gods anymore, thanks to Asclepius’s restoration of sight to the title character, who makes Chremylus and Cario rich. ANSWER: Plutus [accept Wealth] 9. This “conversation poem” begins with the restless speaker in a silent cottage. For 10 points each: [10] Name this poem whose speaker observes the “secret ministry” of the title phenomenon, which is seen on the fireplace gate, in the speaker’s childhood, and near the sleeping infant by his side. ANSWER: “Frost at Midnight” [10] The speaker has lost “beauties and feelings” as he is stuck in a garden featuring the titular plant. It is addressed to “Charles Lamb, of the India House, London,” and after seeing a bat and hearing a bee, the speaker feels better. ANSWER: “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison” [10] This poet, a collaborator on Lyrical Ballads with some schmo named Wordsworth, wrote “Frost at Midnight” and “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison” in addition to some works about Xanadu and a dude who kills an albatross. ANSWER: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

10. This formation was used at the Battle of Rorke's Drift. For 10 points each: [10] Name this military formation that involved dividing the impi into “loins,” a “chest,” and the namesake pointed objects. ANSWER: Buffalo Horns [or Horns of the Beast or Izimpondo Zankhomo] [10] Fought on the same day as Rorke’s Drift, this battle led to the replacement of Lord Chelmsford by General Wolseley after British troops under lieutenant colonels Pulleine and Durnford were annihilated by the Zulu near the namesake hill. ANSWER: Battle of Isandlwana [10] This decisive battle occurred after the British re-invasion broke the siege of Eshowe. Zulu troops who probably didn’t have permission from Cetshwayo marched on Evelyn Wood’s position, resulting in massive Zulu losses and only 29 British killed. ANSWER: Battle of Kambula

11. It is not until it is being driven by a parson that it collapses “just as bubbles do when they burst.” For 10 points each: [10] Name this poem in which the title object “is built in such a logical way” and lasts for one hundred years before it is destroyed “all at once, and nothing first” during an earthquake. ANSWER: “The Deacon's Masterpiece” or “The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay: A Logical Story” [10] “The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay” appears in this work, along with other poems like “Sun and Shadow” and “The Two Armies,” in which the title character resides at Beacon Hill and talks with others at the titular location in the mornings. ANSWER: The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table [10] This author of The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table and its successors with The Poet and The Professor, also wrote the novels Elsie Venner and The Guardian Angel and poems like “Old Ironsides” and “The Chambered Nautilus.” ANSWER: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

12. For 10 points each, name some people who thought Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy were pretty silly. [10] This guy’s objections to the Meditations include an argument that humans cannot conceive of the idea of. His own works include De Cive, De Corpore, and De Homine, as well as a notable work that defined man’s life in the state of nature as nasty, brutish, and short. ANSWER: Thomas Hobbes [10] Like Hobbes, this French Epicurean argued in his objection that Descartes’ concept of a “clear and distinct” idea was rather arbitrary and unsupported. His most notable tract is a defense of atomism, the Syntagma Philosophicum. ANSWER: Pierre Gassendi [10] This modern French Catholic philosopher has written several works on Descartes which include criticisms of his concept of God. His own works include God Without Being, The Erotic Phenomenon, and Reduction and Givenness. ANSWER: Jean-Luc Marion 13. Its southern rim is stopped from draining by a moraine called the Salpausselkä ridge. For 10 points each: [10] Name this largest lake in Finland whose namesake canal connects it to the Gulf of Finland. ANSWER: Lake Saimaa [10] The Vuoksi River connects Lake Saimaa to this other lake to its southeast, which is located within Russia and is the largest in Europe. ANSWER: Lake Ladoga [10] The Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland in a bay named for this city in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It was the site of a huge 1790 naval battle between the Swedes and the Russians that resulted in a slight Russian victory and an affirmation of the concept that firepower beats mobility. ANSWER: Vyborg [or Vyborg Bay; or Viipuri Bay or Viipurinlahti; or Wiborg]

14. The ratchet named for this phenomenon was conceived by Richard Feynman as a way of creating a perpetual motion machine with a paddlewheel. For 10 points each: [10] Name this phenomenon, the subject of a 1905 paper by Albert Einstein. ANSWER: Brownian motion [10] This doubly-eponymous equation gives the probability density function for the position of a particle given initial position and velocity, and can be used to model Brownian motion. ANSWER: Fokker-Planck equation [10] A differential equation which relates the force on a particle in suspension to its velocity and associated viscosity is named for this Frenchman. He also formulated the twin paradox. ANSWER: Paul Langevin

15. Its lyrics came from the translation of Konstantin Balmont, which the composer supposedly received from an anonymous source while in Rome. For 10 points each: [10] Name this choral poem that symbolizes the four parts of human life through the four different title objects. ANSWER: The Bells [10] This Russian composer of The Bells also wrote The Isle of the Dead and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, and would include both the Dies Irae and a Russian Orthodox chant in his Symphonic Dances. ANSWER: Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninov [or Rachmaninoff] [10] This Rachmaninov work was inspired by its namesake’s Sonata for violin, violone, and harpsichord, Opus 5, Number 12. Rachmininov’s Opus 42, it is based on interpretations of La Folia. ANSWER: Variations on a Theme of Corelli [accept Corelli Variations or Variatsii na temu A. Koreli]

16. Identify the following relating to that lovable Minotaur-slaying Greek rascal Theseus, for 10 points each. [10] This BFF of Theseus and prince of the Lapiths stole the hero’s cattle to see just how brave he was, and the two were so enamored with one another that they stopped fighting and started hunting the Calydonian Boar, proving once again that common hatred of rampaging swine triumphs all rustling-related enmity. This man was later left affixed to a chair in Hades when Heracles rescued Theseus from a similar fate. ANSWER: Pirithous [accept slightly different pronuncations] [10] Just before he reached Athens after traveling from Troezen, Theseus defeated this guy who liked to stretch people out or hack parts of them off so they would fit on one of his two beds. ANSWER: Procrustes [or Damastes or Polypemon] [10] Plutarch's Theseus asserts that this king of Scyros led Theseus up a cliff and maybe pushed him off of it. Some accounts state that Thetis sent Achilles to his court to avoid the Trojan War and that Achilles raped his daughter Deidamia. ANSWER: Lycomedes 17. Answer the following about Saiem Gilani’s favorite things, girls kissing girls and theft, for 10 points each. [10] Like Saiem, this singer’s boyfriend hopefully doesn’t mind her tasting some cherry Chapstick after kissing a girl “just to try it.” In case it’s not clear enough, this is the artist of “I Kissed a Girl.” ANSWER: Katy Perry [10] Saiem’s favorite tract of French anarchist political philosophy is undoubtedly this man’s “What is Property?” The rousing answer “Property is theft!” has inspired Saiem’s nihilistic quest to steal all sorts of intellectual property. ANSWER: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon [10] Saiem takes hints from the the “girlfriend guide” to this game, whose characters include Wu Zi Mu and Mike Toreno, by noted GameFAQ user “twotwotwotwo,” which pithily notes that “if you kill a girl through abuse, she will no longer be your girlfriend.” Saiem has always stood by this game’s motto that you should use L1 to select the gift as your weapon, in both this Rockstar game and in life, before attempting to kiss a girl, so that your relationship meter doesn’t go down. ANSWER: Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas [prompt on GTA or Grand Theft Auto]

18. Neptune's moon Triton may have once been an object from this region of the solar system. For 10 points each: [10] Name this region, home to plutinos and short-period comets. ANSWER: Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt [10] This potential dwarf planet, made up of reddish ice, exists in the region between the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. The cause for its very elliptical orbit is currently unknown. ANSWER: 90377 Sedna [10] Still farther from the sun than Sedna is this inner layer of the Oort Cloud, which is much more packed with comets and debris than the outer Oort Cloud. It was formulated by a namesake Michigan scientist in the 1980s. ANSWER: Hills Cloud

19. For 10 points each, name the following regarding European unity. [10] This organization was created by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, due to the work of Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet. Monnet would serve as the first president of its High Authority, and its goal was to create one market for its two namesake commodities. ANSWER: European Coal and Steel Community or ECSC [10] This 1957 treaty created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, into which parts of the ECSC were merged. ANSWER: Treaty of Rome [10] This 2007 EU treaty included intentions to lower the amount of Commissioners and to strengthen the EU Parliament. However, Irish rejection of the treaty has led to its ratification being stymied. ANSWER: Treaty of Lisbon

20. Name some important archaeological sites, for 10 points each. [10] After excavations at Troy, Heinrich Schliemann worked on the grave shafts at this site, discovering such items as the “Cup of Nestor” and “Mask of Agamemnon.” ANSWER: Mycenae [10] Before his work at Ur, Leonard Wooley excavated this site of a Babylonian victory with help from T.E. Lawrence. ANSWER: Carchemish [10] This Syrian site, dating from around 605 BCE, was excavated by Claude Schaeffer after being stumbled upon by a farmer. It’s notable for providing the sources for much of what is known about Canaanite mythology. ANSWER: Ugarit