Table S1. List of 140 Published Studies Assessing the Impact of Grazing on Arthropod Diversity

Table S1. list of 140 published studies assessing the impact of grazing on arthropod diversity. Taxonomic groups are based on the definitions found in publications. In some cases insects from all orders were identified, but not all taxa were necessarily assessed using appropriate trapping methods. Here we excluded taxa that were not adequately sampled, even if one or several species of this group were reported [see for example Smith (1940) and Zhu et al. (2012), where ground dwelling beetles were sampled using sweep nets]. Several small orders [such as Mantodea (praying mantes), Phasmatodea (stick insects) and Neuroptera (lacewings)] were reported with low numbers of species. Here, we pooled these orders under “other groups”. Type of study: “exp”: experimental manipulation of grazer densities; “hist”: surveyed sites with different grazing histories. n/a: data not available

Duration Time after Used for Type of of study start of quantitative Reference Country Ecosystem Group study Treatments (years) experiment review Andresen et al. Germany coastal salt marsh ground beetles, exp. 0 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 cattle ha-1 4 1 yr (1990) spiders Azcaráte & Peco Spain Mediterranean ants hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a (2012) grassland Báldi et al. (2013) Hungary semi-natural beetles, bees, hist. intensive / extensive 1 n/a yes grassland leafhoppers, true bugs, grasshoppers, spiders Balmer & Erhardt Switzerland calcareous butterflies hist. 0–30 years after 1 0–30 yr (2000) grassland abandonment Batáry et al. (2007a) Hungary plains grasshoppers hist. intensive / extensive 1 n/a Batáry et al. (2007b) Hungary steppe beetles hist. intensive / extensive 1 >5 yr Batáry et al. (2010) Hungary steppe, grassland bees hist. intensive / extensive 1 n/a yes Bates et al. (2007) UK exposed riverine beetles hist. gradient of grazing intensity 1 n/a sediments Bestelmeyer & USA semi-arid rangeland ants hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a Wiens (2001) Blake et al. (1994) UK woodland, moorland, ground beetles hist. gradient of grazing intensity 7 n/a grassland Blight et al. (2011) France pseudo-steppe beetles exp. grazed / ungrazed 1 4 yr Bock et al. (2007) USA urban grassland butterflies hist. grazed / ungrazed + housing 2 n/a Bonte et al. (2000) Belgium coastal dunes spiders hist. cattle / rabbit grazed 1 n/a Boulton et al. (2005) USA serpentine grassland ants hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 17 yr Branson & Sword USA prairie grasshoppers exp. rotational / ungrazed + 4 2 yr 1 (2010) burning Brown et al. (1992) UK restored calcareous leafhoppers exp. spring grazed / autumn 1 6 yr grassland grazed / both / ungrazed Cagnolo et al. (2002) Argentina montane grassland beetles exp. intensive / extensive / short- 1 >7 yr term ungrazed / long-term ungrazed Calcaterra et al. Argentina savannah/ floodplains ants exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 1 yr yes (2010) Carvell (2002) UK calcareous grassland bumblebees hist. sheep grazed / cattle 1 n/a yes grazed / abandoned + other micro-environments Dahms et al. (2010) Sweden semi-natural grassland ants hist. continuous grazing / 1 n/a abandoned / restored grazing D'Aniello et al. (2011) Italy semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. grazed / mown 2 n/a Debinski et al. (2011) USA prairie ants, butterflies, exp. grazed+burnt / 3 1–3 yr leafbeetles patchburn+grazed / burn only Dennis et al. (1997) UK upland acid grassland ground beetles, exp. intensive sheep / extensive 2 2 yr rove beetles sheep / intensive sheep+cattle / extensive sheep+cattle / ungrazed Dennis et al. (1998) UK upland acid grassland beetles, hist. grain size of grazed mosaic 1 4 yr arachnids, moths, true bugs, leafhoppers Dennis et al. (2001) UK upland acid grassland arachnids exp. intensive sheep / extensive 2 2 yr yes sheep / intensive sheep+cattle / extensive sheep+cattle / ungrazed Dennis et al. (2002) UK upland acid grassland ground beetles, exp. intensive sheep / extensive 2 2 yr rove beetles sheep / intensive sheep+cattle / extensive sheep+cattle / ungrazed Dennis et al. (2004) UK production grassland beetles exp. intensive / extensive + 2 0/2 yr cessation of N fertilisation Desender et al. (1999) Galapagos volcano gradient beetles, spiders hist. damaged / undamaged 2 10 yr Dolek & Geyer (1997) Germany hay meadows and fens butterflies hist. grazed / mown 1 n/a

2 Dumont et al. (2009) France upland acid grassland butterflies, exp. high / intermediate / low 5 1 yr yes grasshoppers grazing Eyre et al. (2003) UK heathland ground beetles, hist. grazed / ungrazed + 5 n/a rove beetles, herbicide and burning spiders, true bugs Fabriciusova et al. Slovakia montane grassland grasshoppers hist. permanent grazing / 1 n/a (2011) temporal grazing Fadda et al. (2008) France steppe beetles exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 23 yr yes Farruggia et al. France upland grassland butterflies exp. rotational / continuous 4 1 yr (2012) grazing Fisher Barham & UK calcareous grassland leafhoppers exp. sheep / rabbit / ungrazed 1 7 yr yes1 Stewart (2005) Foote & Rice Hornung Canada prairie dragonflies hist. rotational / continuous / 2 n/a (2005) ungrazed Ford et al. (2013) UK coastal salt marsh beetles, spiders, hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a true bugs, leafhoppers Franzen & Nilsson Sweden semi-natural butterflies, bees hist. grazed / ungrazed 2 n/a (2008) grasslands Frenette-Dussault et al. Morocco steppe ants exp. grazed / ungrazed + aridity 1 n/a (2013) gradient Gardner et al. (1997) UK heathland ground beetles hist. gradient of grazing intensity 1 n/a Gebeyehu & South Africa savannah grasshoppers hist. wild herbivores / livestock 1 n/a Samways (2002) Gebeyehu & South Africa savannah grasshoppers exp. seasonal / rotational / 2 >10 yr Samways (2003) resting / continuous Gibson et al. (1992a) UK restored calcareous herbivorous exp. spring grazed / autumn 5 1/2/4/5 yr yes2 grassland beetles, grazed / both / ungrazed true bugs Gibson et al. (1992b) UK restored calcareous spiders exp. spring grazed / autumn 5 1/2/4/5 yr grassland grazed / both / ungrazed Gómez & González- Spain alpine meadow all herbivores on exp. grazed / ungrazed 6 1 yr Megías (2007) one plant González-megías et al. Spain alpine meadow beetles, ants exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 3 yr (2004) Grandchamp et al. Switzerland alpine meadow ground beetles hist. grazed / mown + fertilisation 2 n/a (2005)

3 Gudleifsson & Iceland semi-natural grassland beetles exp. grazed / mown + 3 soil types 1 n/a Bjarnadottir (2004) Hartley et al. (2003) UK heathland leafhoppers exp. grazed / ungrazed + fertiliser 2 0–2 yr Hatfield & LeBuhn USA semi-natural grassland bumblebees hist. sheep grazed / cattle grazed / 2 n/a (2007) ungrazed Hoffmann & James Australia chenopod scrubland ants hist. gradient from water source 1 n/a (2011) Hofmann & Mason UK coastal grazing marsh rove beetles hist. gradient of grazing intensity 1 n/a (2006) + mowing + ungrazed Holmes et al. (1979) Canada fescue grassland grasshoppers exp. gradient of grazing intensity 7 20 yr Holmes, Boyce & Reed UK peatland ground beetles hist. intensive / extensive / 3 n/a (1993) ungrazed Holmquist et al. (2013) USA subalpine grasslands ants exp. grazed / ungrazed + early 2 1 yr and mid-season Horváth et al. (2009) Hungary sandy grasslands spiders hist. gradient of grazing intensity 3 n/a Hutton & Giller (2003) Ireland semi-natural grassland dung beetles hist. intensive / rough grazing / 1 >3 yr organic farming Jankielsohn et al. South Africa grassveld, bushveld dung beetles hist. wild herbivores / livestock 1 n/a (2001) Jansen et al. (2013) South Africa montane grassland spiders hist. wild herbivores / livestock 1 c. 30 yr Jáuregui et al. (2008) Spain heathland grasshoppers exp. intensive / extensive x 2 goat 3 1 yr yes breeds Jay-Robert et al.(2008) France semi-natural dung beetles hist. wild herbivores / extensive 2 n/a grassland, livestock scrubland, forest Jepson-Innes & Bock USA arid grassland grasshoppers exp. grazed / ungrazed 1 15 yr (1989) Joern (2004) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. grazed / ungrazed + burning 1 >10 yr Joern (2005) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. gradient of grazing intensity 1 10 yr + burning Jonas & Joern (2007) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. grazed / ungrazed + burning 23 1 yr Kaltsas et al .(2013) Greece scrubland ground beetles hist. gradient of grazing intensity 1 n/a Kati et al. (2012) Greece seasonally flooded butterflies, hist. grazed, mown, construction 1 n/a grasslands grasshoppers site Kearns & Oliveras USA urban grassland bees hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a (2009) Kleintjes Neff et al. Canada grassland/forest butterflies exp. grazed / ungrazed 4 1–4 yr (2007)

4 Körösi et al. (2013) Hungary steppe true bugs, hist. intensive / extensive 1 n/a leafhoppers Kruess & Tscharntke Germany semi-natural grassland beetles, true bugs, hist. intensive / extensive / short- 1 n/a yes3 (2002a) leafhoppers, term ungrazed / long-term parasitic wasps ungrazed Kruess & Tscharntke Germany semi-natural grassland butterflies, hist. intensive / extensive / 1 n/a yes3 (2002b) grasshoppers, ungrazed wasps Lenoir & Lennartson Sweden semi-natural grassland ground beetles, exp. all season / late season 1 2 yr (2010) ants, spiders grazed Littlewood (2008) UK upland acid grassland moths exp. intensive sheep / extensive 1 5 yr sheep / extensive sheep+cattle / ungrazed Littlewood et al. UK upland acid grassland leafhoppers exp. intensive sheep / extensive 1 >5 yr (2013a) sheep / extensive sheep+cattle / ungrazed Lumaret et al. (1992) France Mediterranean dung beetles exp. sheep / cattle grazed 4 3 yr grassland Macagno & Palestrini Italy alpine meadow dung beetles hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a (2009) Meyer et al. (1995) Germany coastal salt marsh beetles, spiders, exp. intensive / moderate / 3 1 yr leafhoppers, extensive / low / ungrazed true bugs Miller & Onsager USA prairie grasshoppers hist. intensive / extensive / 1 n/a (1991) ungrazed Moran et al. (2012) Ireland turloughs ground beetles hist. grazed / ungrazed + two 3 0 yr vegetation types Moranz et al.(2012) USA prairie butterflies exp. grazed+burnt / 2 1 yr patchburn+grazed / burn only Morris (1967) UK calcareous grassland all herbivores on exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 2 months one plant Morris (1969) UK calcareous grassland true bugs exp. grazed / ungrazed 4 4 months Morris (1971a) UK calcareous grassland leafhoppers exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 2 yr Morris (1973) UK calcareous grassland true bugs, exp. spring grazed / summer 4 2 yr leafhoppers grazed / autumn grazed / winter grazed / ungrazed Morris et al. (2005) UK calcareous grassland leafhoppers exp. rotational grazing 9 2 yr

5 Mysterud et al. (2010) Norway alpine meadow beetles, spiders exp. intensive / extensive / 1 2 yr yes1 ungrazed Nash et al. (2004) USA desert ants hist. gradient from water source 1 n/a Negro et al. (2011) Italy alpine meadow dung beetles hist. overgrazed / ungrazed 1 n/a Ni Bhriain et al. (2002) Ireland turloughs ground beetles hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a yes Nickel & Hildebrandt Germany floodplain meadow leafhoppers hist. intensive / extensive / 2 n/a (2003) ungrazed Noel & Finch (2010) Norway alpine meadow spiders hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a Öckinger et al. (2006) Sweden semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. restored / abandoned 1 n/a yes O'Neill et al. (2003) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. intensive / extensive (mosaic 5 1 yr vegetation) / ungrazed O'Neill et al. (2010) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. intensive / extensive (mosaic 6 1 yr vegetation) / ungrazed Onsager (2000) USA prairie grasshoppers exp. rotational / continuous 5 1–6 yr Paschetta et al. (2012) Italy alpine meadow spiders hist. intensive / extensive / 1 n/a ungrazed Pétillon et al. (2007) France coastal salt marsh ground beetles, hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a spiders Pihlgren et al. (2010) Sweden semi-natural grassland ants hist. grazed / ungrazed + 1 n/a yes exposition Pöyry et al.(2004) Finland semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. historic grazing / abandoned 2 >5 yr yes4 / restored grazing Pöyry et al.(2005) Finland semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. historic grazing / abandoned 2 >5 yr / restored grazing Pöyry et al.(2006) Finland semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. historic grazing / abandoned 1 n/a / restored grazing Prendini et al. (1996) South Africa savannah grasshoppers hist. wild herbivores / livestock 1 > 15 yr yes Purvis & Curry (1981) Ireland semi-natural grassland beetles, spiders, exp. continuous grazing / 1 2 yr true bugs, intermittent grazing + leafhoppers, mowing thrips Quinn & Walgenbach USA prairie grasshoppers hist. wild herbivores / livestock / 1 n/a (1990) ungrazed Rickert et al. (2012) Germany coastal salt marsh moths exp. intensive / moderate / 4 17 yr yes extensive / ungrazed Rosa-Garcia et al. Spain heathland ground beetles, exp. intensive (2 cattle breeds) / 3 2 yr (2009a) arachnids extensive (1 breed) Rosa-Garcia et al. Spain heathland ground beetles, exp. intensive (2 cattle breeds) / 5 2 yr

6 (2009b) arachnids extensive (1 breed) / ungrazed Saarinen & Jantunen Russia/Finland boreal grassland butterflies hist. grazed / mown 3 n/a (2005) Saarinen (2002) Finland semi-natural grassland butterflies hist. traditionally grazed / 3 n/a intensive grazing / mowing Samways & South Africa savannah grasshoppers hist. wild herbivores / livestock 1 n/a Kreutzinger (2001) Schmidt et al. (2012) Canada semi-arid grassland ants exp. grazed / ungrazed 2 20 yr Scohier et al. (2013) France upland grassland butterflies and exp. continuous / rotational 2 0 yr bumblebees (within season) grazing Sjödin (2007) Sweden semi-natural grassland butterflies, bees, exp. all season / late season 1 2/5 yr hoverflies grazed Sjödin et al. (2008) Sweden semi-natural grassland butterflies, bees, hist. intensive / extensive / 1 n/a yes hoverflies ungrazed Smith (1940) USA prairie beetles, bees, hist. gradient from lightly grazed 1 n/a yes grasshoppers, to heavily overgrazed true bugs, flies, leafhoppers, other

hymenoptera, other groups Söderström et al. (2001) Sweden semi-natural grassland butterflies, hist. gradient of grazing intensity 2 n/a ground beetles, bumblebees, dung beetles Spalinger et al. (2012) Switzerland alpine meadow grasshoppers hist. grazer-induced variation in 1 n/a vegetation height Sterling et al. (1992) UK restored calcareous leaf miners exp. spring grazed / autumn 5 1 yr grassland (Diptera & grazed / both / ungrazed Lepidoptera) Stoner & Joern (2004) USA prairie butterflies, hist. grazed / mown 1 n/a grasshoppers, weevils, ladybirds, Swengel (1998) USA prairie butterflies hist. grazed / mown + burning 8 n/a Szinetár & Samu (2012) Hungary dry grassland spiders exp. intensive / extensive / 2 1–3 yr ungrazed

7 Underwood & USA Mediterranean ants exp. grazed / ungrazed 1 1 yr Christian (2009) grassland Van Klink et al. (2013) Germany Coastal salt marsh ground beetles, exp. intensive / moderate / 1 20 yr rove beetles, ungrazed other beetles, arachnids, moths, true bugs, leafhoppers Van Noordwijk et al. Netherlands calcareous grassland ants hist. historic / restored grazing 1 n/a (2012a) Verdu et al. (2007) Mexico xeric grassland dung beetles hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 n/a Vogel et al. (2007) USA prairie butterflies exp. grazed / ungrazed + burning 2 > 4 yr Vulliamy et al. (2006) Israel steppe bees hist. gradient of grazing intensity 1 n/a WallisDeVries & Netherlands coastal dunes butterflies hist. grazed / ungrazed 4 n/a Raemakers (2001) WallisDeVries et al. UK, France, various butterflies, exp. moderate / lenient 3 1 yr yes1 (2007) Germany, Italy grasshoppers Warui et al. (2005) Kenia savannah spiders exp. grazed / ungrazed 1 6 yr Weiss et al. (2013) Germany calcareous grassland grasshoppers hist. grazed / mown + exposition 1 n/a Wettstein & Schmid Switzerland montane wetlands butterflies, hist. grazed / mown +altitude 1 n/a (1999) grasshoppers Whitford et al. (1999) USA desert grassland ants hist. ungrazed / continuously / 1 up to 46 yr seasonally grazed Woodcock et al. (2005) UK calcareous grassland beetles hist. long- / short-term rotational 1 n/a grazing with sheep / cattle / ungrazed Woodcock et al. (2006) UK floodplain meadow beetles exp. cattle / sheep / ungrazed 1 18 yr yes Xie et al. (2008) China alpine meadow bumblebees hist. grazed / ungrazed 2 n/a Yoshihara et al. (2008) Mongolia steppe butterflies, bees, hist. intensive / extensive / 1 n/a hoverflies ungrazed Zhu et al. (2012) China steppe butterflies, exp. intensive / extensive / 1 2 yr grasshoppers, ungrazed + plant diversity beetles, moths, gradient true bugs, bees, leafhoppers, other groups Zulka et al. (1997) Austria inland salt marsh spiders hist. grazed / ungrazed 1 1 yr Zürbrügg & Frank Switzerland ex-arable land true bugs exp. sown flowers / cattle grazed 1 3 yr yes1

8 (2006) / mown 1 Plant diversity response data obtained from the authors. 2 Plant diversity response data obtained from Mortimer et al. (1998). 3 Diversity response of different arthropod groups was pooled from these publications, plant diversity response was obtained from Kruess & Tscharntke (2002a). 4 Plant diversity response data obtained from Pykälä (2003).