Cell Quiz Review s3

Cell Quiz Review

What 3 things does every cell have in Every cell has three things in common: common? 1. Metabolic functions (using sugars, oxygen, etc) 2. Responds to its environment 3. Capable of maintaining homeostasis within itself and within the body. What is HOMEOSTASIS? HOMEOSTASIS is maintaining a constant and appropriate internal environment, such as temperature, pH, glucose levels, etc. What does the average cell (if there is • Plasma membrane (actually, a type of organelle) such a thing) contain? • Cytoplasm and cytosol • A Nucleus • Organelles (a membranous or membrane-bound compartment that carries out particular functions) • Ribosomes (little factories that take amino acids and make proteins out of them) No membrane and not an organelle Cell Photo

What is the CYTOPLASM and where CYTOPLASM: watery liquid found inside and outside is it located? the organelles, but OUTSIDE the nucleus.

What does CYTOSOL contain and CYTOSOL: Another liquid that is thicker than water, and where is it found? is NOT inside the organelles or nucleus. Contains the following: a. Mostly water b. Things dissolved in water (amino acids, sugars like glucose, nucleic acids, and ATP, which is a molecule used for energy). c. Cytoskeleton

Where can you find NEUCLEOPLASM is the liquid inside the nucleus. NEUCLEOPLASM? Cell Quiz Review

Cytoskeleton: made up of long protein fibers, which What is a Cytoskeleton and extend throughout the cytosol. What are its 2 functions? Functions of cytoskeleton: 1) Maintains cell shape 2) Movement (such as muscle cell contraction, organelles within the cell, or the cell itself moving around). What are Organelles in the cell? ORGANELLES: those that are surrounded by a membrane

 Plasma Cell Membrane  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): a network of channels. o Rough ER (has ribosomes) o Smooth ER (no ribosomes)  Golgi Complex  Vesicles (vacuoles)  Mitochondria  Nucleus  Centrioles What is the PLASMA (CELL) PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE MEMBRANE? Surrounds the entire cell. What are its Functions? What is its double layer made Functions of the Plasma Membrane: of? a. Movement of materials into and out of cell, acts as a barrier to the external environment b. Acts as a site for receiving signals from the rest of the body c. Acts as a site for holding the cell in place

The plasma membrane is made up of two layers of molecules =Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipids are made of two layers of Phospholipid Bilayer molecules, what are they? Polar or non  Fatty Acid Tails, non polar and Hydrophobic polar? Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?  Phosphate heads, polar and hydrophilic

What are Ribosomes? RIBOSOMES Are they organelles? Ribosomes make proteins. Ribosomes are not organelles because they do not have a plasma membrane.

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): a network of What 2 types are there? channels. What is the difference between the two Two types: types? • Rough ER: contains ribosomes • Function of ribosomes is to make proteins. • Smooth ER: NO ribosomes Cell Quiz Review

• Function is to detoxify chemicals that enter the cell. What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM What is its Function? (endoplasmic = within cytoplasm; reticulum = network; rough = surface of membrane covered with ribosomes. This is an organelle, but the ribosomes are not.

Function of RER is the synthesis (making) of certain kinds of proteins:  Membrane proteins  Proteins for export (such as digestive system enzymes)  Proteins for use within the cell

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (no and its 4 Functions? ribosomes) Function of SER  SER is continuous with the rough ER, but lacks ribosomes and functions primarily in lipid production  Involved in metabolism (makes/ breaks) of carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids.  Stores calcium (necessary for every cell)  Detoxifies harmful substances (alcohol, drugs, etc) What is the Golgi Complex and its GOLGI COMPLEX Functions? Functions of Golgi complex: • Packages the proteins made by the RER and sends them where they need to go (like a FedEx center!) • Sometimes proteins are modified in the golgi complex. Therefore, this structure receives materials from the rough ER and “packages and ships” them.

What are Vesicles? VESICLES (vacuoles): a sphere of membrane with something in it. Bubble-like containers for various substances. This is an organelle. Some are created by the end of the Golgi complex: a piece of membrane pinches off, leaving a protein in the vesicle, which carries the protein to the cell membrane, where it merges with the cell membrane, pops, and releases its contents outside of the cell. Other vesicles contain food storage or enzymes.

What are 3 main types of Vesicles? Lysosomes Transport vesicles Storage vesicles What are lysosomes? LYSOSOMES: are sacs of powerful digestive enzymes to dissolve an old organelle, bacteria, or to commit cell suicide = APOPTOSIS (programmed cell death). What are transport vesicles? TRANSPORT VESICLES: when material needs to move from RER to Golgi complex, or from Golgi Cell Quiz Review

complex to cell membrane, etc. Where are lipids, carbohydrates and STORAGE VESICLES enzymes stored in a cell?

What is the smallest living unit in the MITOCHONDRIA body?  Must have OXYGEN to convert nutrients to ATP What is their function? for energy  ATP made in the Cytosol too  Most complex organelle  Contains curves known as cristae Function of mitochondria is to make ATP, which is cellular energy (ATP is an energy source). They make their own energy. Where is DNA stored? NUCLEUS

What makes RNA? NUCLEUS

Where is the Nucleolous? NUCLEOLUS Is it an organelle?  Within a nucleus there sometimes are areas that What is its function? are darker. These are regions of condensed RNA.  The nucleolus is NOT an organelle, but the nucleus is. Don’t get “nucleolus” mixed up with the word “nucleus” on the test. The nucleolus does not contain the DNA; the nucleus does. The nucleolus is within the nucleus, but it does NOT contain DNA.  The nucleolus makes ribosomes and stores RNA (RNA is made in the nucleus). RNA is important for protein synthesis.

What is Transcription and where does it TRANSCRIPTION is the process of DNA occur? communicating with RNA. • This occurs in the nucleus. What is Translation and where does it • TRANSLATION is the process of RNA occur? communicating with a ribosome to tell it what type of protein to make. Therefore, translation is characterized by PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. • This occurs in the cytoplasm. Cell Quiz Review

What are Centrioles? CENTRIOLES Centrioles are filaments within the cell that function during mitosis.When the cell goes from metaphase to anaphase of mitosis, the chromatids separate and follow the spindles of the centrioles towards the opposite ends of the cell.

What is the function of a Flagellum? FLAGELLUM • Some cells have a flagellum, which is a whip-like tail used to help them move. • An example is a sperm cell. What is the function of Microvilli? MICROVILLI • Some cells have microvilli, which increase the surface area of cells by approximately 600 fold, thus facilitating absorption and secretion. What is the function of Cilia? CILIA • Some cells have cilia, which are small, hair-like structures that can wave back and forth, causing substances to move along across the top of the cell. • For example, the cells of the lungs are lined with cilia, which move mucous up from the lungs so it can be coughed up and swallowed. STEM CELLS: A population of cells are always What are Stem Cells? available to replace the cells that have died  Muscle stem cells give rise to new muscle cells.  Bone marrow stem cells give rise to new blood cells.  Embryonic stem cells give rise to any type of cells, including neurons (adults don’t have neural stem cells) and pancreatic cells (diabetics don’t have pancreatic stem cells).  Stem cells are named by type + suffix: BLAST  Erythrocyte = RBC. Erythroblast = stem cell that gives rise to erythrocyte. What is the difference between a benign Too many cells can be a TUMOR (an abnormal growth). and malignant tumor? Two types of tumors: What does metastasize mean? 1. BENIGN (“harmless”, although can cause harm by pressing on vital structure) 2. MALIGNANT (cancerous). These are dangerous because the cells in the tumor 3. METASTASIZE (leave original site, go elsewhere and grow). Liver cancer in the lung Cell Quiz Review

Cancer is hundreds of diseases, each with a different cause, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. Any cell type can become malignant, producing different types of cancer.

What is cancer of the epithelial tissue THREE TYPES OF CANCER called? 1. CARCINOMA: epithelial tissue 2. SARCOMA: Connective tissue What is cancer of the connective tissue 3. LEUKEMIA: Blood or blood-forming tissues called? What is cancer of the blood called?