NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91191) 2012 Assessment Schedule

NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91191) 2012 — page 1 of 3 pAssessment Schedule – 2012 Earth and Space Science: Demonstrate understanding of the causes of extreme Earth events in New Zealand (91191) Evidence Statement

QUESTION ONE

Expected Coverage Achievement Merit Excellence

The oceanic Pacific Plate is subducting under the continental Australian Describes the causes of the Explains the causes of the Explains comprehensively the cause Plate. earthquakes in Hawke’s Bay. earthquakes in the Hawke’s Bay: of large magnitude earthquakes in They collide; at an angle, rather than head on, this leads to a subduction • Pacific plate subducts under the • The denser, oceanic Pacific Plate the Hawke’s Bay area: zone under Hawke’s Bay. Subduction is happening because of the Australian plate, subducts under the less dense, • Hawke’s Bay is on the Australian different densities of the plates. Pacific Plate is oceanic and mostly • Pacific Plate is dense and continental Australian Plate. Plate, where the denser, basaltic basalt so is denser than Australian Plate. It is dragged down under the Australian Plate is less dense, • The tectonic plate movement Pacific Plate, subducts under the Australian Plate by gravity. Above this zone is region of Hawke’s Bay. less dense Australian Plate. • Pacific Plate is (oceanic) and produces friction and so many Hawke’s Bay is on the Australian Plate but west of Hikurangi Trough, Australian Plate is (continental). earthquakes occur due to pressure • As the plates do not move past which is where subduction occurs. release. each other easily, friction between • Pacific plate is made out of the tectonic plates causes a build- This subduction is not smooth, friction between the plates leads to basalt. pressure build-up. Eventually pressure is released as an earthquake. up in pressure, which when • Friction between tectonic plates released leads to an earthquake. Because Hawke’s Bay is directly above this zone it experiences lots of builds up. earthquakes. These earthquakes are often shallow because the • Because Hawke’s Bay is directly • Pressure is released as an subduction zone is close to earth’s surface and so they are felt as large above this subduction zone earthquake. magnitude quakes in Hawke’s Bay. Hawke’s Bay experiences high magnitude earthquakes.

Not Achieved Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

NØ N1 N2 A3 A4 M5 M6 E7 E8

NØ = no evidence or N1 = 1 partial N2 = 1 point from A3 = 2 points A4 = 3 points M5 = partial M6 = full answer E7 = partial E8 = full answer no relevant evidence point, eg one Achievement answer answer definition

QUESTION TWO NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91191) 2012 — page 2 of 3

Lake Pupuke formed when the hot basalt came in contact with the cold Describes a volcano in terms of: Explains the shape or explosiveness Explains the similarities or sea water, the eruption became very violent forming steam. Material • Lake Pupuke is more explosive or formation of Lake Pupeke or Mt differences between the two was blasted out of the volcano, which formed a tuff ring. than Mt Eden. Eden. volcanoes. Mount Eden has a scoria cone, which is created by lumps of hot lava • Mt Eden’s slope is steeper than Eg: • Both volcanoes are formed by thrown out of the volcano in a molten state due to gases trapped in the Lake Pupuke. • Lake Pupuke formed when the hot hot spots where magma from the magma (fire fountain). The magma cools quickly in the air forming mantle rises towards the surface • Mt Eden is cone-shaped. basalt came in contact with the Scoria, which contains vesicles due to the trapped gases. The scoria cold sea water. and forces its way through the builds up to form steep sided cones • Describes general idea of hotspot overlying crust. These volcanoes • The eruption became very violent formation. do not have a magma chamber. Both volcanoes are formed by hot spots where magma from the due to the production of steam • Steam was created from the hot They are produced from the mantle rises towards the surface and forces its way through the causing the formation of a tuff magma. same magma, which has the overlying crust. These volcanoes do not have a magma chamber. They ring. are produced from the same magma (formed from melted mantle) that • Scoria would have been made and same chemical composition. has come from great depths and has the same chemical composition. this would have cause a low ring • Lake Pupuke formed when the The basalt lava has low viscosity and low silica hence the lava is more to form around the crater. hot basalt came in contact with free flowing than other lava types. • Rate of cooling of the lava. the cold sea water, the eruption became very violent; due to the • Less silica means the lava has low production of steam. On the viscosity. other hand Mount Eden is less explosive.

NØ N1 N2 A3 A4 M5 M6 E7 E8

NØ = no evidence or N1 = 1 partial N2 = 1 point from A3 = 2 points A4 = 3 points M5 = partial M6 = full answer E7 = partial E8 = full answer no relevant evidence point, eg one Achievement answer answer definition NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91191) 2012 — page 3 of 3

QUESTION THREE

When the earthquake occurred off the coast of the South Describes what a tsunami is and how Explains either how the landslide Explains comprehensively how an Island, due to plate movement between the Australian and and it can be triggered by a landslide, or causes the tsunami in terms of water earthquake releases energy, which is the Pacific Plates, a large earthquake was generated. This by an earthquake. displacement. transferred to a landslide, which caused the nearby fiords to shake and triggered sections of • Describes that the Australian plate OR displaces water in the fiord, leading to the mountains to slip into the sea. This landslide movement a tsunami. subducts under the Pacific plate. How the earthquake waves releasing caused water to be displaced and formed a wave of water, • Describes what a landslide is. energy cause the landslide, due to which travelled away from the landslide as a tsunami. A energy transmission. tsunami is a large wave. The tsunami transmits energy • Describes water displacement. generated from the earthquake via water waves. The water is • Describes what a tsunami is. displaced (in this case by the landslide going into the fiord) • Landslide movement caused water to and sucked back into a large wave and that wave travels be displaced. forward and away from the zone of displacement (the • Size of the tsunami. landslide). The tsunami formed is localised and small.

NØ N1 N2 A3 A4 M5 M6 E7 E8

NØ = no evidence or N1 = 1 partial N2 = 1 point from A3 = 2 points A4 = 3 points M5 = partial M6 full answer E7 = partial E8 = full answer no relevant evidence point, eg one Achievement answer answer definition

Judgement Statement

Achievement Achievement Not Achieved Achievement with Merit with Excellence

Score range 0 – 6 7 – 12 13 – 17 18 – 24