A. Brief Resume of Intended Work s2

a. Brief Resume of Intended Work a.1 Need for Study: Medicinal plants, herbs, spices and herbal remedies are known to Ayurveda in India since long times. The value of medicinal plants, herbs and spices as herbal remedy is being lost due to lack of awareness, and deforestation. The result is many valuable medicinal herbs are becoming rare. History of herbal remedy is very old. Since old times before modern medicine, people became ill and suffered from various ailments. In spite of modern medicinal remedies people relied on herbal remedies derived from herbs and spices. There are many medicinal herbs and spices which find place in day to day uses, many of these are used as herbal remedies. Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by episodic wheezing, coughing and chest tightness associated with airflow obstruction. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways, the muscles around the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes sticky mucus or phlegm builds up which can further narrow the airways. The illustration on the right shows a cross section of the airways, with and without inflammation. All these reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated - making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma

For many years, asthma was regarded as a disease involving abnormal contractility of airway smooth muscle and thus solely treated with bronchodilator medication. However, improved understanding of the disease process has altered this perception, such that asthma is now regarded primarily as an inflammatory airway disorder [2]. The present antiasthmatic drugs includes Salbutamol, Beclometasone dipropionate , Theophylline and Aminophylline , Sodium cromoglicate ,and Ipratropium bromide etc These drugs cause various adverse effects like hypokalaemia after high doses, arrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, peripheral vasodilation, fine tremor (usually hands), muscle cramps, headache, insomnia, behavioural disturbances etc. [3]. The inflammation is the response to an injury stimulus. It can be evoked by a wide variety of noxious agent (e.g. infection, antibodies, or physical injuries). The ability to mount an inflammatory response is essential for survival in the face of environmental pathogens & injuries ; in some cases , the inflammation may be exaggerated and sustained without apparent benefit and even with severe adverse consequence . No matter what the initiating stimuli, the classic inflammatory response includes color (warmth ) , dolor (pain) , rubor (redness) and tumor(swelling).The anti-inflammatory agents include steroids and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)[4].

The plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L)Taub. is a common plant, which belongs to family fabaceae and sub family Faboideae. The leaves of plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is traditionally used to treat asthma in folk tribal areas of Rajsthan, India [5]. It is also known as the guar bean or cluster bean, an annual legume, is the source of guar gum [6]. The plant mainly contains triterpenoid saponins[7] and 3-epikatonic acid [8]. It is used medicinally as anti diabetic[9] hypolipidemic agent [10] .It si also used as Laxative, antibilious and appetite depressor (weight loss not observed), reduces glycosuria during gum supplementation ,oral administration of ethanol extract of powdered pods has shown significant antiulcer, antisecratory and cytoprotective activity on various perimentally induced gastric lessions in rats [11]. Other uses of the plant are tonic, galactogogue, in dyspepsia, anorexia, agalctia , nyctalopia and vitiated condition of pitta [12] a.2 Review of literature : Literature surveys on antiasthamtic activity are carried out by referring various scientific journals, internet and helinet facility. Survey reveals that not any work has been reported on the antiasthmatic activity of plant Cyamopsia Tetragonoloba.  Coxon et al, (1980) have reported the isolation of 3-epikatonoc acid from guar meal [8].  Sarathy et al(1983) has reported effect of tender cluster bean pods on cholesterol levels in rats effects of incorporating this vegetable into a hypercholesterolemic diet of rats were studied. All test materials--cluster bean, commercial guar gum, cluster bean partially free from guar gum, neutral detergent fiber of cluster bean exerted a hypocholesterolemic effect and also lowered liver cholesterol concentration. [16].  Vartiainen et al (1984) has reported fluoroacetic acid in guar gum, which has been has been detected at a low level in raw samples of guar gum. [17].  Caralyn et al (1986) have been isolated triterpenoid saponin, 3- O- {[L-rhymnopyranasyl(1-2)]-[L- rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)]-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2) from the plant.[7].  Shrivastava et al(1987) have reported hypoglycemic & hypolipidemic activity in alloxane induced diabetic gunia pigs they studied the effect of guar feeding on serum total lipid, cholesterol,triglycerides and phospholipids Blood sugar and total lipid levels were found to be decreased significantly in normal and as well as diabetic animals; free and esterified cholesterol levels were also observed to be lowered significantly in normals, whereas esterified fraction alone was found to be lowered in diabetics[10].  Mukhtar et al (2004) reported antidiabetic activity in aqoues extract of plant in alloxan induced diabetic rats compared with gliclazide, a reference drug. The aqueous extract of beans at 250 mg/kg body wt significantly lowered blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats within 3 hr of administration [9].  Prieto et al (2006) have reported the Short-term and long-term effects of guar on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration in healthy rats. Ingestion of guar gum decreases postprandial glycemia and insulinemia and improves sensitivity to insulin in diabetic patients and several animal models of diabetes [14].  Teviashova et al (2007) have reported new conjugates of antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin with water-soluble galactomannan: synthesis and biological activity. [15]. a.3 Objective of study The objectives of the proposed work are: 1) Collection of the plant material. 2) Preparation of the raw material for study. 3) Extraction of raw plant material. 4) Pharmacological study of various extracts. 6) Identification of active constituents. b. Material and Method  Plant material will be collected from natural source in Shimoga region of Karnataka, India and authenticated by the botanist.  Processing of raw material (washing, drying, size reduction etc.) for study will be done according to the SOPs [13].  Successive extraction of plant material will carry out by using suitable solvents in order of increasing polarity by soxhelation method.  Extract will concentrate and subjected to Phytochemical screening of various extracts and compounds responsible for activity will be identified.  Pharmacological screening of extracts will be done for antiasthmatic activity on sensitized guinea pig and anti-inflammatory activity will be done on paw edema on Wister albino rats.[18][19]. b.1 Source of data 1. IISc library, Banglore. 2. Rguhs library, Banglore. 3. Pubmed.com 4. Sciencedirect.com 5. Rguhs web site. 6. Kuvempu university library. 7. National college library, Shimoga. b.2 Method of collection of data( including sampling procedure if any) Data collected from 1) Internet – national College of pharmacy, Shimoga. 2) Medicinal and plant abstracts. 3) Journals- Phytochemistry, Fitoterapia, Pharmacognosy mag., Indian journal of pharmacology, Indian journal of natural product, Asian journal of chemistry etc. b.3 Does this study require any investigation or interventation to be conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so, please describe briefly. Guinea pigs, Wister albino rats, Swiss albino mice will be used for evolution of activity. b.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of b.3 Ethical clearance is provided from institution. NCP/IAEC: Clear/05/3/2007-2008, Dated 28/11/2007

C. List of references:

1. http://www.asthma.org.uk/all_about_asthma/asthma_basics/index.html.

2. P. H. Howarth .What is the nature of asthma and where are the therapeutic targets; Respiratory Medicine 1997; 91 (Supplement A), 2-8.

3. http://mednet3.who.int/EMLib/wmf/English/Drugs%20acting%20on%20the %20respiratory%20tract.doc

4. Laurence l brunton et al , Goodman & Gilman’s “The pharmacological basis of theraputics; 11th ed., 647.

5. S.S. Katewa., B.L. Chaudhary, Anita Jain .Folk herbal medicine from trible areas of Rajasthan,India; Jouranal of ethanopharmacology 2004; 92.

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar .

7. Caralyn L curl et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of triterpenoid saponins From guar, cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Phytochemistry, 1986; vol 25, 2675-76.

8. David T. coxon ,john w. wells.3-epikatonoc acid from guar meal , phytochemistry, 1980;vol.19,6,1247-1248.

9. Mukhtar HM ansari sh, ali m, bhat za, naved t. Effect of aqueous extract of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Linn. beans on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan- Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2004; Dec; 42(12):1212-5.

10. Shrivastava A Longia GS, Singh SP, Joshi LD.. Hypoglycemic and hypolidaemic effects of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) in normal and diabetic guinea pigs, Indian j physiol pharmacol. 1987; Apr-Jun; 31(2):77-83.

11. C.P. Khare, Indian medicinal plants; 2007, springerlink publication.

12. Prajapati and kumar; 2005, Agro dictionary of medicinal plants.

13. http://www.henriettesherbal.com/faqs/culi-4-3-drying.html.

14. Prieto PG Cancelas J, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML, Malaisse WJ, Valverde I.. Short-term and long-term effects of guar on postprandial plasma Glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration in healthy rats. : Horm Metab Res. 2006 Jun; 38(6):397-404.

15. Teviashova AN,Olsuf'eva EN, Preobrazhenskaia MN, Klesov AA, Zomer E, Platt D.. New conjugates of antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin with Water-soluble galactomannan: synthesis and biological activity. Bioorg khim 2007 Jan-Feb; 33(1):148-55.

16. Sarathy R, Saraswathi G. Effect of tender cluster bean pods (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on cholesterol levels in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Aug; 38(2):295-9.

17. Vartiainen T, Gynther J. Fluoroacetic acid in guar gum.; Food Chem Toxicol. 1984 Apr;22(4):307-8.

18. Akindele AJ, Adeyemi O.O. Antiinflamatory activity of aqoues extract of leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccines .Fitoterapia 2007 ;78,25-28.

19. Tripathy RM , Das PK. Studies on Antiasthmatic activity and an tianphylactic activity of Albizzia lebbeck. IND. J. pharmac.1977; 9(3), 89-94.