Immigration, Integration and Citizenship in Europe

History 40/European Studies 33

IMMIGRATION, INTEGRATION AND CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE

Prof. Kathryn Edwards Tues & Thurs 11:30-12:50 [email protected] Merrill Science Center 403 203b Morgan Hall Office Hours: Wed 2-4 or by appointment

Course Description Recent debates over the wearing of the hijab in public places in France and Belgium, along with concerns about ‘ethnic ghettos’ have prompted renewed attention to immigration policy and the successful integration of immigrants. The perception is that these are new challenges to European society and identity; however, there is a long history of similar debates in both national and continental contexts. This course seeks to contextualize contemporary debates and discussions within the longer history of immigration to, and within, Europe. It is built around a comparative analysis of successive immigration policies and nationality laws from the late nineteenth century to the present, with a particular focus on Britain, France and Germany. The structure of the course is both chronological and thematic. We will address the major periods of migration and immigration (ie, during and after the two World Wars, following decolonization of the British and French empires, after the 1973-74 oil crisis), explore the legal and political aspects of immigration policy and citizenship, and discuss theories and policies of assimilation and integration, debates over secularism and religious symbols, immigrant experiences and notions of multiculturalism.

Course Materials: All of the readings for the course will be in a two-part reader (C) or available on e-reserves (E). Part I of the Course Reader is now available in the History Department, 11 Chapin Hall. If you would like more background on the central topics, there is a list of suggested reading at the end of the syllabus.

Course Requirements: We will meet twice a week. Classes will be divided into roughly 45 min of lecture and 30 min of discussion, which will focus heavily, though not exclusively, on the readings. Lectures are intended to provide a basic framework for the course material, but not as a one-sided delivery of information; you are encouraged to ask questions and make comments.

Attendance and participation: 30% Discussion leadership: 5% Response papers (5 x 2 pages each): 20% Short paper (4-5 pages): 15% Research paper (10-12 pages): 30%

Discussion Leadership You will be responsible for leading part of the discussion session once during the semester. You should come prepared to give a very brief overview of the readings for the day, and to generate discussion amongst your classmates by asking questions on the assigned readings. You will sign up at the beginning of the term.

Response Papers Students are responsible for writing five 2-page response papers over the course of the semester, each addressing the readings from a single week. You are free to choose the weeks in which you would like to submit, but I strongly encourage you to spread them out, rather than submitting them the last five weeks of term. The aim is to analyze the documents individually, particularly the arguments of the authors, and to draw out the links between the pieces. Each is worth 4%.

Short Paper You will submit a short paper (4-5 pages) on Thursday, November 11th. You will be given a choice of prompts, and will be expected to use the course readings, discussions and limited outside research to formulate your response.

Research Paper You will produce one major research paper (10-12 pages) on a topic of your choice; your focus can be comparative, or on a single case study. You must submit a one-page proposal on Thursday, October 7th, as well as a bibliography of 5-6 sources. Your proposal should outline the topic you wish to address, the questions that are guiding your research, and potential approaches to the subject matter and research methodology. We will discuss possible topics early in the semester; please feel free to contact me if you would like to discuss your topic prior to submitting the proposal. The paper is due on Friday, December 17th. Please bring it to my office by 5pm.

There will be a late penalty of 3% per day for all written work, including weekends. If your work is late and you wish to submit over the weekend, you may submit an email copy of the assignment, but it must be followed by a hard copy on the following Monday. Assignments that are more than 10 days late will receive a zero. Weekly Reading Schedule

WEEK 1 Tues. Sept. 7th ~ Introduction

Thurs. Sept. 9th ~ Overview of Migration in Europe in the Late 19th and 20th Centuries C Leslie Page Moch, “Chp 5: Migration in the Twentieth Century,” Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650, 2nd ed. (Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2003), 161-200. E Stephen Castles, “How Nation-States Respond to Immigration and Ethnic Diversity,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 21 no.3 (July 1995), 293- 308.

WEEK 2 Tues. Sept. 14th ~ Overview of the Core Case Studies: France, Britain and Germany C Gerard Noiriel, “Chp 2: The Card and the Code,” The French Melting Pot: Immigration, Citizenship and National Identity, trans. by Geoffroy de Laforcade (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 45-90 C Wesley Chapin, “Chp 1: Germany, A Land of Immigration,” Germany for the Germans? The Political Effects of International Migration (Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1997), 1-28. C James Hampshire, “Citizenship and Belonging: The Development of UK Immigration Policy,” Citizenship and Belonging: Immigration and the Politics of Demographic Governance in Postwar Britain (Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), 16-44.

Thurs. Sept. 16th ~ The Parameters of Citizenship E William Rogers Brubaker, “The French Revolution and the Invention of Citizenship,” French Politics and Society 7 no.3 (Summer 1989), 30-49 C Saskia Sassen, “Membership and Its Politics,” in Roland Hsu, ed., Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity and Conflict in a Globalized World (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2010), 21-43. C Christian Joppke, “Chp 1: The Concept of Citizenship,” Citizenship and Immigration (Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press, 2010), 1-33. C Dieter Gosewinkiel, “Citizenship in Germany and France at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Some New Observations on an Old Comparison,” in Geoff Eley and Jan Palmowski, Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth-Century Germany (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008), 27-39.

WEEK 3 Tues. Sept. 21st ~ Gendered Exclusion: Citizenship, Nationality and Women E Elisa Camiscioli, “Intermarriage, Independent Nationality and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927,” French Politics, Culture and Society 17 no.3-4 (Summer-Fall 1999), 52-74. E Brigitte Studer, “Citizenship as Contingent National Belonging: Married Women and Foreigners in Twentieth-Century Switzerland,” Gender and History 13 no.3 (November 2001), 622-654. C Patrick Weil, “Chp 8: Discrimination Within Nationality Law,” How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789, trans. Catherine Porter (Durham, London: Duke UP, 2008), 194-227.

Thurs. Sept. 23th ~ Emancipation and Exclusion: The Status of European Jews C Bruno Bauer, “The Jewish Problem,” in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds., The Jew in the Modern World (Oxford, New York: Oxford UP, 1980), 262-265. C Werner Mosse, “From ‘Schutzjuden’ to ‘Deutsche Staatsbürger Jüdischen Glaubens’: The Long and Bumpy Road of Jewish Emancipation in Germany,” in Pierre Birnbaum and Ira Katznelson, eds., Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States and Citizenship (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1995), 59-93. C Pierre Birnbaum, “Between Social and Political Assimilation: Remarks on the History of Jews in France,” in Pierre Birnbaum and Ira Katznelson, eds., Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States and Citizenship (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1995), 94- 127. C Christian Wiese, “Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France, 1880-1914,” in Michael Brenner et al, eds., Jewish Emancipation Reconsidered (London: Leo Baeck Institute and Tübingen: JCB Mohr, 2003), 129-147.

WEEK 4 Tues. Sept. 28th ~ The Impact of World War One – Population Movements and Demographic Anxieties E Peter Gatrell, “Refugees and Forced Migrants During the First World War,” Immigrants and Minorities 26 no.1-2 (2008), 82-110. C Richard Smith, “ ‘The Black Peril’: Race, Masculinity and Migration During the First World War,” in Louise Ryan and Wendy Webster, eds, Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain (Aldershot, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 19-34. E Tyler Stovall, “National Identity and Shifting Imperial Frontiers: Whiteness and the Exclusion of Colonial Labor After World War I,” Representations 84 (Autumn 2003), 52-72. C Richard Fogarty, “Between Subjects and Citizens: Algerians, Islam and French National Identity During the Great War,” in Paul Spickard, ed., Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World, 171-194.

Thurs. Sept. 30th ~ Regulating Immigration in the Interwar Period C Clifford Rosenberg, “Chp 2: The Watershed,” Policing Paris: The Origins of Modern Immigration Control Between the Wars (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2006), 44-75. E Elisa Camiscioli, “Producing Citizens, Reproducing the ‘French Race’: Immigration, Demography and Pronatalism in Early Twentieth-Century France,” Gender and History 13 no.3 (Fall 2001), 593-621. E Neil Evans, “Across the Universe: Racial Violence and the Postwar Crisis in Imperial Britain,” Immigrants and Minorities 13 no.2-3 (July 1994), 59-89. WEEK 5 Tues. Oct. 5th ~ Nationality in Nazi Germany and Vichy France C The Nuremberg Laws, “Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour,” “The Reich Citizenship Law,” and “First Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law,” in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds., The Jew in the Modern World (Oxford, New York: Oxford UP, 1980), 492-493, 494. C Wolfgang Benz, “Exclusion, Persecution, Expulsion: National Socialist Policy Against Undesirables,” in Johannes-Dieter Steinert and Inge Weber-Newth, eds., European Immigrants in Britain, 1933-1950 (Munich: KG Saur, 2003), 57-71. C Patrick Weil, “Chp 4: Vicy: A Racist and Anti-Semitic Nationality Policy,” How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789, trans. Catherine Porter (Durham, London: Duke UP, 2008), 87-124. C Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton, “Chp 1: First Steps,” Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 3-21.

Thurs. Oct. 7th ~ Wartime Refugees and Population Movements in the Post-World War II Era C Louise London, “Britain and Refugees from Nazism: Policies, Constraints and Choices,” in Johannes-Dieter Steinert and Inge Weber-Newth, eds., European Immigrants in Britain, 1933-1950 (Munich: KG Saur, 2003), 73-85. C Michael Marrus, “Excerpt from Chp 5: The Postwar Era,” The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century (New York, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1985), 296-339. C Rainer Münz, “Ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe and their return to Germany,” in Münz and Rainer Ohlinger, Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: Germany, Israel and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparative Perspective (London, Portland: Frank Cass, 2003), 242-252.

Research Proposal Due

WEEK 6 Tues. Oct. 12th ~ Fall Break – No class

Thurs. Oct. 14th ~ Postcolonial Reconfigurations of Citizenship E James Genova, “Constructing Identity in Postwar France: Citizenship, Nationality, and the Lamine Gueye Law, 1946-1953,” International History Review 26 no. 1 (2004), 56-79. C Kathleen Paul, “Chp 1: Subjects and Citizens,” Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1997), 9-24. E Randall Hansen, “The Kenyan Asians, British Politics, and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 1968,” Historical Journal 42 no.3 (1999), 809-834.

WEEK 7 Tues. Oct. 19th ~ Rebuilding Europe: “Guest Workers” E Stephen Castles, “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe – An Obituary,” International Migration Review 20 no.4 (1986), 761-778. C Kathleen Paul, “Chp 3: Recruiting Potential Britons,” Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca, London: Cornell UP, 1997), 64-89. C Rita Chin, “Introduction: Conceptualizing the ‘Guest Worker’ Question,” The Guest Worker Question in Postwar Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 1-29. C Ersan Yücel, “Turkish Migrant Workers in the Federal Republic of Germany: A Case Study,” in Hans Christian Buechler and Judith-Maria Buechler, eds, Migrants in Europe: The Role of Family, Labor and Politics (New York, Westport, London: Greenwood Press, 1987), 117-148.

Thurs. Oct. 21st ~ Postcolonial Repatriation: The Settlers C Wim Willems, “No Sheltering Sky: Migrant Identities of Dutch Nationals from Indonesia,” in Andrea Smith, ed., Europe’s Invisible Migrants (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2003), 33- 59. C Jean-Jacques Jordi, “The Creation of the Pieds-Noirs: Arrival and Settlement in Marseilles, 1962,” in Andrea Smith, ed., Europe’s Invisible Migrants (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2003), 61-74. C Ricardo E. Ovalle-Bahamón, “The Wrinkles of Decolonization and Nationness: White Angolans as Retornados in Portugal,” in Andrea Smith, ed., Europe’s Invisible Migrants (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2003), 147-168.

WEEK 8 Tues. Oct. 26th ~ Postcolonial Repatration: The Colonized E Emmanuelle Brillet, “A Remarkable Heritage: The ‘Daily Round’ of the Children of the Harkis, Between Merger and Vilification,” Immigrants and Minorities 22 no.2-3 (July 2003), 333-345. E D.W. Dean, “Coping With Colonial Immigration, The Cold War and Colonial Policy: The Labour Movement and Black Communities in Great Britain 1945-1951,” Immigrants and Minorities 6 no.1 (Nov. 1987), 305-334. C Mies Van Niekerk, “Paradoxes in Paradise: Integration and Social Mobility of the Surinamese in the Netherlands,” in Hans Vermeulen and Rinus Penninx, eds., Immigrant Integration: The Dutch Case (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 2000), 64-92.

Thurs. Oct. 28th ~ ‘Race,’ Racism and Immigration Since 1945 C Neil MacMaster, “Chp 7: The ‘New Racism’ and National-Populism,” Racism in Europe, 1870-2000 (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 190-208. E Erik Bleich, “Antiracism Without Races: Politics and Policy in a ‘Colour-Blind’ State,” French Politics, Culture and Society 18 no. 3 (Fall 2000), 48-74. C John Solomos “Chp 8: Racism, Nationalism and Political Action,” Race and Racism in Britain, 3rd ed. (Hampshire, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 172-190. C Sigrid Baringhorst, “Symbolic Highlights or Political Enlightenment? Strategies for Fighting Racism in Germany,” in Alec Hargreaves and Jeremy Leaman, eds, Racism, Ethnicity and Politics in Contemporary Europe (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995), 225-239. WEEK 9 Tues. Nov. 2nd ~Integration and Multiculturalism in Britain C Patrick Weil and John Crowley, “Integration in Theory and Practice: A Comparison of France and Britain,” in Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Martin Schain, eds., The Politics of Immigration in Western Europe (Portland and Ilford: Frank Cass, 1994), 110-126. C Adrian Favell, “Chp 4: Britain: The Paradoxical Triumph of Multicultural Race Relations,” Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998), 94-149. C Enoch Powell, “Bringing the Immigration Issue to the Center of Politics,” in Marvin Perry et al, eds, Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 415-418. C Tony Kushner, “The Spice of Life? Ethnic Differences, Politics and Culture in Modern Britain,” in David Cesarani and Mary Fulbrook, eds., Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London, New York: Routledge, 1996), 125-145.

Thurs. Nov. 4th ~ Integration and Multiculturalism in France C Adrian Favell, “Chp 3: France: The Republican Philosophy of Intégration. Ideas and Politics in the 1980s,” Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998), 40-93. E Jeremy Jennings, “Citizenship, Republicanism and Multiculturalism in Contemporary France,” British Journal of Political Science 30 (Oct. 2000), 575- 98. C Alec Hargreaves, “Veiled Truths: Discourses of Ethnicity in Contemporary France,” in Roland Hsu, ed., Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity and Conflict in a Globalized World (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2010), 83-103. C Danielle Boyzon-Fradet, “The French Education System: Springboard or Obstacle to Integration,”in Donald Horowitz and Gérard Noiriel, eds, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 148-166.

WEEK 10 Tues. Nov. 9th ~ Integration and Multiculturalism in Germany C Rita Chin, “Conclusion: Situating German Diversity in the New Europe,” The Guest Worker Question in Postwar Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 249-273. C Barbara Dietz, “Aussiedler in Germany: From Smooth Adaptation to Tough Integration,” in Leo Lucassen et al, eds, Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880-2004) (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2006), 116-136. C Rita Chin, “Guest Worker Migration and the Unexpected Return of Race,” in Chin et al, eds., After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009), 80-101. C Zehra Onder, “Muslim-Turkish Children in Germany: Sociocultural Problems,” in Marvin Perry et al, eds, Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 418-421. Thurs. Nov. 11th ~ Comparing Generations of Immigration C Barbara Schmitter Heisler, “New and Old Immigrant Minorities in Germany: The Challenge of Incorporation,” in Anthony Messina, ed., West European Immigration and Immigrant Policy in the New Century (Westport, London: Praeger, 2002), 123-140. C Marie-Claude Blanc-Chaléard, “Old and New Migrants in France: Italians and Algerians,” in Leo Lucassen et al, eds, Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880-2004) (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2006), 46-62.

Short Paper Due

WEEK 11 Tues. Nov. 16th ~ Irregular Migration C Anna Triandafyllidou, “Irregular Migration in Europe in the Early 21st Century,” in Triandafyllidou, ed., Irregular Migration in Europe: Myths and Realities (Burlington, Farmham: Ashgate, 2010), 1-13. C Norbert Cyrus and Vesela Kovacheva, “Undocumented Migration in Germany: Many Figures, Little Comprehension,” in Anna Triandafyllidou, ed., Irregular Migration in Europe: Myths and Realities (Burlington, Farmham: Ashgate, 2010), 125-144. C Mark Miller, “Continuity and Change in Postwar French Legalization Policy,” in Anthony Messina, ed., West European Immigration and Immigrant Policy in the New Century (Westport, London: Praeger, 2002) 14-32. C Jane Freedman, “Chp 4: The Sans-Papiers Movement: Mobilisation Through Illegality,” Immigration and Insecurity in France (Aldershot, Burlingon: Ashgate, 2004), 71- 87.

Thurs. Nov. 18th ~ Europe’s Internal Migrants: Roma and Travellers as “Undesirables” C Ilona Klímová, excerpt from “The Current Academic Debate on the Political Aspects of Romani Migrations and Asylum Seeking,” in Will Guy et al, eds., Roma Migration in Europe: Case Studies (Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004), 11-37. E Camilla Nordberg, “Legitimizing Immigration Control: Romani Asylum-Seekers in the Finnish Debate,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 no.4 (July 2004), 717-735. C Colm Power, “The Elite Mediation of Prejudice Against Britain’s Pavees: A Case of ‘Reprobate’ Mobs, Successful Assimilation, or Disqualification?” in Micheál Ó hAodha, ed., Migrants and Memory: The Forgotten ‘Postcolonials’ (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2007), 100-122.

WEEK 12 ~ Thanksgiving Break – No class

WEEK 13 Tues. Nov. 30th ~ Immigrant Experiences and Activism C Mehmet Yasin (reporter) and Sabri Akural (translator), “Gather up the Bales, We are Going Back: Lost-Generation, Runaway Girls are Speaking,” in Ilhan Basgoz and Norman Furniss, eds, Turkish Workers in Europe: An Interdisciplinary Study (Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies, 1985), 175-191.

C Excerpts from Panikos Panayi, ed., The Impact of Immigration: A Documentary History of the Effects and Experiences of Immigrants in Britain Since 1945 (Manchester, New York: Manchester UP, 1999. C Inge Weber-Newth and Johannes-Dieter Steinert, “Chp 6: Five Life Stories,” German Migrants in Post-war Britain: An Enemy Embrace (New York: Routledge, 2006), 170-188. C Jane Freedman and Carrie Tarr, “The Sans-papières: An Interview with Madjiguène Cissé,” in Freedman and Tarr, eds, Women, Immigration and Identities in France (Oxford, New York: Berg, 2000), 29-38.

C Ashley Dawson, “Black Power in a Transnational Frame: Radical Populism and the Caribbean Artists Movement,” Mongrol Nation: Diasporic Culture and the Making of Postcolonial Britain (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 49-72.

Thurs. Dec. 2nd ~ Citizenship and Immigration in the European Union C Paul Close, “Chp 6: Citizenship and the European Supra-state,” Citizenship, Europe and Change (London: MacMillan Press, 1995), 231-298 C David M. Smith and Enid Wistrich, “Citizenship and Social Exclusion in the European Union,” in Maurice Roche and Rik van Berkel, eds, European Citizenship and Social Exclusion (Aldershot and Brookfield: Ashgate, 1997), 227- 246. C Andrew Geddes, “Chp 5: Maastricht’s Justice and Home Affairs Pillar,” Immigration and European Integration: Beyond Fortress Europe?, 2nd edition (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2008), 88-110.

WEEK 14 Tues. Dec. 7th ~ Immigration and the Extreme Right C Martin Schain, “The Immigration Debate and the National Front,” in John Keeler and Martin Schain, eds, Chirac’s Challenge: Liberalization, Europeanization and Malaise in France (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996 169-197. E Damir Skenderovic, “Immigration and the Radical Right in Switzerland: Ideology, Discourse and Opportunities,” Patterns of Prejudice 41 no.2 (2007), 155-176. E Steve Garner, “Ireland and Immigration: Explaining the Absence of the Extreme Right,” Patterns of Prejudice 41 no. 2 (2007), 109-130.

Thurs. Dec. 9th ~ Europe and Islam, Muslims in Europe E Esra Ozyurek, “The Politics of Cultural Unification, Secularism, and the Place of Islam in the New Europe,”American Ethnologist 32 no. 4 (2005), 509-512. E Riva Kastoryano, “France, Germany and Islam: Negotiating Identities,” Immigrants and Minorities 22 no.2-3 (2003), 280-297. E Kylie Baxter, “From Migrants to Citizens: Muslims in Britain 1950s-1990s,” Immigrants and Minorities 24 no.2 (2006), 164-192. WEEK 15 Tues. Dec. 14th ~ Targeting the Veil C Pnina Werbner, “Veiled Interventions in Pure Space: Honour, Shame and Embodied Struggles among Muslims in Britain and France,” in Gino Raymond and Tariq Modood, The Construction of Minority Identities in France and Britian (New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2007), 117-138. C Jane Freedman, “The Affaire des Foulards: Islam, Integration and Secularism,” Immigration and Insecurity in France (Aldershot, Burlingon: Ashgate, 2004), 127-141. C Jean-François Copé, “Tearing Away the Veil,” New York Times, 4 May 2010. E Kristen Ghodsee, “The Miniskirt and the Veil: Islam, Secularism and Women’s Fashion in the New Europe,” Historical Reflections 34 no.3 (Winter 2008), 105-125.

Research Paper due Dec. 17th by 5pm. Supplementary Reading

Andreas Fahrmeir, Citizenship: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Concept (New Haven: Yale UP, 2007)

Ian Spencer, British Immigration Policy Since 1939: The Making of Multi-Racial Britain (London and New York: Routledge, 1997)

Randall Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain: The Institutional Origins of a Multicultural Nation (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000)

Gérard Noiriel, The French Melting Pot: Immigration, Citizenship and National Identity, trans. Geoffroy de Lafourcade (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)

Patrick Weil, How To Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789, trans. Catherine Porter (Durham, London: Duke UP, 2008)

Wesley Chapin, Germany for the Germans? The Political Effects of International Migration (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997)

Geoff Eley and Jan Palmowski, eds., Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth Century Germany (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008)