LAND COVER and LAND USE CHANGES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION and RESTORATION in TIANTANGZHAI TOWNSHIP, ANHUI, CHINA Qi Zhang a Thesis
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LAND COVER AND LAND USE CHANGES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION AND RESTORATION IN TIANTANGZHAI TOWNSHIP, ANHUI, CHINA Qi Zhang A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Geography. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Conghe Song Xiaodong Chen Lawrence Band © 2014 Qi Zhang ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT QI ZHANG: Land Cover and Land Use Changes under Forest Protection and Restoration in Tiantangzhai Township, Anhui, China (Under the direction of Conghe Song) Deforestation and forest regeneration are two key changes in the forest ecosystem that have profound impacts of the goods and services in terrestrial ecosystem. In late 1990s, China implemented Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) and Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) aimed at forest protection and restoration. Using archived historical images, this study compared the land-cover/land-use (LCLU) changes before and after the programs and developed remote sensing indices to characterize the growth trajectory of “Grain-For- Green” (GFG) and natural forests. The results indicate substantial increase of natural forest cover during 2002-2013, compared with that during 1992-2002. The proposed indices revealed aggradation for both NFPP and GFG forests since the implementation of these policies. Further analysis found spatial variation of forest development depends on the topographic factors. This study reveals that SLCP and NFPP have been improving forest growth and development in the study area since the implementation of these policies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my advisor, Dr. Conghe Song, for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. I offer my sincere appreciation for the learning opportunities provided by Dr. Lawrence Band and Dr. Xiaodong Chen for their advices throughout the research. My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the support my research group members: Matthew Dannenberg, Yulong Zhang, Chris Hakkenberg and Chong Liu. The discussions with them provides me with great thoughts in processing remote sensing data and interpretation of results. Thanks also to the support of Matthew J. Burbank summer research fellowship from graduate school of UNC, which provided me the opportunity for data collection during summer 2013. I am also deeply grateful to my parents for their help and guidance for my life. Their valuable and constructive suggestions shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... viii 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. DATA AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Study area ......................................................................................................................7 2.2 Data acquisition and preprocessing ...............................................................................8 2.3 Classification and change detection ..............................................................................8 2.3.1 Random forest (RF) classifier ....................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Automatic Adaptive Signature Generalization (AASG) ............................................ 9 2.3.3 Classification of Landsat images ................................................................................ 10 2.3.4 Classifying WorldView-2 and “Grain-for-Green” forest stands ............................ 11 2.4 Landscape Pattern Metrics ..........................................................................................12 2.5 Growth trend of successional forest covers.................................................................13 3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Land cover and land use change detection ..................................................................16 3.2 Synoptic forest landscape pattern change ...................................................................17 v 3.3 Spectral/temporal trajectories of all forests .................................................................17 3.3.1 Spatial and temporal pattern of all classes ................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Spectral/temporal trajectories with successional indices ......................................... 19 3.4 Growth trend of GFG forest stands based on successional index ...............................23 3.4.1 Temporal trajectories of GFG forest stands .............................................................. 23 3.4.2 Correlations between CI, MI, SynI and vegetation index ....................................... 25 3.4.3 Growth trend of GFG forest stands ............................................................................ 26 4. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.1 Classifications and landscape analysis ........................................................................28 4.2 Temporal trajectories of natural forest ........................................................................30 4.3 Growth trend of GFG forest stands .............................................................................32 5. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 33 TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... 35 FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... 37 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 57 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Landsat imagery acquired for the year of 1992, 2002 and 2013 ...............................36 2. Statistics of change detection for forest, shrub/grass land and cropland ...................36 3. Interpretation of selected landscape metrics ..............................................................36 4. Parameters for calculating forest successional indices ..............................................37 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Study area: Tiantangzhai Township at Jinzhai County Anhui, China ..................... 38 2. Fundamentals of the workflows for the AASG method .......................................... 39 3. Selection of c parameter for given class .................................................................. 40 4. The normalized B-G space of Tasseled Cap transformation ................................... 41 5. Land use and land cover in Tiantangzhai Township ............................................... 42 6. Changes of landscape metrics for all forests with and without GFG forest stands at the whole region scale .............................................. 43 7. Scatter plot (left) and spatial distribution of mean values (right) for build-ups, forests (deciduous, coniferous and mixed forest), water, cropland and shrub/grass of Landsat 8 OLI image (2013) in normalized B-G space .......................................................................................... 44 8. Temporal trajectories of stable classes in normalized B-G space ............................ 45 9. Scatter plot of forest classes with corresponding canopy closure line (CCL) in 2013 .......................................................................... 45 10. Temporal change of mean distances to the CCL and Li,upper of forest classes (deciduous, coniferous and mixed) and all forests ................................................... 46 11. Temporal change of closure index (CI), maturity index (MI), and synergistic successional index (SynI) of forest classes (deciduous, coniferous and mixed) and all forests ................................................... 47 12. Scatter plot for SynI. The plots above display the temporal change (1992, 2002 and 2013) for all the forests. The plots below are illustration of coniferous, deciduous and mixed in 2013 ........................ 48 13. Temporal trajectory of all GFG forest stands on average ....................................... 49 14. Temporal change of mean di, Li,upper and CI, MI, SynI for GFG forest stands ........ 50 15. Scatter plot for SynI of all the GFG forest stands in 1992, 2002, and 2013 ............ 51 16. Correlations of CI, MI, SynI with structural index of GFG forest stands ............... 52 viii 17. Topographic indices (elevations, slopes, and aspect) on average for different levels of GFG forest growing trend based on the change of SynI ....... 53 18. Vegetation index (NDVI, NDWI2, EVI, and SI) difference for the three levels of GFG forest based on the change of