Iron Votive Candle Holder
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Chapter 29 Rachel Sleeman
“Iron votive candle holder” Bible Battering Ram Book of Job Vaulted Ceilings Main Alter Mantle Gilded Book Stand Loin Swaddle Alabaster-white Moses Monk Job 38:11 “Hithero shalt thou come, Old Testament but no further” “They will lead the way”
“Iron votive candle holder” [ad. L. v t v-us performed, offered, etc., in consequence of a vow, f. v t-um vow VOTE n. Hence also It., Sp., Pg. votivo, F. votif, -ive.]
2. a. Dedicated, consecrated, offered, erected, etc., in consequence of, or in fulfillment of, a vow. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 233 It is a pious custom….to honour the memory of saints by votive lights burnt before their pictures. Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004
A votive candle is neither a blessed nor sacramental candle. They are stearic candles, composed of materials other than wax, placed in large quantities before a statue or shrine. They are used in order to honor a saint before whose image the candle is lit. In the Catholic tradition, light is seen as a representation of Christ. Jesus said, "I am the light of the world. No follower of mine shall ever walk in darkness; no, he shall possess the light of life" (John 8:12). Therefore, light is a symbol of faith and divine life. In the Middle Ages, St. Radegund emphasized this symbolism through the use of votive candles. In lighting a candle that equaled his own height, a person was attempting to measure up to a saint, therefore bringing himself into the light and the divine wisdom of Christ. Although churches usually place these votive candles in colorful small glass candle holders, it is possible to buy iron votive candles holders. Churches usually buy the glass holders for the awe-inspiring radiant glow and because it is cheaper to buy glass holders, rather than iron holders, in bulk. http://landru.i-link-2.net/shnyves/candles.htm, 26, Sept. 2004 Obelisk See Chapter 22.
Battering ram A medieval weapon consisting of a long beam of wood hung upon a frame, for breaking wall barriers. The end which broke the wall barrier was shaped like a ram’s head. The ram was swung back and forth, attempting to crumble the structure. The roof of the shed tended to be covered with animal skins, which provided protection from any type of enemy bombardment. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sept. 2004
http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/castles/siege_warfare.htm
Vaulted ceilings
Mantle
Loin swaddle Also known as a “loin-cloth.” ad. OF. loigne, logne, dialectal variant of longe (mod.F. longe loin of veal) = Sp. lonja piece of ham: med.L. *lumbea, fem. of *lumbeus adj., belonging to the loin, f. L. lumbus loin: WAryan *londhwo-: see LEND n.1] 2. Chiefly Biblical and poet. This part of the body, regarded a. as the part of the body that should be covered by clothing and about which the clothes are bound.3. attrib. and Comb., as loin-ache, -guard, -rag (= loin-cloth), -steak; loin-cloth, a cloth worn round the loins.1859 R. F. BURTON Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geogr. Soc. XXIX. 324 The remainder of the dress is a *loin-cloth of white domestics or of indigo dyed cotton.
Swaddle:1. Swaddling-clothes: also fig. Now U.S. Clothes consisting of narrow lengths of bandage wrapped round a new-born infant's limbs to prevent free movement. 1538 ELYOT, Crepundia..the fyrst apparayle of chyldren, as swathels, wastcotes, and such lyke. Ibid., Fascia, a swathell or swathynge bande. 1881 Pop. Sci. Monthly XIX. 146 And under no circumstances any swaddles or baby night-gowns. Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004
In essence, the loin swaddle is a piece of cloth that covers the loin area, restricting free movement of the genitals. http://www.blue-n-gold.com/halfdan/island2.jpg, 26 Sept. 2004.
Rose Line See Chapter 22
Moses According to the bible, Moses was born in the late 14th century B.C. to parents of Levitic heritage, at a time when the pharaoh decreed the drowning of every new male child among the Israelites. To ensure survival of their son, Moses’ parents set him afloat in a reed basket along the Nile River. While bathing, the daughter of the pharaoh found Moses, took pity on him, and raised him as one of the Pharaoh’s sons. Moses was forced to flee from Egypt to Midian after killing an Egyptian taskmaster in defense of a weak Hebrew worker. Moses spends 40 years as a Shepard, until he encountered a burning bush, unconsumed by the flames. Moses was then called—by the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—to deliver the Hebrews from Egypt as their prophet and leader. Moses returned to Egypt and confronted Ramses II, demanding that he “Let my people go.” Moses then “causes a series of Divine manifestations described as ten in number in which he humiliates the sun and river gods, afflicts man and beast, and displays such unwonted control over the earth and heavens that even the magicians are forced to recognize in his prodigies ‘the finger of God’” (New Advent 2). The results of the final plague, in which the first born child of both man and beast was killed, spurred the release of the Hebrews. Pursued by the Egyptian military, the Hebrews were forced into a corner at the shore of the Red Sea. Moses preformed a miracle, the parting of the Red Sea, which allowed the Hebrews to pass through safely to Sinai. The water returned before the Egyptians were given the chance to safely pass. According to the bible, Moses acts as the mediator between God and men, carrying the Ten Commandments down from the Mountain of Sinai. Moses began the process of interpreting “Covenant stipulations…therefore, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible can be described as Mosaic. Without him there would have been no Israel and no collection known as Torah.” (Encyclopedia Britannica) http://www.kiltmen.com/bible.htm, 29 Nov. 2004.
Learn more about Moses at: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10596a.htm, 29 Nov. 2004 or Moses, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses, 29 Nov. 2004/ "Moses." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Nov. 2004
Job 38:11- “Hithero shalt thou come, but no further” Chapter 38 of the Book of Job includes the first part of God’s speech to Job. God asks Job a series of questions. God compares his own powers and knowledge with that of Job’s. In essence, God is asking, “What do you do?” The line Job 38:11 falls in the middle of this speech. God is speaking of his power to “shut up his sea with doors” and establish the boundaries between day and night. What did Job know of these things? Had he entered into the springs of the sea?
JOB 38:1 Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, JOB 38:2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? JOB 38:3 Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me. JOB 38:4 Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. JOB 38:5 Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? JOB 38:6 Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; JOB 38:7 When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? JOB 38:8 Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it had issued out of the womb? JOB 38:9 When I made the cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddlingband for it, JOB 38:10 And brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, JOB 38:11 And said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed? Dan Brown, in The DaVinci Code, has excluded the last bit of the line: “and here shall thy proud waves be stayed.” The Holy Bible, King James Version, Thomas Nelson (Nashville) 1984. http://www.hti.umich.edu/k/kjv/, 26 Sept. 2004.
Bible [a. F. bible, 13th c. (= Pr. bibla, Sp. and Pg. biblia, It. bibbia; whence also Ger. bibel, Du. bijbel, all fem.): late L. biblia fem. sing., for earlier biblia neut. pl., the Scriptures, a. Gr. , lit. ‘the books,’ in later Christian writers spec. ‘the canonical books, the Scriptures.’ The Gr. was pl. of , dim. of (1. the inner bark of the papyrus, ‘paper’; 2. a paper, scroll, roll, or book), which had ceased to have a diminutive sense, and was the ordinary word for ‘book,’ whether as a distinct treatise, or as a subdivision of a treatise, before its application to the Jewish and Christian Scriptures. In reference to the former, see ‘the holy books,’ in 1 Macc. xii. 9: in Clemens Alex. probably, and Origen (in Joannem V. iv., ed. Lomm. I. 168) c 223, certainly, include the N. Test. books. In Latin, the first appearance of biblia is not ascertained. Jerome uses biblioth ca for the Scriptures, and this name continued in literary use for several centuries. Of biblia, Becker, Catal. Biblioth. Antiq. 42, has a 9th c. example (see also those under sense 1 below); but the evidence of the Romanic langs. shows that biblia must have been the popular name, and have been treated as a fem. sing., much earlier than this. The common change of a Lat. neuter pl. into a fem. sing. in -a (as in arma, battalia, folia, gaudia, gesta, opera, etc.) was in the case of biblia facilitated by the habit of regarding the Scriptures as one work. In OE. biblio éce alone occurs; in Anglo-Latin biblia and biblioth ca interchange in the 11th c. catalogue of the library of Lindisfarne; in the 13th c. catalogue of the Durham books only biblia occurs.]
I. 1. a. The Scriptures of the Old and New Testament. (Sometimes in early use, and still dial., used for the Old Testament; e.g. ‘neither in the Bible nor the Testament.’) the open Bible: the Bible accessible to all in the vernacular. 1798 SOUTHEY Eng. Eclog. v, Is that the charity your Bible teaches? Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004/
Traditionally, the Bible refers to the sacred scriptures of Christian religions, comprised of both the Old and New Testaments. Each of the books contained in the bible is written by a collection of people, of different social status, over a span of 1600 years. The books included in the bible were carefully selected from a vast number of written literatures existing in ancient Israel that the Christian church deemed authoritative texts of its religion. None of the original biblical manuscripts exist today. They have been copied, edited, and rewritten into numerous versions of the bible. The 39 books of the Old Testament document how the Israelites became God’s Chosen People, and how they came to the Promised Land. It contains law, history, poetry, and prophecy. These three sections, deemed the Old Testament by Christian faiths, constitute the Judaism bible. The New Testament documents the life and teaching of Christ. The New Testament is exclusive to bibles of Christian origin. Today, the bible has been updated “mainly to eliminate archaic translations and reflect contemporary usage” (Encyclopedia Britannica). The New Revised Standard Version (1990) is one of the more common bibles in use in contemporary Christian religion. Although commonly mistaken to refer only to the Christian sacred texts, a bible can also refer to the sacred texts of any other religions, such as Islam. The Koran is often termed “the Mohammedan Bible” (http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/bible 1). For more information, visit: "Bible." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Dec. 2004
The Gutenberg 42-line Bible, printed in Mainz, Ger., in 1455.Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, © Encyclopedia Britannica.
Book of Job The Book of Job concerns an affluent man named Job, extremely devout to God. Job suffers a series of misfortunes, losing his possessions, his sons, and his health all as a result of a wager between God and Satan about whether or not a "perfect and upright" man will remain thus under relentless misfortune (1:1). Job never is inclined to "curse God and die," Job’s friends believed Job’s suffering to be a result of sin; Assured of his innocence and in his own piety, and unable to explain his suffering, Job asks for divine justification. Job’s cries are answered by God's speech. As the site http://mb- soft.com/believe/txs/job.htm points out, the book raises the question: "Why does God allow the righteous to suffer?" Job comes close to accusing God, but in the end submits to God’s will when told that the answers to his questions are beyond his ability to understand. Therefore, Job should never dare to demand a reason for God’s divine authority. Job never receives a direct answer. He is simply told to have faith. In turn, readers of the bible are urged to bear the suffering by having complete faith in God’s power and knowledge. Nobody knows for sure the author or the date the Book of Job was written. Jewish tradition attributes the book to Moses and other authors have been suggested (Job, Elihu, Solomon, Isaiah, Hezekiah, and Baruch). The prose narratives date to before the 6th century BCE., and the poetry has been dated between the 6th and the 4th century BCE. Chapters 28 and 32–37 are suspected to be later additions.
http://www.umilta.net/blakejob.html, 26 Sept. 2004.
William Blake Engraving- In this engraving, Satan is depicted in the likeness of Job's son rebelling against his father, negotiating with God. Here, as Job's faith is weakening, his sons and daughters killed are killed, and his flock lost. http://www.hti.umich.edu/k/kjv/, 26 Sept. 2004."Job, The Book of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sept. 2004
Main altar Properly known as the High Altar. [a. L. alt re, pl. alt ri-a, prob. orig. a ‘high place,’ f. alt-us high. With OE. altar, cf. OS., OHG. and ON. altari, alteri, OFris. altare, alter. Side by side with the OE. form, the OFr. au ter (earlier autier, aultier, altier: L. alt re) was adopted a 1300, and both forms, with many intermediate ones, continued to 16th c., when the spelling altar, after L., prevailed.] 2. a. In those Christian Churches which celebrate the Eucharist or communion service as a sacrifice, the raised structure consecrated to this celebration. (High Altar, the chief altar in a cathedral or church.) 1826 SCOTT Woodst. (1832) 175 The high altar had been removed. Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004/
The first altars were figures in nature that were regarded as holy. Worshipers offered up gifts to the supernatural being upon a nearby alter. Early Christians did not use altars. Along with the building of sanctuaries, temples, and churches, elaborate altars were constructed. The table on which Eucharist is broken and given to the members of the congregation, has come to be known as the altar. During the Middle Ages, other altars, side altars, were built so that multiple masses could be conducted at once. This is the reason Saint-Sulpice has more than one altar. Silas rushed to the main altar in the middle of the church. "altar." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Sept. 2004
Photograph of Saint-Sulpice interior with altar http://www.paris-views.com/html/HTML1602.htm?0,1,Title,1602, 26 Sept. 2004.
Gilded book stand [f. GILD v. + -ED 1; the early forms show the syncopation usual in the pa. pples. of verbs of this type. See also GILT ppl. a.] Overlaid wholly or in parts with a thin coating of gold. Gilded Chamber: the House of Lords. gilded spurs: one of the emblems of knighthood. In mod. use gilded has more dignified associations than gilt, and hence is the form employed in fig. and poet. uses. Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004/ It is not commonplace to gild a bookstand, although it is entirely possible. Most gilded items are picture frames such as the one below.
http://www.equipmentauction.com/index.html?/Auctions/227/Detai l/Lot_91.html, 26 Sept 2004. Alabaster-white [a. OFr. alabastre (mod.Fr. albâtre), ad. L. alabaster, -trum, a. Gr. , prop. ; said to be from name of a town in Egypt. The spelling in 16- 17th c. is almost always alablaster; app. due to a confusion with arblaster a cross- bowman, also written alablaster.] “A term applied to fine translucent varieties of carbonate or sulphate of lime, especially to the pure white variety of the latter used for vases, ornaments, and busts. In Min., massive fine-grained sulphate of lime or gypsum, occurring white, yellow, red, or delicately shaded (Modern or Gypseous Alabaster); as distinguished from the translucent or variegated varieties of stalagmitic carbonate of lime, included under the name by the ancients, and used by them for holding unguents (Oriental or Calcareous alabaster).”Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004
1771 S MOLLETT Humph. Cl. (1815) 96 He had a skin as fair as alabaster.
Alabaster-white therefore is an adjective. “His alabaster-white flesh” is taken to mean that Silas’ back has a pure white and slightly translucent skin color (Brown 128). In Biblical times, alabaster was a common name for vases to hold ointment or perfume because these vases were believed to preserve them. Vases were called alabasters, even when made of other materials. Such was the “alabastrum unguenti” (Matt 26:7) with which a woman anointed Jesus. See more about Alabaster at The New Advent Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01244b.htm, 26 Sept. 2004.
Monk [OE. munuc: pre-historic *muniko-, ad. popular L. *monicus for monachus, a. late Gr. , subst. use of Gr. adj., single, solitary, f. - alone. Cf. OFris. munek, -ik, monik (MDu. monic, monc. mun(i)c, Du. monnik, munnik), MLG. mon(n)ik, monk, OHG. munih (MHG. mun(i)ch, mün(e)ch, G. mönch), ON. múnkr (Da., Sw., munk); also the Rom. forms, F. moine, Pr. monge-s, Sp. monje, Pg. monge (: Rom. type *monio), It. monaco. In accordance with its etymology, monachus originally meant a religious hermit or solitary, but was from an early period applied to c nobites, and this eventually became the ordinary use.] “A member of a community or brotherhood of men living apart from the world under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to a rule (characteristic of the particular order), and devoted chiefly to the performance of religious duties and the contemplative life. The different orders of monks are distinguished by habits of various shapes and colours (cf. b). The word properly belongs to Christian use, but is sometimes applied to persons of other religions (e.g. Muslims, Buddhists).”Oxford English Dictionary Online © Oxford University Press 2004. Monks spent most of their time praying meditating, continually seeking salvation. Withdrawal from society is considered necessary, since perfection can not normally be reached in the surroundings of everyday life. One interesting note: the timetable, which was established by Saint Benedict of Italy, was a certain order of monk’ prayers. The first one was called the Opus Dei, which is the Latin word for “work of God.” The first prayer started early in the morning and the last one started at midnight. Characteristics of Monastic Life at: http://www.buckfast.org.uk/monastic_life.htm, 26 Sept. 2004."monasticism." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sept. 2004
Old Testament The Old Testament, or the Hebrew Scriptures, is a collection written by Jewish community members between the twelfth century B.C. and 100 BC. The term “Old Testament” is a “translation of the Latin Vetus Testamentum which translates the Greek, Hé Palaia Diathêkê, meaning “Old Covenant.” (or testament)” (http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/o/ol/old_testament.html, 26 Sept. 2004) The term “Old Testament,” is a Christian term. For the Christian, it is viewed as the prologue to the New Testament, as a set of documents that prepares for the arrival of Jesus. It tells how the Israelites became God’s Chosen People, and how they came to the Promised Land. It contains law, history, poetry, and prophecy. The number of books comprising the Old Testament Scripture varies between religions. The Jewish Bible contains twenty-four books; the Protestant Bible contains thirty-nine books; the Eastern Orthodox Bible contains forty-three books; and the Roman Catholic Bible contains forty- six books. The additional books in the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Bibles include writings not accepted as canonical by Jews and Protestants, who place them in a collection known as “The Apocrypha.” The order of the books of the Old Testament: 1. Genesis 26. Proverbs 2. Exodus 27. Ecclesiastes 3. Leviticus 28. Song of Songs 4. Numbers 29. Wisdom * 5. Deuteronomy 30. Sirach * 6. Joshua 31. Isaiah 7. Judges 32. Jeremiah 8. Ruth 33. Lamentations 9. 1 Samuel 34. Book of Baruch * 10. 2 Samuel 35. Ezekiel 11. 1 Kings 36. Daniel ** 12. 2 Kings 37. Hosea 13. 1 Chronicles 38. Joel 14. 2 Chronicles 39. Amos 15. Ezra 40. Obadiah 16. Nehemiah 41. Jonah 17. Tobit * 42. Micah 18. Judith * 43. Nahum 19. Esther ** 44. Habakkuk 20. First Book of Maccabees * 45. Zephaniah 21. Second Book of Maccabees * 46. Haggai 22. Third Book of Maccabees * 47. Zechariah 23. Fourth Book of Maccabees * 48. Malachi 24. Job 25. Psalms Click on the name of each individual Old Testament Book to receive an overall summary. List and Links taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament, 26 Sept. 2004. "Old Testament." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sept. 2004
“They will lead the way” This phrase is not directly taken from The Way, but does refer to this work of Opus Dei literature. See Chapter 67 for a description of The Way.