Transmission Line Projects Building Capacity for Gender Mainstreaming of Energy Sector Co-operation in Uganda: Baseline Study

ENERGIA Report to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development and the Norwegian Embassy 23 February 2012 DRAFT 2 Acronyms AfDB African Development Bank CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CEfD Clean Energy for Development CSEAP Contractor Social Environmental Action Plan CSOs Civil Society Organisations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EAPMP East African Power Master Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy FHH Female Headed Household GFP Gender Focal Point GM Gender mainstreaming GoU Government of Uganda HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas MHH Male Headed Household MDG Millennium Development Goals MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MGLSD Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development NDP National Development Plan NEMA National Environment Authority (Uganda) NGOs Non-Government Organisations NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperations OfD Oil for Development O&M Operation & Maintenance PAP Project Affected Person PD Project Document PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan in Uganda PEPD PEPD Petroleum Exploration and Production Department RAP Resettlement Action Plan REA Rural Electrification Agency RNE Royal Norwegian Embassy TOR Terms of Reference ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment RCDAP Resettlement and Community Development Action Plan SMEs Small and Medium scale Enterprises SMOGS Strengthening the Management of the Oil and Gas Sector in Uganda STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases UEGCL Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd UETCL Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd UGX Uganda Shillings UNDP United Nations Development Program

3 4 Table of contents

1. Background to the study

2. Gender and Energy Issues in Uganda 2.1 The gender situation 2.2 Gender issues in the energy sector

3. Policy and Institutional Framework for Gender and Energy 3.1 National Gender Policy and institutions 3.2 Gender in national energy policy 3.3 Electricity sector policy and institutions

4. Gender Issues in the Electricity Sector in Uganda 4.1 Process for identifying gender issues in the transmission sector 4.2 Gender issues in construction 4.2.1 Land ownership, resettlement and compensation 4.2.2 Environmental impacts on livelihoods 4.2.3 HIV/AIDS, sexual violence, and child labour 4.2.4 Local employment in the project 4.2.5 Community support and livelihoods opportunities 4.2.6 Stakeholder consultations 4.3 Gender issues in training and recruitment of staff 4.3.1 Human resource development 4.3.2 Gender capacity of implementing agencies 4.4 Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level

5. Baseline and Possible Entry Points for Gender Integration in the Norwegian-supported Transmission Sector Portfolio 5.1 Transmission line projects 5.2 Twinning arrangement with Statnett

5 Annex 1 Possible gender entry points and indicators for enhancing gender integration in transmission line projects Annex 2 Identification of gender-sensitive indicators for the Nkenda-Hoima EIA Mitigation Plan Annex 3 Possible gender indicators for a RAP monitoring system (Excerpt from Nkenda-Hoima Project Document) Annex 4 List of resources consulted

1. Background to the study

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is guided by a number of key Ugandan development policy objectives as well as energy policy, including a mandate to mainstream gender, with the long-term objective of eliminating gender inequalities. The MEMD has recognized gender concerns in some of its activities, and is seeking to further strengthen gender mainstreaming in its energy projects, as part of its mandate “to establish, promote the development, strategically manage and safeguard the rational and sustainable exploitation and utilization of energy and mineral resources for social and economic development." It is within this framework that the MEMD works with development partners. Since 1995, Norway has contributed around NOK 50 million annually for investments in Uganda’s infrastructure, mainly power infrastructure. Contributions have also been made to capacity building and rural electrification. For the coming period three priority areas have been identified for the Norwegian support: 1. Development of transmission system infrastructure with national and regional significance

2. Feasibility studies and other support for commercial large-scale hydropower investments

3. Rural electrification investments

The current program of Norwegian cooperation in the transmission

6 sector in Uganda includes several transmission line construction projects in progress or in the pipeline:

- Nkenda-Hoima 220kV Power Transmission Line Project in the Western region of Uganda, 300 million NOKs, UETCL . The feasibility study including EIA and RAP has been completed and appraised.

- Nkenda-Kafu Transmission Line Project, 7 million NOKs, UETCL. The feasibility study is currently being carried out, including EIA and RAP; then a decision will be made on Norway participation in the construction phase.

- Mirama transmission line. An initial Project Profile is available, and financial assistance is requested by GoU for conducting the full feasibility study, EIA and RAP.

- Uganda – DR Congo Power Transmission Line Study feasibility study.

In addition, UETCL and Statnett, the Norwegian transmission system operator, have been working together since 2006, and a Phase III of UETCL Capacity Building Twinning UETCL-Statnett is supported by Norwegian cooperation to continue this institutional cooperation.

In 2007 Norway launched an Action Plan for Women's Rights and Gender Equality in Development Cooperation. This plan emphasises the importance of mainstreaming the gender perspective in the five priority areas of Norwegian development cooperation, one of which is “oil and energy”. Clean energy for development (CEfD) and oil for development (OfD) are two key priority areas for Norwegian development cooperation in Uganda. In 2010, the Embassy was selected as a pilot embassy for the implementation of the above-mentioned Action Plan, and in 2011 the Embassy developed a Gender Strategy for 2011 – 2013. This Strategy acknowledges the challenge of including a gender perspective in its priority sectors of oil/energy and climate/environment. The Embassy intends to strengthen the gender component in its energy sector programming and would like to develop a targeted and practical gender mainstreaming programme that will guide the Embassy to implement the Action Plan.

7 At the request of the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), the Embassy provided support to strengthen the gender component in the rural electrification projects being financed by Norway, and assistance was provided to REA in July 2011 by ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy. A gender team consisting of REA- designated staff, a local gender consultant, and an international gender expert carried out a scoping study.1 The REA is currently assessing follow up to this report and is preparing a separate gender proposal to Norway. The Embassy wants to develop gender baselines for the oil and energy sector to gain a better overview of the situation, challenges and needs in relevant areas, and to be better able to identify results regarding the situation for men and women that may be attributed to the Embassy’s support. The present baseline review is being carried out by ENERGIA to provide an assessment of the context and issues for gender mainstreaming in both the clean energy and petroleum sectors, as well as an assessment of gender integration in the Embassy’s energy projects and programmes. In consultation with its GoU partners, the Embassy has identified active projects in the electricity sector and the oil and gas sector for review.2 This desk study and its findings will serve as a basis for a second phase, where the partners could request ENERGIA, through the Embassy, to assist with assessments, analyses and stakeholder consultations in order to mainstream gender equality and empower women within the Embassy’s two areas of development cooperation in the energy sector: Clean Energy for Development and Oil for Development.

1 ETC/ENERGIA, Gender mainstreaming in rural electrification projects in Uganda: Initial scoping mission, Final report to the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), Ministry of Energy & Mineral Development, Government of Uganda and the Norwegian Embassy, Kampala, September 2011.

2 Projects initially selected for review include two rural electrification projects: the Hoima-Nkenda, Hoima-Kafu and Mirama transmission lines and UETCL capacity building project; and two oil sector projects: Strengthening the Management of the Oil and Gas Sector in Uganda and a feasibility study on transport and storage. 8 This report focuses on Norwegian cooperation in the electricity transmission sector; separate reports focus on the rural electrification sector and the upstream petroleum sector. This first chapter provides the background to the review and the second chapter describes the gender situation and gender and energy issues in Uganda. The third Chapter gives the policy and institutional framework for gender and energy in Uganda. Chapter 4 identifies gender issues and possible entry points for gender integration in the transmission sector, based on a review of project documents. Chapter 5 summarizes the current baseline on gender integration and possible entry points in the Norwegian-supported transmission sector portfolio, with possible actions and indicators suggested in three annexes.

2. Gender and energy issues in Uganda3

2.1 The gender situation in Uganda Both women and men play substantial economic roles in Uganda, while women bear the brunt of domestic tasks in addition to agricultural and other productive work. Women work considerably longer hours but tend to be poorer than men due to a number of gender disparities in poverty determinants, as shown in Table 1 below, including ownership of land (7% women versus 93% men), formal labour force participation (12% versus 88%), literacy (63% versus 77%), distribution of credit (9% versus 91%), and political participation such as membership in Parliament (24% versus 76%).

Table 1: Contributions to Production and Ownership of Land by Men and Women in Uganda (percent)

3 This section summarizes Chapters 2 and 3 of the ETC/ENERGIA report to REA. 9 Table 2: Gender Disparities in Poverty Determinants in Uganda

Poverty determinants Women (%) Men (%) Ownership of registered 7 93 land Formal labour force 12 88 participation Wages of <40,000 51 44 USh/month Literacy rates 63 77 Share of total enrolment 38 62 (tertiary) Maternal mortality rate 506 n.a. per 100,000 Distribution of credit 9 91 People living with 51 49 HIV/AIDS Membership in 24 76 Parliament Chairperson of land 4 96 governance structures Applications for land 6 94 certificates Source: Mukasa et al 2004, in Ellis, Manuel and Blackden, 2010.

10 Impressive progress has been made in education, however gender inequalities remain large. Fertility rates and maternal mortality rates are considered by the GoU to be unacceptably high, while access to safe water stood at 68% in 2005/2006. The National Gender Policy as well as the National Development Plan cite gender based violence as a critical concern. Furthermore, estimates suggest that Uganda could gain up to 2 percentage points of GDP growth a year by addressing structural gender-based inequalities in education and employment.

2.2 Gender issues in the energy sector Current energy use in Uganda is dominated by traditional biomass energy sources, which make up around 95% of total primary energy consumption. More than 80% of households depend on fuelwood for cooking. At present electricity access stands at 7%, with most concentrated in Kampala and nearby towns; rural access is about 2- 5%. Kerosene (paraffin) is the major source of lighting.

Since it is women’s responsibility to provision their household with fuel for cooking, the principal energy issue for women is energy for cooking. Their current reliance on woodfuels for cooking is extremely time-consuming, human-energy intensive and exhausting work, and highly inefficient. The health effects of biomass fuel use are also becoming increasingly well known.

Figure 1: Distribution of Households by Cooking Fuel Type, 2004

11 Additional burdens on women include the time they spend fetching water, preparing and transforming food products, doing household chores, taking care of children, the sick and the elderly, as well as maintaining their productive roles in agriculture and especially food production, all compounded by the AIDS crisis. The lack of efficient biomass, mechanical and electrical energy are direct contributors to women being “overburdened” and a core component of the “double workday of women,” in which women work substantially more than men do in both the “market” and the “household” economies. Figure 2: Allocation of Time by Men and Women in Katebe

12 The strong imbalance in the gender division of labour has been identified by the Uganda Participatory Poverty Process Assessment as one of the major contributors to poverty in the country. Electricity plays a key role in education and health MDGs of concern to women. In the Ministry of Finance’s 2010 report on progress towards the MDGs, electricity was cited as a key constraint to meeting MDG 5 on maternal health.

3. Policy and Institutional Framework for Gender and Energy in Uganda

13 3.1 National Gender Policy The Uganda government has implemented a Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), which has reduced the share of households living in poverty from 44 percent in 1997, to 38 percent in 2001/2, and to 31 percent in 2005/6. However, there is substantial and growing urban- rural inequality and inequality between regions. The Government of Uganda recognizes that Uganda’s growth record and poverty reduction cannot be sustained without a transformation of the economy. Such transformation includes an unequivocal commitment to take actions that will bring about more equal gender relations, through a National Gender Policy (NGP) adopted in 1997 and revised in 2007. This commitment is supported by the Constitution and the National Development Plan (NDP) adopted in April 2010, as well as regional and international commitments such as CEDAW, where Uganda has been a leader in recognizing the linkages between economic growth and gender, in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Gender mainstreaming is defined in the National Gender Policy as: “a conscious approach of an organization to take into account gender equality concerns in all policy, programme, administrative and financial activities as well as organizational structures and procedures. It is based on a political decision to work towards and finally achieve the goal of gender equality within the organization thus contributing towards gender equality in the respective society. It involves applying a variety of measures, providing resources (financial, human, time, information) and ensuring a process of learning and transformation.”

The National Gender Policy aims to ensure that all Government policies and programmes, in all areas and at all levels, are consistent with the long-term goal of eliminating gender inequalities. The policy gives a clear mandate to the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (MGLSD) and other Line Ministries to mainstream gender in all sectors. Since the NGP came into force, it has institutionalized gender as a key concept in development work. The MGLSD promotes gender analysis and planning skills among all relevant sectors, in order

14 to build their capacity to identify, analyse and implement gender responsive programme interventions. The energy sector however to date has not been a priority and assistance has so far not been requested in gender mainstreaming by the sector.

3.2 Gender in national energy policy The Energy Policy (2002) has as its policy goal “to meet the energy needs of Uganda’s population for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner.” Though the word gender does not appear in the Policy, labour and health burdens of biomass energy use are mentioned twice, under energy conservation issues and under demand side objectives.

The Renewable Energy Policy (2007) goes further, stating specifically that “the gender dimension will be integrated in renewable energy planning and management,” Strategies are indicated that cater for decentralized planning through gender sensitive representation on both the Local Energy Committee (LEC) and the Village Energy Committee (VEC). Recognition of the difference in interests, needs and priorities between women and men in planning, implementation and monitoring are mentioned, as well as participation in decision making. The Renewable Energy Policy also has as one of its policy objectives, “to mainstream poverty eradication, equitable distribution, social services and gender issues”, including five activities: o study linkages and mechanisms between poverty eradication, gender and renewable energy; o sensitize stakeholders on linkages between gender, poverty and rural electrification; o implement a comprehensive integrated renewable energy, gender sensitive, poverty alleviation plan; o reinforce the gender related benefits of renewable energy in the PEAP; and o mainstream HIV/AIDS issues in renewable energy plans, projects and activities.

In electricity sector policy documents such as the Electricity Act (1999), the Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (2001), and the Rural Electrification Agency Strategic Plan 2005/06 – 2011/12, the words 15 gender/women/female do not appear. A new REA Strategic Plan is currently under preparation.

3.3 Electricity sector policy and institutions The Government of Uganda has prioritized the energy sector as one of the key sectors in the Ugandan economy. While 93 per cent of energy consumption is from fuelwood and 6 per cent is imported petroleum, only 1 per cent of all energy use is electricity and only 7% of households are electrified, and only 1-2% of rural households. Recently the Government set a new ambitious target of “electricity for all” by 2035, implying that connection rates will have to be 10-fold the current numbers per year. There is an acute shortage of power supply, due to the growing demand for electricity and the lack of public and private investments in power infrastructure, as well as prolonged drought with hydropower plants producing significantly less power than the installed capacity.

To address the power crisis, significant public investment has been injected into the sector, particularly in the area of electricity supply to alleviate the recent power shortages that the country has experienced and which have a severe impact on industry and business. GoU with full support of the development partners has prioritized investments in the country’s electricity sector, to boost generation capacity, strengthen and expand transmission capacity to serve the energy needs of the country. The GoU has set targets for increase in generation capacity; transmission infrastructure; and access to electricity through rural electrification and increased household connections by 2015.

In April 2010, the GoU launched a National Development Plan (NDP) 2010-2015 which notes that “limited access and use of energy significantly slows down economic and social transformation.” For the energy sector, the NDP focuses on increasing access and consumption of electricity by investing in least cost power generation, promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency in addition to the associated transmission and distribution infrastructure. Inadequate infrastructure, especially transport and energy, has been identified as a binding constraint for growth and economic transformation. Increased access 16 to electricity is an important goal of the Plan. The NDP lays down strategies to increase generation capacity from the current 600MW to 3800MAW and to expand the transmission grid and voltage from the current 1300km to 2750km, and 132kV to 220kV and 400kV respectively. In order to achieve these targets, GoU has launched a number of major projects in electricity generation, including the Bujagali hydropower station installation 250MW and additional hydro generation capacity to meet the projected demand for 2011 is underway; the GOU is also finalizing the feasibility study for the 600MW Karuma hydropower project and will be starting construction in 2012.

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is the national lead agency responsible for the management and development of the energy sector through coordinated national policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. However an Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA) regulates the industry independently of the ministry. Tariff setting, performance and safety standards are the responsibility of the ERA. From 2001, the Uganda Electricity Board was unbundled by the GoU, creating three subsidiary independent companies wholly owned by the GoU: the Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd (UEGCL) for generation; the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) for transmission; and the Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL), for distribution. A private company called UMEME was formed and in 2004 entered into a 20-year concession agreement to operate the distribution business in exchange for investments. The Rural Electrification Board (REF), with its Rural Electrification Board (REB) and Secretariat, the Rural Electrification Agency (REA) , established under the Electricity Act of 1999, manage the Rural Electrification Program, reporting to the MEMD.

The Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (UETCL) is mandated to develop the transmission grid in Uganda4 and is tasked with the implementation of the developments in the high Voltage

4 In terms of network infrastructure development, there are a total of 1115km of 132kV high voltage transmission lines and 54km of 66kV lines in Uganda. The distribution facilities include 3258km of 33kV lines, 3443km of 11kV lines and 6496km of low voltage lines. This network provides power to only 33 of the 117 districts in the country.(IIED, 2011) 17 transmission grid to cope with power evacuation and growth in energy demand. Rehabilitation and upgrade of the transmission system and strengthening of the UMEME distribution network is a key focus of the GoU in its electricity sector strategy. This includes a strong interconnected national grid with links to neighboring countries for ensuring security of supply and economies of scale, through NEPAD’s East African Power Master Plan (EAPMP). Interconnection of major new generation projects, such as the Bujagali and other hydro electric power, and thermal generation planned in connection with oil development, is also a factor.

In addition to the Government of Norway, other major development partners in the electricity sector include IDA, AfDB, and JICA. A major issue, according to the World Bank, is sector coordination so that the development of transmission and distribution networks do not outpace the development of generation capacity, and vice versa, and Master Plans are underway. Reducing system losses is also a major concern, with currently over 30% distribution losses, as is reliability of supply (transmission line outages and unmet demand).

18 4. Gender Issues in Transmission Line Activities in Uganda

4.1 Process of identifying gender issues in the transmission sector UETCL has already identified in on or the other of the project documents, EIAs and RAPs for the Nkenda-Hoima and Kawenda- Masaka project, as well as the Congo-DR regional transmission line study, a number of gender considerations: - spousal consent and in-kind compensation in land compensation and resettlement. - promotion of more specific activities targeting women, children and the elderly during the project - the need to address the problem of HIV/AIDS and domestic violence. - a community support program to provide development benefits to communities along the transmission line

- inclusion of the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development in the institutional framework of institutions that will be involved in the project

- identification of unprotected and protected springs used for water supply in the ROW of the transmission line, that would be directly affected by construction of the transmission line and resulting pollution and interference.

- A resettlement office/team for resettlement implementation, with two of the five members of the team being female members to take care of issues to do with female PAPs.

- Village Grievance Committees specified to include the Secretary for Women/Children’s Affairs and 2 representatives of the PAPs (1 female and 1 male).

Starting from this current UETCL gender-relevant work as identified in the PDs and feasibility studies, the following sections elaborate further on gender issues in the transmission sector in Uganda. They are based on findings of a desk review, and will be complemented later by 19 interviews with UETCL and the Norway Embassy, and a partner workshop.

Major gender considerations that arise from the above transmission line project documents and appraisals can be found in relation to:5  Gender issues in construction

o Land ownership, resettlement and compensation

o Environmental impacts on livelihoods

o HIV/AIDS, sexual violence, and child labour

o Local employment in the project

o Community support and livelihood opportunities

o Stakeholder consultations

 Gender issues in training and recruitment of staff

o Human resource development

o Gender capacity of implementing agencies

 Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level

2.1 Gender issues in construction EIAs and RAPs as entry points. The major way that transmission projects address social issues, including gender, is through Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), so these are logical entry points for gender actions. Most development partners require either the World Bank or ADB guidelines as a basis for funding projects, in addition to GoU requirements. WB OP 4.12 (8) for example requires that particular attention be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among those

5 This section draws mainly on the feasibility studies, EIAs and RAPs for Nkenda-Hoima and Kawenda-Masaka, as these have been completed and appraised, while Nkenda-Kafu has only a ToR and Marama only a Project Profile; similar considerations would be expected to apply to all transmission projects however. 20 displaced such as those below the poverty line, landless, elderly; women and children and indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities. Safety, health and environment (SHE) impacts during the pre- construction, construction, and post construction phases are identified and mitigation measures proposed in an ESIA carried out by a Consultant based on Terms of Reference approved by the Ugandan National Environment Authority (NEMA). While the primary focus is on physical and biological impacts, social aspects are also included. Local communities who will be directly affected by transmission construction are treated as part of the “environment.” A Contractor Social Environmental Action Plan (CSEAP) is prepared by UETCL for the contractor use. In addition to gender considerations, other environmental issues identified in an EIA include effect on land use, land take and displacement, impacts of substation construction, socio- economic conditions, operation impacts (management of waste especially waste transformer oil, cumulative impacts, noise, ozone and corona). A safeguards unit within UETCL is responsible for implementation of the Plan.

Safeguards also require preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), with attention to vulnerable groups. A social survey is carried out to establish the social profile of project affected people (PAPs) in accordance with GoU and World Bank requirements for involuntary resettlement, covering population and demographics; landownership and land use; and business and socio-cultural resources. Stakeholders are consulted through meetings with district officials and villages in locally affected areas, in preparing the RAP.

This section examines gender issues that arise in the construction phase and that are typically addressed by mitigation plans developed through the EIA and RAP.

4.2.1 Land ownership, resettlement and compensation

Different needs, treatment and compensation of women and men displaced and/or resettled by construction activities, e.g. disruption of food sources, livelihoods and social networks, is an important impact issue, especially in Uganda where inequality of ownership of land is

21 high between women and men. Transmission lines require acquisition of corridors as well as land for transmission stations. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) may suffer loss of the use of their land and a certain percentage of PAPs are displaced involuntarily. In the case of Nkenda- Hoima for example, UETCL proposes to acquire a 30m corridor for the wayleaves within which a 5m right of way at the centre is for the construction of a road for O&M purposes. In Kawanda-Masaka, an estimated 13,596 persons are estimated affected by the currently optimized route in the project area. PAPs are to be compensated in a timely and adequate manner, and sufficient to restore or improve their livelihoods. The amounts compensated may be considerable in relation to rural incomes.

Adequacy of the cash compensation together with resettlement impacts and compensation measures are key concerns of communities in the Kawanda-Masaka RAP. Communities are concerned about how resettlement usually affects men, women and vulnerable groups differently in terms of needs and opportunities for access to land, resources, employment and markets. Communities identified vulnerable groups as the elderly, widows/widowers, single mothers, disabled persons, and child headed households.

Spousal consent. The RAP is primarily for property and landowners along the project route. In Uganda, men own 94% of land and women 6%, while women provide 70% of agricultural workers and produce most family food. Hence men landowners are likely to be compensated, while women food producers may not be recognized. Due to time lag in compensation, wives may not even be aware of way leaves compensation being paid; payments may be used by the male recipients without their wives’ knowledge. Uses cited in the July 2010 REA gender study included a) buying more land; b) more wives/mistresses; c) luxuries, alcohol.

Spousal consent, in keeping with the legal provision of Section 40 of the Land Act, is the usual remedy suggested. As the majority of women are spouses whose food production could be affected, the RAPs urge that spousal consent should be sought for wayleaves and resettlement compensation, a legal requirement (Section 40 of the Land Act, 1998).

22 The Nkenda-Hoima PD states under gender considerations that The Resettlement Action Plan shall ensure that spousal consent is sought during project implementation as provided for in the law. However, no specific activities targeting women are included and the procedure for spousal consent is not discussed in the section on 15.8 Resettlement and Compensation Requirements.

Cash versus in-kind compensation. The RAPs find that cash compensation, although much sought after by heads of households, could be detrimental in the medium term to other household members, particularly female spouses and children. Even spousal consent is not seen by the Kawanda-Masaka project RAP as a panacea in the Ugandan situation, where women and children have little say in family affairs. It recommends that wherever agreeable, the project should provide “land-for-land” and resettlement as compensation rather than cash compensation. The RAP, drawing from the Consultants’ experience from RAP activities in the region, advocates for favoring land-for-land compensation “since it protects the more vulnerable in the community especially females and children. Experience has shown that cash compensation is less beneficial to these categories of PAPs as it is subject to abuse by the male beneficiaries. This is truer in the rural Ugandan setting where women and children have little say in family affairs.” Though 90% of affected households preferred cash compensation, the team felt that this would increase the risk of misappropriation of such funds hence increasing the vulnerability of the PAPs. Cash compensation could be used for lightly affected households losing only a small portion of their land and livelihoods but for the more heavily affected household, in-kind compensation and resettlement options were favored.

Another issue raised in stakeholder consultations was that “people who had very small land parcels/holdings such that either easement or purchase of a portion of their property would leave too little to be useful to the user, preferred the project to purchase entire property to enable them purchase and resettle on a new larger property. “ Women are likely to be in this vulnerable group.

Female headed households may be especially vulnerable during resettlement. The Nkenda-Hoima RAP finds that about 91% of heads of affected households are male and 9% are female, including some 23 elderly female grandparents looking after grandchildren orphaned by HIV/AIDS and mainly secondary wives. The Kawanda-Masaka project RAP finds a much higher proportion, 100 female households out of 187. In the case of Kawanda-Masuma, only 28% of FHH own land cultivated; more than half (58%) are tenants. For most (86%), agriculture is their only occupation.

Possible entry points:  For these reasons, it is important for the resettlement office/team for resettlement implementation to include female members to take care of issues to do with female PAPs.  While these issues are raised in the PDs and/or RAPs, the 2010 Annual Report on RAP Implementation for Nkenda-Hoima does not disaggregate reporting by sex of head of household or provide information on spousal consent or cash versus land compensation. It does not report on the gender balance of resettlement teams. These could be included as gender indicators.

4.2.2 Environmental impacts on livelihoods

Informal livelihoods of women and men heavily dependent on land, not only property owners, may be affected differently by disruptions to natural resources such as safe drinking water or access to forests and fuelwood. Specific environmental impacts on livelihoods identified by the EIAs include the disturbance and degeneration of wetland ecosystems. Immediate and long term economic impacts of ecosystem damage could include loss and damage to livelihoods resulting from disruptions in water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resource, etc. Women are likely to be disproportionately impacted by ecosystem damage, since they have less access to off- farm employment opportunities than men and rely heavily on local agriculture and natural resources for their livelihoods and to provide food, fuel and water to their families. Furthermore, similarly to health impacts, the influx of population will result in increased loads on the infrastructure and reduced access of local communities to water and the natural resource base, which could affect women severely since they are responsible for household systems of sanitation, nutrition,

24 health and childcare.

Water supply. Loss of livelihoods and access to water points, schools, crop land and pasture are key concerns of communities in the RAPs. Impacts of ecosystem damage could affect the wider community and women within that community, not only PAPs, who are defined in the EIA only as people who own land in the corridor. For example, Norplan identifies as a possible negative effect the construction of the line can impose on the water resources in the area along the route. The PD considers impacts on wetlands, but does not comment on the impacts on water sources. The Kawenda-Masaka RAP found that unprotected springs were the main source of water supply and that 3 unprotected and 2 protected springs were in the ROW of that transmission line. The Norplan appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima recommends that UETCL include the impact on water resources in their mitigation plan. Given women’s important role in supplying water to their households, gender impacts are likely and would need to be considered here.

Possible entry points:  Differential impacts of these environmental issues on women and men could be disaggregated in the EIA or mitigation plan, and sex-disaggregated monitoring indicators could be included.  In order to later monitor and evaluate the impacts and effectiveness of the mitigation plan, baseline data on the situation of women and men in the affected areas and PAPs needs to be available.

4.2.3 HIV/AIDS, sexual violence and child labour

Differential impacts on women and men from the influx of male workers and likely increase in “social vices” (alcohol, gambling, prostitution) are likely. It is widely recognized that construction crews can facilitate the spread of HIV/AIDS, and prevention measures are required. HIV/AIDS is already one of the top ten diseases in the affected area for Nkenda-Hoima. Under Socio-Economic Issues, the Nkenda-Hoima PD mentions this problem as well as the potential risk

25 to women of increased domestic violence against women, as they attempt to benefit from the increased potential to have a better living, as part of the community participation in project activities. According to the EIA consultations with local people, “Most people associated powerline contractors with social misdemeanor such as illicit sexual behaviour with local women and girls. This was a prevalent view in urban centres.” (p98) Prostitution, gambling, abuse of alcohol, and STDs can cause disruption of social networks and social tension between local people and outsides. Child labour and school dropout as a result of children helping in petty trade to provide food and supplies to the project workers are also mentioned.

The EIA monitoring indicators for Nkenda-Hoima do not however mention HIV/AIDS or sexual violence; there is a monitoring indicator on child labour, though not disaggregated by boys and girls. Mitigation strategies aimed at contractors are suggested in the EIA: to hire local people if they have the requisite skills, and for the contractor to adopt a strict code of conduct for workers to regulate behaviour in local communities and conservation areas. However no mentions or indicators for these appear in the PD.

Possible entry points:  The Norplan appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima suggests the need to develop a comprehensive strategy (presumably as part of the CSEAP) to deal with the public health impacts within the community as a result of population influx, including: o measures to cover community health and safety

o an action plan to prevent spreading of STDs

o a clear strategy both for the work force and the general population

o components to fight transmission of HIV/AIDS

 Such a comprehensive strategy could analyse health impacts on women versus men, and include gender analysis to target both women and men in campaigns and activities according to their differing literacy, mobility, time availability, etc.

26  Monitoring of child labour could be disaggregated by boys/girls

4.2.4 Local employment in the project

Local employment opportunities and development of local expertise and skills of both men and women is seen as a potential important economic opportunity by communities near transmission lines construction. Community desire and demand for a high level of employment, coupled with fear that the limited local skills base will result in exclusion, is a key issue in the Kawanda-Masaka RAP. Communities expressed concern that project implementers import even unskilled labor, which the locals could provide. The Nkenda-Hoima PD states that during project execution, it is expected that local residents in the project area shall be contracted to supply unskilled and semi-skilled labour, and that furthermore, locally available construction materials shall be utilized. Employment job opportunities are also expected to be available both during construction and operation of the substations. This could provide economic opportunities for both women and men, as well as for both women-owned and men-owned businesses.

Women make up 70% of agricultural workers and 80% of unpaid labour in Uganda, yet their participation in nonfarm employment is low. Nonfarm employment has been identified as an important route for rural women to rise from poverty in Uganda (Ellis, Manuel & Blackden, 2010). Construction in rural infrastructure works offers one of the few opportunities for casual labour available in rural areas. Other opportunities include providing food, services, and other supplies to contractors and line workers. Employment in rural infrastructure offers opportunities for women’s increased contribution to household income and increased gender equality. Local employment of labour also reduces the risk of introduction of HIV/AIDS by migrant construction workers, and increases sustainability through local sense of ownership. Still, a number of obstacles to women’s employment in rural infrastructure construction projects do exist. These include women’s own preferences and objections as workers, employers’ attitudes, and social norms and values. Specific measures may be needed to permit

27 women to access employment and livelihood opportunities associated with the project.

The Nkenda-Hoima PD says that the project will bring forward job opportunities, and women shall have the same possibilities to apply for work as men do. Nonetheless women may need support in order to take advantage of these opportunities, and this is where specific activities targeting women could be considered. In transmission projects, most construction is fairly skilled, compared with distribution projects. Still, opportunities may exist and could be assessed, and measures considered to promote women’s employment. The Box shows measures under consideration by the REA to promote local employment in rural electrification construction, with gender targets. Making it easier for women-owned business to participate in support and supply functions for contractors is also an option.

Box: The REA gender review identified local employment in RE works with gender targets as a possible key activity, with possible key actions: - an assessment of opportunities for women and men to participate in construction work and support

- contract clauses for RE works with targets for local workers and women

- skills training for women to enable their participation

- effective communication to communities about employment opportunites, targeted to women as well as men

- a possible advantage in bidding points given to contractors with gender-sensitive approaches

Employment opportunities could be particularly directed at PAPs. The Norplan appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima judges that the proposed approach will not empower the affected households to restore their incomes, and that there is a need to develop a more sustainable approach to income restoration. Norplan believes that additional measures will be necessary on top of compensation for the affected households, since budget is only allocated for compensation of land, crops and 28 structures, for sustainable livelihood restoration. For example, during construction, the project will impact agricultural field operations and destroy crops, farm fences, windbreakers, or preclude cultivation of certain crops altogether. Impacts on livelihoods could be substantial. Given women’s position as a vulnerable group dependent on agriculture, targeted measures for women could be critical.

Possible entry points:  Specific activities to assess opportunities, communicate with local communities, provide skills training, and include targets in contracts, to promote local employment of men and women.  The number of PAPs (male/female) and local community workers (male/female) employed in project work and support, could be a performance indicator.

2.1.5 Community support and livelihoods opportunities

Beyond short-term employment, transmission line construction can contribute to local economic development through improved roads and bridges, development of local commerce and industry, and provision of energy supply to communities along the lines. In recent years, EIAs have been criticized as a checklist approved at the national level, that have not addressed important local and community concerns and are limited to mitigation of negative impacts rather than seeing the project as an opportunity for local development. In the case of transmission lines, social tensions between communities and the project can result in damage to equipment and lines. Some innovative efforts have been made for large hydropower projects, to place EIAs in the framework of local development plans using a participatory methodology, working in conjunction with the local government and taking advantage of participative processes already underway in the area. Mitigation and compensation measures in this case is aimed not only at solving the problems generated by negative impacts, but also towards improving some of the negative situations identified in the local development plan concerning health, education, and infrastructure.6 Obviously a

6 Eg Dora Carias, Local Development as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment, CS3-2_community_carias.pdf describes an EIA for the Reventazon Hydropower Project in Costa Rica, that brought key 29 gendered approach that included not only mitigation of impacts but also how to use the opportunities posed by the transmission line projects to have positive development impacts in the affected areas, would be highly desirable and produce more benefits for both women and men.

Community support measures and specific activities to targeting women, the elderly and children could promote community development and enhance the local reputation of UETCL (corporate responsibility). The Nkenda-Hoima PD includes reforestation measures to mitigate loss of trees along the line; these activities could involve community employment and development and involve women. Community development is also presumably included in the Resettlement and Community Development Action Plan (RCDAP) which is included in the commitments of UETCL as part of mitigation, and there may be potential for gender integration in this. In the EIA consultation meeting in Nairongo for the Nkenda-Hoima project, for example, the community wished that UETCL would help advise government to extend services like loan schemes through orphans, youth, elderly and women support programmes so as to enhance community development. Making bridges that will need to be built for construction access purposes, into permanent structures that could also benefit the community, has also been mentioned in the Kawenda-Masaka RAP.

Along transmission lines that do not have distribution lines, communities desire access to electricity as a form of benefit from lines projects. For example the Kawanda-Masaka Project includes electrification of street lighting and markets, which are likely to be of especial benefit to women’s safety and their roles as small entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Besides supporting local livelihoods, this community support component is expected to reduce vandalism and theft which have been a problem in other transmission projects. Over 80% of the Nkenda-Hoima project route does not have access to electricity, and the population depends on wood for cooking. Bundled electricity and cooking energy supply packages could be considered as one means of increasing livelihood benefits to communities, and women in particular, along the transmission line.

actors of local development together and included mitigation/compensation measures that contributed towards improvements in local quality of life, such as paving of roads and improvements in transport infrastructure, support to health infrastructure, improvement of water supplies, and capacity building programs in organization, leadership, administration and other themes related to building social capital. 30 Possible entry points:  Assessment of opportunities to meet community development needs of women and men through project activities

2.1.6 Stakeholder consultations

Differing public access, mobility, and literacy of women and men means that women may require specific measures for communications and feedback. Public consultation builds public support for electrification initiatives. Separate consultation of women and men often results in practical considerations that would be overlooked without women’s input. Female involvement and participation allows for inclusion and use of both men’s and women’s knowledge and experience. The importance of female participation at all levels is well documented, and the cost of doing this will not be very high. Still, a specific strategy may be necessary to ensure adequate stakeholder consultation with women as well as men.

UETCL company and organization structure states that UETCL shall have high external stakeholder confidence. In the Nkenda-Hoima PD, the communication strategy for the public at large includes press release briefing, fact sheets, and public meeting. Nkenda-Hoima EIA Consultation Meetings with district officials of Kibaale District and in Rwentuha Kabarole District included local government gender officers. The Kwenda-Masaka RAP emphasizes the importance of a communications strategy for a non-literate audience, and involving local officials.

A number of stakeholder communications and participation indicators have been included in the EIA mitigation plan of the Nkenda-Hoima PD however most of these have been removed from the simplified EIA plan proposed by Norplan. This may have been because many of these indicators are believed to be difficult to measure and overlap. However given their inclusion in the original PD it seems that UETCL and the EIA team considered these issues of importance and there may be good reason for this: Unresolved land acquisition issues have resulted in delays in other transmission lines in Uganda. Hence some feasible and measureable indicator(s) for adequate stakeholder consultation could

31 be re-considered in the planned revision of the monitoring plan, including sex-disaggregation of these.

Possible entry points:  A specific strategy to communicate with and obtain feedback from women and women’s organizations may be necessary, due to their differing literacy, mobility, etc. For example, in order to be gender-sensitive, information needs to be provided verbally in local languages so that those who cannot read can understand it.  Community consultations must ensure that women have the conditions they require (eg convenient places and times for meetings, local languages) to voice their opinions. The practice of working through traditional leaders (chiefs and headmen) does not necessarily benefit all men and women in their communities.  Representative groups such as Grievance Committees should include proportional representation of women and their organizations, in order to represent the interests of both women and men, and the gender balance of such a group should be part of performance indicators.

32 4.2 Gender issues in training of staff and recruitment UETCL cites an urgent need for further training in the Nkenda-Hoima PD, and has identified several urgently needed training and capacity building programs that will help UETCL improve its professional competence and expertise for proper management of the project. The program will involve knowledge transfers as well as on the job training for targeted staff. One of the indicators in the proposed monitoring system is “UETCL staff trained according to training plan”. Training is also included in the twinning arrangement with Statnett. Opportunities for gender integration in training and recruitment could be ensured in two ways:

4.2.1 Human resource development. Increasingly, electricity companies are adopting equal opportunity policies to ensure that there is no unjustified discrimination in the recruitment, retention, training and development of staff on the basis of gender as well as other factors. There is also the recognition that unless the electricity sector is to remain a male occupation, the talents and skills of both men and women are needed and capacity building needs to explicitly include women, and often, provide specific support measures. At the Kenya Policy and Light Company, for example, equal opportunity policies have been adopted to ensure the right of all employees, customers and contractors to work and access services in an environment which is safe, equitable, free from discrimination and harassment, and in which everybody is respected and treated fairly.7 A European study found

7 Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd, Strategic Plan for Mainstreaming Gender in Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited 2010-2015. 33 that some companies were seeking to recruit women as well as men not only for equal opportunity but to address the aging of the workforce and the need for diverse talent in a more competitive environment. 8

The UETCL mission statement includes that “UETCL shall have competent and satisfied employees.” Special efforts may be needed to ensure women’s participation in the transmission industry. Capacity building and retention policies would need to explicitly include women. Otherwise the transmission industry will remain a male occupation. The talents and skills of both men and women are needed to develop the transmission industry, but pro-active measures are needed to encourage girls to choose science and electricity sector occupations and to encourage women in the industry.

Possible entry points:

8 Recommendations of the ECOTEC study for the EU state: It is clear that women remain under-represented in the electricity industry and there is an increasing awareness that this is to the detriment of companies in the industry. …increasing the number of women in the industry would: • widen the competence base and pool of talent with regard to recruitment and promotion; • improve interpersonal and communicative skills by increasing the social competence of employees; • enhance the organisation through a better gender mix leading to a more balanced development of the organisation; • generate new ideas and innovative thinking; • promote a healthier working environment as men and women complement each other; • keep abreast of other industries and sectors by being seen as more attractive and competitive to both men and women, either as potential employees or customers; • help to change negative attitudes towards equal opportunities by creating a better exchange between men and women in the workplace; • create new business opportunities by appealing to a wider range of clients and customers and helping to develop a market driven culture; • attract more young people as they will find it easier to identify with and company which is seen as progressive because it has a good gender balance; • create an opportunity to address the age profile of companies which tends to be high because of low staff turnover. 34  Special efforts may be needed to ensure women’s participation in training.  Norplan in its appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima points out that training programs will be arranged in order to enhance the capacity and skills of UETCL, and advises ensuring equal prerequisites for women and men to apply for these training programs, adding that Norplan has experience from other projects and training programs in which women contributed to a composition of skilled employees.  The Nkenda-Hoima training plan could include specific measures, targets, and their monitoring, to encourage women staff to participate in training.

Twinning arrangement. In the twinning arrangement with Statnett, one conclusion from the Appraisal of Phase II of the Institutional Co- operation between UETCL and Statnett SF was to revise the project document, to address gender and HIV/AIDS. The Phase II PD indeed states that “To promote equal opportunities between genders both men and women amongst the UETCL staff should be represented in Work Groups and in the Workshops to be arranged. Where possible, woman should be pro-actively involved in the project.” The LFA however did not mention gender or disaggregate indicators eg workshops and committees or training by sex, and the Annual Report for 2010 does not mention gender or women. The PD for Phase III of the project does not include a similar activity and in fact states that it has no specific outputs on the fight against HIV/Aids or gender but will rely on UETCL’s guidelines and sensitization programs on these issues.

Possible entry points:  As a first step, promotion of equal opportunities between genders among UETCL staff could be re-instated into Phase III and the numbers of women and men staff participating in Working Groups and Workshops could be monitored and a baseline established.  The question also arises from the side of the Norwegian agency, Statnett, of its internal gender and human resources policies, and whether there are experiences or expertise that could be shared.

4.2.2 Gender capacity of implementing agencies. In order to

35 effectively integrate gender into project appraisals, preparation, implementation and monitoring, the safeguards unit that are responsible for social and environmental monitoring need to have a certain gender capacity: a gender mandate, concept, staffing, training, sex-disaggregated indicators, etc. Environmental authorities that play a key role in providing methodologies and reviewing and approving EIAs need a similar capacity.

Possible entry points:  The indicative training program proposed in Table 13 of the Nkenda-Hoima PD includes training related to environmental and social (safeguards implementation, monitoring and reporting, and occupational health and safety) as well as engineering, project management implementation and monitoring, procurement, and financial. Gender training could come within the planned environmental and social training.  A Project Safeguard Officer is proposed as counterpart staff to supplement the consultant staff and for on-the-job training. However since none of the international Consultants personnel appear to be qualified in safeguards, it is not clear how this Officer’s capacity building would take place. This training needs to be addressed, including capacity of the unit to carry out gender analysis and actions.  A gender component in this planned strengthening of the UETCL safeguards unit could be considered. There might also be an opportunity to complement the training component of the new World Bank project with a gender training module, as it also includes capacity building of the safeguards unit.  The role of NEMA in the EIA approval process might also be strengthened through gender capacity building.  The twinning arrangement with Statnett might also consider sharing its own experience with carrying out EIAs and RAPs involving both women and men, if applicable.

4.3 Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level of increased electricity supply and access on women and men

36 The ultimate goal of the transmission projects is of course economic and social development in the country. The Impact level goal of the Nkenda-Hoima transmission line is “Increased economic and social development in a sustainable way through increased access to affordable electricity services,” while the Outcome level goals are “Increased access to low cost energy” and “Improved availability and quality of power supply”. Access to electricity has been shown to have specific benefits for women and for men, with some examples given in Table x.

Box: Some of the well documented impacts of rural electrification on women in other countries include: o Women in electrified households reading more (India); o 1-2 hours per day saving in avoided journeys for battery charging, kerosene purchase, and household activities such as grain grinding (Sri Lanka); o Improving homework and school performance, avoiding eye problems, increased enrolment of girls and safety from street lighting (Tunisia); o Increased opportunities for employment of women in electrified households and greater control over their income (Bangladesh); and o Maternal health benefits from electrification of clinics (Philippines).

In addition, in Uganda two important potential benefits of rural electrification for women and girls have been identified by REA: o Security, especially for women and girls. Lighting in the night improves the general security of a place. Women and girls are generally at higher risk of being attacked at night and so lighting on the streets and around their homes could improve their personal security. It is also important to note that most kitchens in rural dwellings are independent units outside the main house. In most cases these facilities are not electrified and yet women and girls have to stay out cooking for the rest of the family. Targeting lighting in and around kitchen units specifically would go a long way towards improving women’s security not only from potential attacks from people but also from wild animals, including snakes. o Health and safety. There have been occasional fires started in rural dwellings caused by kerosene lamps or candles. The fact that most of these dwellings are grass-thatched puts these families at even greater risk. Electricity could improve the situation.

Possible entry points:  For Nkenda-Hoima, the Norplan appraisal suggests that UETCL should discuss the overall wanted impact from regional/national electrification and identify some KPIs to measure overall impact (as this is outside of the project scope). These regional/national impact indicators could be sex-disaggregated. For example,

37 strengthening and expanding the transmission capacity will introduce new possibilities and increase the capacity for public services such as schools, health services and the infrastructure in general, which would benefit women in gender-specific ways.  Also, the REA plans to carry out gender-sensitive baseline surveys in its new Norwegian-supported rural electrification projects, in order to demonstrate development impacts. Gender- sensitive impact indicators have been selected in the PD.9 These surveys might be used to establish an index of benefits to women and to men, that could be applied to impacts from increased generation and transmission outputs, for example an increase of 100 kWh of supply due to increased access or improved availability, leads to the establishment of x number of women- owned businesses or to x improvement in maternal health.

9 These include eg increased employment, disaggregated by gender; schools eg increased number of students, increased school grade average (disaggregated by gender); health facilities eg number of health facilities connected and using electricity, change in number of women assisted in maternity units; improved delivery of potable water, eg number of people served with safe water, number of water works using electricity; change in # of women-owned and men-owned businesses using electricity; change in # of electrified grain mills.

38 5 Baseline and entry points for gender integration in the Norwegian supported transmission projects

5.1 Transmission line projects

Baseline: The Nkenda-Hoima transmission line Project Document mentions gender in one section in relation to spousal consent and social disruption due to increased income of men, with reference to the RAP, and child labour with reference to the EIA. No gender-specific activities or indicators are included however in the monitoring system, environmental and social monitoring plan, or 2010Annual Report on RAP progress. The Uganda-DR Congo feasibility study includes a gender section covering a number of important issues.

Possible entry points: Potential gender entry points in transmission line projects identified in the desk review include: - At the activity level in construction, ensuring that mitigation plans avoid negative impacts on women as well as men; and further, provide positive impacts on both women and men and enhance gender equality. - at the activity and output level in training of staff, enhancing the professional competence and knowledge of both women and men, including in gender mainstreaming, by creating equal opportunities for women and men staff, and by providing for gender capacity in the implementing agencies. - at the outcome and impact levels of the project goal, the differential impacts of increased supply and reliability of electricity on women and men could be monitored at the national/regional level.

Gender integration at the activity level in construction could ensure that mitigation plans avoid negative impacts on women as well as men; and further, provide positive impacts on both women and men and enhance gender equality, by:

39 - strengthening gender considerations in the EIA and RAP mitigation planning by identifying and including specific gender- targeted activities, as part of the Norplan-recommended harmonization of the EIA, RAP and CSEAP. - adding gender indicators to the monitoring plan for EIA and RAP, and reporting on these.

In addition, in updating the 2004 NEMA guideline for the feasibility study safeguards studies for the energy sector, gender integration could be strengthened, perhaps following the IFC Handbook.10 Specific gender activities and monitoring indicators could be added. For example, the Kawanda-Masaka feasibility study has more detail on many of the safeguards issues, than the Nkenda-Hoima safeguards studies, and it would be advisable for UETCL to adopt a standard practice. It is not clear why the Nkenda-Hoima RAP, undated, does not follow the same model of analysis and use the same monitoring indicators as the Kawanda-Masaka RAP, dated June 2011; both are carried out by the same consulting organization, SMEC. For example, the Kawanda-Masaka RAP includes nearly 50 performance indicators, some of which are sex-disaggregated, while the Nkenda-Hoima RAP suggests fewer than 20 and only education and gender of head of household of PAPs are sex-disaggregated.

Gender integration at the activity and output level in training of staff could include: - Enhancing the professional competence and knowledge of both women and men staff, including about gender mainstreaming - Specific measures, targets and monitoring to encourage the participation of female staff in training and workshops; - specific messages to attract women in recruitment campaigns and advertisements; - providing for gender training for safeguards units officers in UETCL and NEMA - involve MGLSD in general education and awareness raising on gender issues for management and staff

10 IFC Social and Development Department, Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan. 40 Annex 1 provides a table with detailed suggestions on possible gender entry points and indicators for enhancing gender integration in transmission line projects.

Possible process and performance indicators: Based on this analysis, key gender indicators for transmission projects could include both process indicators and performance indicators, for example:

Process indicators such as: - baseline situation for key gender indicators established in the feasibility study and mitigation plans and monitored (EIA, RAP, CSEAP)

- gender integration capacity of UETCL

- human resources development of UETCL m/f staff

- participation of women and women’s organizations in policy level discussions eg Master Plan, regional planning seminars

Performance indicators such as: - gender-equitable land compensation and resettlement policy implemented

- local employment in construction m/f and support

- consultation with both women and men before, during and after construction

- community support activities targeted at women and men

- participation of women in training m/f

Suggestions for how these gender baseline indicators for transmission projects could be incorporated in the EIA and RAP mitigation plans are given in Annexes 2 and 3 respectively.

According to the activities that UETCL prioritizes, these activities and indicators could be integrated into transmission line project:

41 - ToR for feasibility studies – the section on gender in the Uganda- DRC feasibility study could be revised and used as a model - ToR for EIA and RAP and their mitigation plans - Project Documents and monitoring system - Annual Reports

5.2 Twinning arrangement with Statnett

Baseline:

Gender and women are not mentioned in the current Phase III Project Document for the twinning arrangement with Statnett. One conclusion from the Appraisal of Phase II of the Institutional Co-operation between UETCL and Statnett SF was to revise the project document, to address gender and HIV/AIDS. The Phase II PD indeed states that “To promote equal opportunities between genders both men and women amongst the UETCL staff should be represented in Work Groups and in the Workshops to be arranged. Where possible, woman should be pro- actively involved in the project.” The LFA however did not mention gender or disaggregate indicators eg workshops and committees or training by sex, and the Annual Report for 2010 does not mention gender or women. The PD for Phase III of the project does not include a similar activity and in fact states that it has no specific outputs on the fight against HIV/Aids or gender but will rely on UETCL’s guidelines and sensitization programs on these issues.

Possible entry points:  As a first step, promotion of equal opportunities between genders among UETCL staff could be re-instated into Phase III and the numbers of women and men staff participating in Working Groups and Workshops could be monitored and a baseline established, as suggested in the Phase II Appraisal.  The question also arises from the side of the Norwegian agency, Statnett, of its internal gender and human resources policies, and whether there are experiences or expertise that could be shared with UETCL.  It could also be explored whether Statnett has its own 42 experience with carrying out EIAs and RAPs in Norway involving both women and men, that could be shared.  Educating and sensitizing both Norwegian and Ugandan programme partners on gender aspects of community impacts, environmental management and stakeholder and community involvement could also be considered.

Annex 1. Possible Gender Entry Points and Indicators for Enhancing Gender Integration in Transmission Line Projects

1. Construction, including EIA, RAP, CSEAP Effective Gender Targeted Rationale Key Actions Possible Indicators Activities Gender-informed baseline and - Sex disaggregation of beneficiary - Conduct baseline and feasibility Socio-economic indicators of feasibility surveys, monitoring and indicators is essential to ensure surveys to identify current situation, livelihoods restoration/improvements evaluation equitable distributional impacts. needs and constraints of households of PAPs eg changes in: -Gender indicators enable the and businesses of PAPs - assessment of progress towards disaggregated by eg male/female, greater gender equality male-headed/female headed - households, women-owned/men- - owned businesses - Develop relevant gender focused indicators to assess progress towards greater gender equality, including in Indicators of status of women: mitigation plans - - Using qualitative as well as quantitative data collection methods - - Ensuring that times for interviews and discussion groups fit women’s - domestic and other work schedules - Document best practices in gender- focused actions in transmission line projects, to use in other projects

Equitable resettlement and -Wayleaves and resettlement -Female members of the - Number of households (male- compensation compensation targets property resettlement/compensation team, to headed/female-headed) compensated owners, usually male heads of deal with issues of female PAPs with and without spousal consent households, which may have negative - Women and their organizations impacts on women and children in the represented on Village Grievance - Number of households (male- household. Committees headed/female-headed) compensated -Men own 93% of land in Uganda - A communications strategy targeted with cash compensation and with in- while women provide 70% of to reach women as well as men kind compensation agricultural labour as workers and - Spousal consent is sought in all produce mostly food for family resettlement and wayleaves - Socio-economic indicators, consumption compensation disaggregated by sex -Women’s land rights have been - Preference for “land-for-land” recognized in the Land Act and Land compensation over cash Acquisition Act, and spousal consent compensation, to protect vulnerable is a requirement on all matters relating members of the household to land from which the family derives - Attention to female-headed sustenance households as a vulnerable group

43 - Cash compensation may be abused - Development of a livelihoods as women and children have little say restoration strategy that addresses over family affairs both women’s and men’s livelihoods -A more participatory resettlement and way leaves process can reduce complaints, delays, and unintended negative consequences Gender-sensitive prevention of - It is widely recognized that A comprehensive and gender-aware - Health status of women and men in HIV/AIDS, sexual violence & child construction crews can facilitate the strategy to deal with the public health the affected areas, in relation to labour spread of HIV/AIDS, and prevention impacts within the community as a HIV/AIDS, STDs, and sexual violence measures are required. result of population influx, targeting - Fewer projects address the both women and men, could be - Number of school age boys/girls gendered nature of HIV/AIDS (eg included in the CSEAP, including: involved in activities related to the power relations of males and females - Hiring of local women and men, if construction making it difficult for women to say no; they have the requisite skills greater biological susceptibility of - A strict code of conduct for workers women; male gender role to regulate behavior in local expectations leading to risky behavior communities and gender violence). - measures to cover community health - Prostitution, gambling, abuse of and safety alcohol, and STDs is expected by - an action plan to prevent spreading communities, leading to social of STDs disruption and social tensions with - a clear strategy both for the work crews force and the general population - Child labour and school dropout is - components to fight transmission of expected as children help in petty HIV/AIDS trade to provide food and supplies to - Public awareness campaigns using a the project workers wider range of media to reach women as well as men - Workplace prevention programs providing male and female condoms and awareness education, including reduction of violence towards women - Targeting at risk groups (truckers, construction workers and their wives, commercial sex workers) with eduction, testing, treatment and care

Mitigate negative environmental - Specific environment impacts on - Monitor differential impacts of - access/distance to water supply impacts on livelihoods of women livelihoods identified by EIAs include environmental issues on women and and men disturbance and degeneration of men - changes in access to natural wetland ecosystems, resulting in - Identify and mitigate water supply resources, such as fisheries and disruptions in water quality and sources, unprotected and protected forests, by women and men availability, fisheries, crops, forest springs in the affected areas resource, etc. - Women rely heavily on local agriculture and natural resources for their livelihoods - Women are responsible for household systems of sanitation, nutrition, health and childcare Local employment In construction - Nonfarm employment has been - Assess current situation, Number of women and men employed with gender targets identified as important route for rural opportunities and barriers for women’s in project construction and support women to rise from poverty in Uganda participation in construction and - Local employment reduces risk of support work Number of women and men PAPs introduction of HIV/AIDS by migrant - Skills training for women to enable employed in project construction and 44 construction workers their participation support - It offers opportunities for women’s - Effective communication to increased contribution to household communities about employment Number of women-owned and men- income, decision making and opportunities targeted to women as owned businesses involved in project increased gender equality well as men activities and supply - It increases sustainability through - Possible advantage in bidding given local sense of ownership to contractors who employ women/ Number of women and men trained have gender training Promote livelihood opportunities - Infrastructure projects can be an - Explore opportunities for community - Employment and income generated for women and men opportunity for local development, support measures, including women: through community support measures, mitigating local tensions that delay forestry, electrification, bundled for women and men and damage lines electricity/cooking packages, loan schemes, roads/bridges Stakeholder consultations with - Public consultation that includes - Consult local women and men using - Number of focus groups with women and men females and males of different age surveys and focus groups in feasibility women, men, mixed conducted per groups enables public support for studies village transmission lines - Consult regularly during construction - Number of women actively - Separate consultation of women and to get feedback on how effectively the participating in meetings men often results in practical transmissions line project has - Number of women representatives in considerations that would be incorporated their suggestions governance and grievance structures overlooked without women’s input - Include women and women’s organizations in governance and grievance structures of the project and in project evaluation - A communications strategy targeted at both women and men 2. Training of staff Effective Gender Targeted Rationale Key Actions Possible Indicators Activities Equal opportunity in human - UETCL has identified urgently - Promotion of equal opportunities Number of staff trained (m/f) resource development needed training and capacity building between genders among staff to programs for its staff participate in working groups and Number of staff participating in - Increasingly, electricity companies workshops Working Groups and Workshops (m/f) eg KPLC, BPC are adopting equal - Explore with twinning arrangement opportunity policies to promote talents whether the Norwegian partner has and skills of both women and men experiences or expertise to share on - Phase II of the Statnett training its internal gender and human arrangement sought to promote equal resources policies opportunities between genders in Working Groups and Workshops Building gender capacity of - In order to effectively integrate - A gender training component could # and % of staff trained in gender implementing organizations gender actions into project appraisals, be included in planned capacity integration, at different levels preparation, implementation, and building of the safeguards unit monitoring, the safeguards unit - The environmental authority may # of female staff in resettlement teams responsible for social and also be strengthened with gender environmental monitoring needs a training certain gender capacity - Female staff included in resettlement - The indicative training program for teams Nkenda-Hoima includes training related to safeguards implementation, monitoring and reporting, and occupational health and safety - female staff can deal most effectively with problems of female PAPs

3. Regional/national impacts Measuring impacts of increased -The impact level goal of transmission - Overall impact indicators of Increased employment, disaggregated 45 electricity supply and access on projects is increased economic and increased electricity availability and by gender women and men social development in a sustainable quality can be sex-disaggregated way through increased access to where possible and include gender- affordable electricity services relevant indicators Schools eg increased number of -Access to electricity has been shown - Gender-sensitive baseline surveys students, increased school grade to have specific benefits for women planned by REA could be helpful to average (disaggregated by gender) and for men establish development impacts -The Norplan appraisal suggests that Health facilities eg number of health UETCL discuss the overall wanted facilities connected and using impact from regional/national electricity, change in number of electrification and identify some KPIs women assisted in maternity units to measure overall impact (as this is outside project scope) Improved delivery of potable water, eg number of people served with safe water, number of water works using electricity

Change in # of women-owned and men-owned businesses using electricity

Change in # of electrified grain mills

11 These indicators are excerpted from the Logframe for the most recent Norwegian-supported rural electrification projects by REA. 46 Annex 2: Identification of Possible Gender-Sensitive Indicators for the Nkenda-Hoima EIA Mitigation Plan12

Biophysical and Proposed Mitigation and Monitoring Indicators, with possible gender-sensitive Social impact Aspects for Monitoring adjustments

Loss of crops Both male and female farmers Documentation of lost crops within should be notified in advance with quantities and quality construction corridor Restrict movement of Valuation of lost property Equipment Evidence of reasonable Compensate affected persons compensation of the affected both men and women people

Number of people (male/female) compensated with and without spousal consent and compensated with cash versus in-kind compensation

Date of compensation

Livelihood restoration strategy that addresses both women’s and men’s livelihoods

Number of male-headed and female-headed (MHH/FHH) households supported by the livelihood restoration strategy

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Number of sensitization workshops conducted per village, targeting and with active participation of both women and men Evidence of a thorough gender-sensitive RAP Absence of intimidation by UETCL and contractor to the affected people both women and men Magnitude of conflicts arising, by women and by men

12 The Monitoring Indicators used here are those in the proposed simplified Norplan monitoring plan in Annex 5 of the Norplan appraisal, plus the indicators relating to stakeholder consultation in the PD monitoring plan which were not included in the Norplan plan, highlighted in blue. Gender-sensitive suggestions to the current text are printed in red. 13 A full range of socio-economic indicators of homestead members is given in Table 17 of the Kawanda-Masaka RAP 47 Spot alteration Tower shifting should be used Options considered’ of agricultural to minimize adverse impacts land use, of the tower sites Areas altered grassland and wetlands by Compensate affected Persons Number of injurious cases (m/f) Tower spots both men and women Evidence of sorting out the injurious cases

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Attitudes of the local population both women and men towards the contractor and staff Number of complaints brought up against the contractor by women and men Contractors relationship with the district and local leaders, both women and men Absence of intimidation of women and men

Loss of Land to UETCL to work with district Documentation of size of the power line and local council committees land lost per household (MHH/FHH) in the corridor and sensitize all people both women and men to be affected Valuation of lost land on the intentions of land acquisition Evidence of compensation

UETCL to conduct a gender- Number of people (m/f) sensitive RAP compensated with and without spousal consent and with cash compensation versus in-kind compensation

Date of compensation

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Level and number of stakeholder involvement from the village level up to district level, targeting and with active participation of both women and men Presence of evaluation and dispute management committees with representation of both women and men Evidence of a detailed gender-sensitive RAP Magnitude of conflicts and disputes arising, by women and by men

Displacement of UETCL to work with local Documentation of structures built up district committees lost per household (MHH/FHH) structures UETCL to a conduct a (homes, Kiosks, detailed Resettlement Action Evidence of compensation

48 commercial Plan (RAP) in accordance with buildings, World Bank Group and its Number of people (m/f) latrines) by the Safeguard Policies compensated with and without spousal consent and with cash Right of Way All sorts of compensation to compensation versus in-kind compensation and Way leave be effected at least 6 months before structures are Date of compensation demolished. Presence of evaluation and dispute management committees from village level to district level with adequate representation of both women and men

Nature of conflicts and Disputes

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Number of sensitization workshops conducted per village targeting and with active participation of both women and men Level and number of stakeholder involvement from the village level up to district level, targeting and with active participation of both women and men Magnitude of conflicts and disputes arising during and before project implementation, by women and by men

Psychological Sensitize affected Consultative and information impacts such as women and men in advance sharing meetings between stress, trauma, using all appropriate forms of the project and local shock and fear media taking differing literacy, authorities, with adequate representation of both women and men associated with mobility etc into account. displacement Grievances registered, sorted and Compensate the affected and pending (m/f) resettlement women and men in compliance with Ugandan legislation, Understanding of complaint IFC’s Performance Standard 5 forwarding procedures by the and WB OP 4.12. PAPs (m/f)

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Level of awareness depicted by the local people both men and women in regard to the project Extent of curiosity expressed by the locals and the affected people both men and women Presence of intimidation of women and men Willingness to talk about and criticize the project by the affected people both women and men Number of conflicts and disputes from the affected people , both women and men, on the project

Loss of Restrict movement of Areas restored after 49 vegetation and equipment to designated path Construction animal habitats ways by vehicle Adjust tower intervals to avoid Number of ecologically traffic, clearing ecologically sensitive areas sensitive sites spared. of Way leaves UETCL to make financial and and access or material contribution UETCL budget to roads. towards local environmental environmental programs programs. UETCL to offset the Environmental protection biodiversity lost programs implemented

Number of trees planted by implementing agencies

Level of involvement of UETCL in tree planting project

Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Attitude of the local people both men and women towards the contractor and the UETCL

Disturbance Increasing spacing of towers Number of towers within the wetlands and so as to reduce the number of Number of access roads degeneration of towers in wetlands Presence of wetland permits from WID wetland Use low ground-pressure ecosystems construction equipment Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision: Level of involvement of both male and female local leaders Child Labor All children below 18 Number of children (boys/girls) involved years should not be in activities related to the involved. construction of this 220KV power line

50 Annex 3: Possible gender indicators for a RAP monitoring system (Excerpt from Nkenda-Hoima PD p104, with gender suggestions printed in red) The evaluation system will be based on: Process indicators that measure effectiveness of processes (consultation, grievance) and inputs like people, equipment and materials and identify areas where improvements to existing processes are required. These may include the following: . Transparency of the implementation process. . Adequacy of staff and capacity of the implementation agencies. Including gender capacity and balance . Effectiveness of the grievance process for women and for men . Adequacy and effectiveness of Public Consultation process including women and women’s organizations . Effectiveness of the Internal Monitoring Mechanism. . Compliance of the resettlement process with Ugandan law and international standards (World Bank, IFC), including spousal consent under the Land Act

b) Outcome indicators that assess the effectiveness of the resettlement and changes have occurred to the communities’ standard of living. Key indicators are outlined in Table 22.

Table 22: Outcome Indicators disaggregated by female-headed and male- headed households (FHH/MHH) and by male/female (m/f) as appropriate

51 Category Indicator Assets Change in housing quality MHH/FHH Change in house ownership Change in number/access/size of outbuildings Change in access to distant land plots/ homestead land Employmen Change in number of people employed t MHH/FHH Change in the number of ‘vulnerable’ people unemployed Change in the stability of income (e.g. from full-time to part time employment) Income Change in the average income per person, per household MHH/FHH Change in source of income Employmen Number of affected people (m/f) employed in the project construction Number of women-owned and men-owned businesses involved in project t by the activities and supply project Expenditur Change in expenditure/ time spent on travel (to work, healthcare, e markets, extracurricular activities, cultural sites, kindergarten ) MHH/FHH Change in expenditure on healthcare, kindergarten, household goods, livestock produce) Infrastructu Changes in access to entertainment/ community facilities/water re supply/grain mills MHH/FHH Change in access to/ quality of healthcare, education, kindergarten, markets, transportation Availability of extracurricular activities at school Health m/f Change in frequency/ type of health problems, frequency of accessing healthcare Education Change in number of children (boys and girls) attending kindergarten/ boarding school Community Change in type/ frequency of interactions Networks Change in support received within the community m/f 52 Category Indicator Status of Access to credit women Participation in training programs Landholding status

53 Annex 4: List of resources consulted

A. UETCL and Norway project-related documents

UETCL, Nkenda-Hoima 220kV Power Transmission Line Project, Project Application Document, September 2011.

Norplan, Appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima Transmission Line; Project Document and TOR for the Supervision Consultancy Services, Uganda, Final report, December 2011.

SMEC, Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Hoima-Fort Portal- Nkenda 220kV Power Transmission Line, Report to UETCL, August 2011.

UETCL, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Proposed Hoima-Fort Portal- Nkenda 220kV Power Transmission Line, Report to UETCL, January 2011.

UETCL, Project Implementation Department: Environment Section, Nkenda- Fort Portal-Hoima Transmission Line Project, RAP Implementation Progress Report, December 2011.

Statement of requirements, TOR for the Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Proposed Hoima-Kafu 220kV Transmission Line and Related Substations.

Statement of requirements, ToR for the Feasibility Study for Hoima-Kafu 220kV Transmission Line and Related Substations

Mirama-Kikagati-Nsongezi 132kV Transmission Line, Project Profile.

RFP, Nile Basin Initiative Nile Equatorial lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP), Uganda – DR Congo Power Transmission Line Study, Feasibility Study, December 2011.

World Bank, Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR74.1 Million to the Repbulic of Uganda for an Electricity Sector Development Project, May 31, 2011.

Kawanda-Masaka Transmission Line Electricity Sector Development Project, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), www.smec.com, June 2011.

Statnett, Project Document, Twinning project between Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (UETCL) and Statnett SF, Phase III 2012-2015, Draft 08/12/2011.

54 Scanteam, Review Phase I and Appraisal Phase II of the UETCL-Statnett Twinning Arrangement for Capacity Development Uganda, 2008.

Project Document for Institutional Cooperation between UETCL and Statnett Phase II 2009-2011.

ETC/ENERGIA, Gender mainstreaming in rural electrification projects in Uganda: Initial scoping mission, Final report to the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), Ministry of Energy & Mineral Development, Government of Uganda and the Norwegian Embassy, Kampala, September 2011.

Kamilla Kolshus, Norwegian Embassy in Kampala’s effort within the area of Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Assistance (2011-2013).

B. Other resource documents

Dora Carias, Local Development as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment, CS3-2_community_carias.pdf, EIA for the Reventazon Hydropower Project in Costa Rica

ECOTEC Research & Consulting, The impact of restructuring on women in the electricity industry: A final report for EURELECTRIC, EPSU & EMCEF, 1999.

Ellis, Amanda, Claire Manuel, and C. Mark Blackden, (2010) Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

IFC Social and Development Department, Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan.

Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd, Strategic Plan for Mainstreaming Gender in Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited 2010-2015.

MEMD (2007) The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda, 2007. Government of Uganda

MEMD, The Energy Policy for Uganda, 2002.

Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Millennium

55 Development Goals Report for Uganda: Special theme: Accelerating progress towards improving maternal health, September 2010.

Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (2007) The Uganda Gender Policy. Governement of Uganda

Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU), Key issues in Uganda’s energy sector, International Institute for Environment & Development, London, UK, 2011.

Republic of Uganda, National Development Plan (2011/10-2014/15), April 2010.

World Bank Social Development & Infrastructure Departments, Making Transport Work for Women and Men: Tools for Task Teams, World Bank, Washington DC , December 2010.

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