Environment: the Science Behind the Stories, 3E (Withgott)

Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 3e (Withgott) Chapter 6

1 Species 6.1

2 Gra ph and Fig ure Inte rpre tati on Que stio ns

3 Use Figure 6.1 to answer the following questions.

4 What does the diagram illustrate? A)

5 Biomes at the highest altitudes roughly parallel biomes at the equator. B)

6 Biomes at the highest altitudes roughly parallel biomes at the poles. C)

7 Rules regarding climate and biomes do not apply to mountainous regions. D)

8 Increasing altitudes demonstrate the stages of succession. E)

9 Mountain ranges demonstrate all of Earth's biomes. Answer:

10 B Diff: 1 Objective:

11 6.7 Biomes

13 The lowest altitude in this figure most closely resembles ______. A)

14 desert B)

15 prairie C)

16 temperate rainforest D)

17 temperate deciduous forest E)

18 chaparral Answer:

19 A Diff: 1 Objective:

20 6.7 Biomes

21 Organis ms most likely to be found at the bottom (left) of this figure would be ______. A)

22 loosestrife B)

23 frogs and fish C)

24 giraffes D)

25 bison E)

26 snakes Answer:

27 E Diff: 1 Objective:

28 6.7 Biomes

29 6.2

30 Mat Match the following. 1)

31 Describe s biome in the eastern United States, north central Europe, and eastern China; character ized by stable precipita tion and seasonal temperat ure variation

32 A) ch aparr l tr dr temperate rainforest o y Diff: 2 pi fo ca re l st

33 D) d O b j e c t i v e :

34 6.7 Biomes

35 E) t

36 Describe s the region west of the Mississip pi River; character ized by limited precipita tion, thick organic soils and extreme temperat ure variation in winter and summer

37 F) b oreal orest te id savanna m u Diff: 2 p o er us at fo e re d st ec

38 I) t 6.7 Biomes O b 3 j ) e c t i v e :

39 Describe Pacific Northwest of the United States and Nagasaki, Japan; characterized by heavy rainfall and s the relatively stable temperatures Diff: 2 Objective:

40 6.7 Biomes

41 Describe terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea; characterized by wet winters and warm dry s the summers Diff: 2 Objective:

42 6.7 Biomes

43 Describe equatorial zone with moderate precipitation that fluctuates seasonally; characterized by warm s an temperatures year round Diff: 2 Objective:

44 6.7 Biomes

46 Describe Egypt, and northwest Mexico; characterized by sparse rainfall and much variation in s Cairo, temperature Diff: 2 Objective:

47 6.7 Biomes

57 6) D S Dnvas I 6 G L 6 6 eive D ihow D fspec i van i 6 iies f einva f f f nand sive : : egive aspec two 2 nies 2 texa can hmpl O ecaus O ees xe fro aecol tm mogic eyou pal or rr leco mtext enom boo ic ik. ohar A fm. A

58 Briefly explain ecological restoration of the Great Plains. Answer:

59 In the 19th century, the western tallgrass prairie of the United States was almost entirely converted to agricultural land. To restore the prairie habitat, native prairie plants were planted, and invaders and competing species were weeded out. Controlled fire was introduced to mimic the prairie fires that historically maintained the community. This program has been a documented success in Illinois.

60 Diff: 3 Objective:

61 6.6 Ecological 5)

62 Briefly describe the factors that determine characteristics of aquatic biomes. Answer:

63 Factors that shape aquatic biomes are water temperature, salinity, dissolved nutrients, wave action, currents, pH, depth, and type of substrate (e.g., sandy muddy or rocky bottom)

65 6.7 Biomes

66 Briefly describe what is meant by a pioneer species. Answer:

67 Pioneer species are among the first to colonize a new substrate after a severe disturbance that creates the conditions for primary succession. Pioneer species usually have airborne dispersal mechanisms such as windblown seeds or spores. Pioneer species such as lichens begin the process of soil formation, paving the way for other vegetation and eventually animals to establish.

69 6.4 Succession

70 Removal ______from an ecological community has particularly strong or far-reaching impact on food of a webs. Answer:

71 keystone species Diff: 2 Objective:

72 6.3 Keystone species

73 ______, such as soil insects and millipedes, are consumers of nonliving organic matter. Answer:

74 Detritivores Diff: 2 Objective:

75 6.2 Feeding relationships and energy flow

77 When organisms seek the same limited resource, their relationship is said to be one of ______. multiple Answer:

78 competition Diff: 2 Objective:

79 6.1 Species 6.4

80 Mul 1)

81 Zebra mussels ______. A)

82 are native to Canada B)

83 were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s C)

84 are presently the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near restricted to future D)

85 are clogging up water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities E)

86 excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes Answer:

87 D Diff: 1 Objective:

88 6.5 Invasive species

90 Individu als of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ______. A)

91 resource partitioning B)

92 competitive exclusion C)

93 symbiosis D)

94 interspecific competition E)

95 intraspecific competition Answer:

97 6.1 Species 3)

98 Zooplan populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of kton zebra mussels because ______. A)

99 zebra mussels prey on zooplankton B)

100 zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton C)

101 zebra mussels feed on cyanobacteria, which zooplankton need as a food source D)

102 zebra mussels penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing block sunlight E)

103 waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton Answer:

105 6.1 Species 4)

106 By definition, parasites ______their host. A)

107 kill B)

108 are much smaller than C)

109 feed on and harm D)

110 cannot live independently of E)

111 never kill Answer:

112 C Diff: 2 Objective:

113 6.1 Species 5)

114 Orchids require tree limbs for support but do not harm the trees. This demonstrates ______. A)

115 facilitation B)

116 commensalis m C)

117 amensalism D)

118 mutualism E)

119 allelopathy Answer:

121 6.1 Species 6)

122 ______capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. A)

123 Producers B)

124 Primary consumers C)

125 Secondary consumers D)

126 Detritivores E)

127 Heterotrophs Answer:

130 7)

131 Grazing animals such as deer are ______. A)

132 producers B)

133 primary consumers C)

134 secondary consumers D)

135 detritivores E)

136 decomposers Answer:

139 8)

140 Zooplan kton-eating fish are ______. A)

141 producers B)

142 primary consumers C)

143 secondary consumers D)

144 detritivores E)

145 herbivores Answer:

148 9)

149 Which of the following is true about top predators? A)

150 They are likely to be keystone species. B)

151 They are likely to be herbivores. C)

152 They are likely to be producers. D)

153 They include bacteria and fungi. E)

154 Their removal increases biodiversity. Answer:

157 Secondar y succession ______. A)

158 requires primary succession to precede it B)

159 occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape C)

160 occurs after a fire or flood D)

161 typically begins with lichen colonizing rock E)

162 is very predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community Answer:

164 6.4 Succession

165 ______that communities are temporary associations of individual species that can reassemble argued themselves into different combinations. A)

166 David Strayer B)

167 Robert Costanza C)

168 Charles Darwin D)

169 Frederick Clements E)

170 Henry Gleason Answer:

172 6.4 Succession

173 12)

174 Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity? A)

175 temperate deciduous forest B)

176 prairie C)

177 tropical rainforest D)

178 temperate rainforest E)

179 boreal forest Answer:

181 6.7 Biomes

182 Desert and tundra both ______. A)

183 have lithosols B)

184 have wide temperature variations throughout the year C)

185 lack many insects D)

186 have relatively low precipitation E)

187 lack shrubs Answer:

189 6.7 Biomes

190 Taiga and tundra both ______. A)

191 lack trees B)

192 have low temperatures throughout the year C)

193 lack many birds D)

194 have many burrowing rodents E)

195 are found in the United States Answer:

197 6.7 Biomes

198 The up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is statemen meant to demonstrate that ______change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude. t, "hiking A)

199 biomes B)

200 oxygen levels C)

201 carbon dioxide levels D)

202 levels of industrial air pollutants E)

203 human population density Answer:

205 6.7 Biomes

206 ______are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. A)

207 Snakes B)

208 Deer C)

209 Shelf fungi D)

210 Bison E)

211 Wolves Answer:

213 6.7 Biomes

214 17)

215 A climax community always ______. A)

216 results after succession proceeds B)

217 remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession C)

218 describes terrestrial biomes D)

219 describes aquatic biomes E)

220 returns to its original state Answer:

222 6.4 Succession

223 Herbivor y is a type of ______. A)

224 competition B)

225 mutualism C)

226 neutralism D)

227 ecological restoration E)

228 predation Answer:

230 6.1 Species 19)

231 Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes ______. A)

232 live near the water's surface B)

233 are harmed by the presence of zebra mussels C)

234 benefit from the presence of zebra mussels D)

235 include phytoplankton E)

236 include zebra mussels Answer:

239 Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ______association. A)

240 allelopathic B)

241 homeopathic C)

242 trophic D)

243 symbiotic E)

244 benthic Answer:

246 6.1 Species 21)

247 Which of the following are pioneer species? A)

248 lichens B)

249 wolves and mountain lions C)

250 beavers D)

251 aspen trees E)

252 zebra mussels Answer:

254 6.4 Succession

255 22)

256 Techniqu es to eradicate zebra mussels ______. A)

257 are global and long lived B)

258 are relatively inexpensive C)

259 are relatively simple D)

260 have not yet been attempted E)

261 include introducing predators and diseases Answer:

264 Efforts at urban restoration ______. A)

265 have failed in San Francisco B)

266 mostly have been attempted in developing nations C)

267 are very inexpensive D)

268 intend to undo damage done to communities due to urban development E)

269 are not viable conservation strategies for the future Answer:

272 Kelp ______. A)

273 is eaten by sea otters B)

274 is eaten by orcas C)

275 suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels D)

276 suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins E)

277 is inhabited by sea urchins Answer:

280 Environ and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include mentally ______. A)

281 public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods B)

282 application of potent pesticides that kill the introduced species C)

283 banning of all importation of non-native species with heavy fines for non-compliance D)

284 removal of all individuals by collecting, baiting, trapping and, for plants, prescribed burning the invasive E)

285 killing off pollinators for invasive plants, food sources for invasive animals Answer:

288 Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes for any given location because ______. A)

289 biodiversity and daylength will change B)

290 mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change C)

291 many species may become extinct D)

292 food web dynamics will change E)

293 soil chemistry, pH of precipitation and the frequency of invasive species will change Answer:

295 6.7 Biomes

296 The Everglades Restoration Plan in Florida ______. A)

297 seeks to exterminate numerous invasive fish species and plants B)

298 will restore levels of water flow by undoing numerous damming and drainage projects restore natural C)

299 will result in serious depletion of drinking water supplies for humans in south Florida D)

300 will probably destroy much of the commercial fishing in the area E)

301 is a short-term restoration project with a two-year implementation plan Answer:

303 6.6 Ecological 6.5

304 Tru 1)

305 Climbing elevation causes a much more rapid change in climate than moving the same distance toward up in the poles. Answer:

306 TRUE Diff: 1 Objective:

307 6.7 Biomes

308 The 30- $7.8-billion Everglades restoration project intends to dam up portions of the Everglades to aid year, in water control. Answer:

309 FALSE Diff: 2 Objective:

311 Tempera oxygen concentrations are the two abiotic factors that exert the greatest influence on biome ture and determination. Answer:

313 6.7 Biomes

314 Keystone species are most often found at lower trophic levels. Answer:

317 In amensalism, one species benefits, and the other is unaffected Answer:

319 6.1 Species

320 6.6

321 Ess ay Que stio ns

322 1)

323 What l traits do successful invasive species possess? How do these traits interact to make controlling ecologica them difficult? Answer:

324 Invasive species possess high fecundity, large dispersal ability, the tendency toward general habitat preference, large phenotypic plasticity, and an absence of native biotic controls such as competitors, predators, and pathogens. Possessing these traits, elimination can be virtually impossible, even if only a few survive. They are very adaptable to new environments and spread very rapidly once established.

327 Why do environmentalists favor the term food web as opposed to food chain? Answer:

328 Ecological systems are far more complex than simple linear chains. Feeding relationships and energy flow among interacting organisms usually take many paths in a community. For instance, Figure 6.12 in the text illustrates how grasses are food for a variety of animals such as deer, mice, and rabbits. Birds eat a variety of insects, spiders, and berries. Soil bacteria decompose a variety of dead plants and animals.

331 3)

332 List the trophic levels in a food web. What types of organisms are found in each level? Where are the three autotrophs and heterotrophs found? Discuss the significance of each level for the integral major functioning of the food web. Answer:

333 The three major trophic levels are producer, consumer, and decomposer. Producers include green plants and chemo- and photosynthetic bacteria. All organisms are autotrophs in this level. The next level, consumers, includes herbivores as primary consumers and carnivores as secondary and tertiary consumers. All organisms at this level are heterotrophs. The final level is the decomposers, which include all detritivores, bacteria, and fungi. These are all heterotrophs. Producers are important because they provide the energetic and material basis for consumption of all other levels. The decomposers' role is to aid in soil production and fertility and they recycle nutrients to the producers. The consumers are a very significant force in regulating populations of plants and prey animals. They also are important as pollinators and 334 producer, consumer, and decomposer. Producers include green plants and chemo- and photosynthetic bacteria. All organisms are autotrophs in this level. The next level, consumers, includes herbivores as primary consumers and carnivores as secondary and tertiary consumers. All organisms at this level are heterotrophs. The final level is the decomposers, which include all detritivores, bacteria, and fungi. These are all heterotrophs. Producers are important because they provide the energetic and material basis for consumption of all other levels. The decomposers' role is to aid in soil production and fertility and they recycle nutrients to the producers. The consumers are a very significant force in regulating populations of plants and prey animals. They also are important as pollinators and dispersers of plant species 335 Diff: 3 Objective:

337 4)

338 Discuss ways to control invasive species. Answer:

339 Controlling and eradicating invasive species are difficult and expensive. A wide variety of techniques has been tried, among them manual removal, introduction of predators, and application of toxic chemicals, heat, sound, electric current, and ultraviolet light. Most of these techniques are localized and short-lived solutions that are not very effective. Prevention of their spread through education and legislation might prove more effective in the future.

342 5)

343 Discuss interrelationship between great whales, orcas, sea lions, sea urchins, and kelp in the Pacific the Ocean. Answer:

344 At one time, great whales, orcas, sea lions, sea urchins, and kelp lived in a balanced ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the 345 lions, sea urchins, and kelp lived in a balanced ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the 346 balanced ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced 347 Pacific Ocean off the coasts of southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced significantly. This story illustrates the 348 southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced significantly. This story illustrates the interrelationship of organisms within 349 Alaska. However, industrial whaling in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced significantly. This story illustrates the interrelationship of organisms within ecosystems and establishes sea 350 in the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced significantly. This story illustrates the interrelationship of organisms within ecosystems and establishes sea otters as a prime example of a 351 significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great whales were overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales, had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin population expanded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced significantly. This story illustrates the interrelationship of organisms within ecosystems and establishes sea otters as a prime example of a keystone species.

354 Discuss the differences between intraspecific and interspecific competition. Answer:

355 Intraspecific competition is the competition for limited resources by members of the same species. This is part of the process of natural selection and determines which individuals are most fit and will survive to produce offspring under a given set of environmental conditions. Ultimately, this process benefits the species long- term, since unfit genetic combinations are weeded out of the population. Interspecific competition takes between different species whose gene pools are closed to one another. This is the only ecological interaction considered to be (-/-), since all species involved have smaller populations and less resources than if they were not competing. The long-term result will be for the competing species to evolve different strategies for survival and different resource use patterns, provided that one or more 356 competition for limited resources by members of the same species. This is part of the process of natural selection and determines which individuals are most fit and will survive to produce offspring under a given set of environmental conditions. Ultimately, this process benefits the species long- term, since unfit genetic combinations are weeded out of the population. Interspecific competition takes between different species whose gene pools are closed to one another. This is the only ecological interaction considered to be (-/-), since all species involved have smaller populations and less resources than if they were not competing. The long-term result will be for the competing species to evolve different strategies for survival and different resource use patterns, provided that one or more competitors is not extirpated by the 357 by members of the same species. This is part of the process of natural selection and determines which individuals are most fit and will survive to produce offspring under a given set of environmental conditions. Ultimately, this process benefits the species long- term, since unfit genetic combinations are weeded out of the population. Interspecific competition takes between different species whose gene pools are closed to one another. This is the only ecological interaction considered to be (-/-), since all species involved have smaller populations and less resources than if they were not competing. The long-term result will be for the competing species to evolve different strategies for survival and different resource use patterns, provided that one or more competitors is not extirpated by the stronger species.

359 6.1 Species

360 6.7

361 Sce Read the following scenario and answer the questions below

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in Arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.

362 If the warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt. This may next lead to ______of the climate community. A)

363 primary succession B)

364 secondary succession C)

365 coevolution D)

366 climax E)

367 facilitation Answer:

369 6.4 Succession

370 Which of following might be first to populate an area after permafrost melts in response to global climate the change? A)

371 lichens B)

372 shrubs C)

373 aspen trees D)

374 grasses E)

375 hardwood trees Answer:

377 6.4 Succession

378 Intense es that may result from global warming can directly lead to ______within communities. hurrican A)

381 coevolution D)

382 climax E)

383 facilitation Answer:

385 6.4 Succession

386 4)

387 Global has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees search for food earlier in warming response to this, this would represent ______within the community. A)

390 coevolution D)

391 climax E)

392 extirpation Answer:

394 6.1 Species 5)

395 The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ______. A)

396 predation B)

397 parasitism C)

398 herbivory D)

399 mutualism E)

400 competition Answer:

402 6.1 Species 6)

403 Global hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If caterpillars that feed on oak tree flower warming buds do not adjust to the earlier oak tree bud burst and subsequently starve, this represents has been ______. A)

406 coevolution D)

407 community climax E)

408 extirpation Answer:

410 6.1 Species 7)

411 The relationship between flowering plants and caterpillars is best described as ______. A)

412 amensalism B)

413 parasitism C)

414 herbivory D)

415 mutualism E)

416 commensalis m Answer:

418 6.1 Species interactions