General Characteristics of the Earth ( Layan, Emilio, and Keros)

General Characteristics of the Earth (Layan, Emilio, and Keros)

Geologists: A person who studies the nature and history of the Earth’s crust. Fossil: An imprint of an animal or preserved in the Earth’s crust. The Biosphere: The regions in which life can exist on Earth. The Earth’s internal structure is divided to 3 layers:

 The crust

 The mantle

 The core Bed rock: A thick layer of rock lying under the soil. Abyss: A place where the ocean is extremely deep. Glacier: An accumulation of snow transformed into ice that descends into valleys. The four layers of the atmosphere

 The Troposphere

 The Stratosphere

 The Mesosphere

 The Thermosphere Pebble: A rock worn and polished by the friction of the water. Magma: Liquid rock in the Earth’s crust. When it reaches to the surface, it is called lava.

Geological Phenomena (Pierros, Zakia, Thomas, Ryan)

Convection: Explain the plate movement. Beneath the crust by currents, the hottest rock rises, travelling from the lower mantle to the upper mantle. Erosion: Under the effect of wind, water and ice, they wear down and break up. Erosion results in a flattening of landform. Orogenesis: When two continental plates collide, the Earth’s crust warps. It folds over and lifts. The process of forming mountains. Biological Erosion: This type of erosion is caused of living organisms. When they the decompose they release acidic substances that attack rocks, breaking the rock down. Mechanical Erosion: This erosion is caused by variation in temperature and pressure, wind and water. Chemical Erosion: Sometimes rain can be acidic because of pollution in the air. When acid rain falls, it chemically change certain minerals in the soil. Continental shelves: Are under water extensions of the continents. Convection current: A movement that occurs in a liquid or gas when a temperature different exists with the substance. Eruption: The surface runoff of volcanic matter (lava, ash, carbon dioxide etc) from the depths. Lava: The magma that gushes from an eruption volcano. Lava appears in the form of rivers of melted matter.

Astronomical Phenomena (Jeremy, Kya, Zach, Veronique)

Transparent – An object that allows all light to pass through. Opaque – An object that doesn’t allow any light to pass through it. Translucent – An object that allows some light pass through. Comet – A small celestial body that, if flies to close to the sun, will burn up and leave a trail of dust and ice behind it. White Light – Light that looks white but actually has a combination of all colored light. The Electromagnetic Spectrum – The spectrum that contains visible light, radio waves and gamma rays. Meteoroids - Solar Wind - Eclipses - Galaxy -

Transformation of Matter (Niyah, Jamal) Compost = A mixture of organic matter and minerals that resemble black Earth. Deposition = Direct transition from the gaseous state to solid state. Sublimation = Direct transition from solid state to the gaseous state. Evaporation = Gradual transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The transition occurs at a temperature below the boiling point.

Example 1.clothes drying 2.the odor of gasoline when we fill it up our vehicles. Melting = transition from solid state to liquid state. The temperature at which this transition takes place called the melting point. Example 1. Melting ice 2. Melting candle wax. Boiling = Quick transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The temperature occurs to the boiling point Condensation = the temperature at which this occurs is freezing point. It is the same temperature as the melting point. Example 1.water vapor that condenses to form clouds.

Organization Of Matter (Aaliyah, Phoenix)

Atom= It makes all living and non-living things Elements= 115 elements make up the world Solid= It stays there form Liquid= It’s like water and other liquids Gas= the air and clouds Protons= It is found in the center of atoms Neutrons= Also found in the center of atoms Nucleus= Made up neutrons and protons Electrons= Make up the outside of an atom Chemical symbols= All elements has a letter or more so they understand what you are talking about everywhere you go The Diversity of Life Forms (Kassidy, Marivic)

Adaptation - Species must be adapted to their habitat.

Anatomy- The study of structure and organization of humans, plants or animals

Consumer- Feeds on plants or other animals for energy

Decomposer- Decomposes organic material.

Evolution- It is a long process of natural change.

Niche- The physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.

Producer- First level of a food chain

Species- Those that have similar characteristics belong to the same species.

Taxonomy-The classification of living organisms.

The living world (Brandon, Sheldon)

Diffusion: Diffusion describes the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Osmosis: Osmosis controls the movement of water molecules across a membrane, for the concentration to become equal. Photosynthesis: The process when light is turned into food. It only happens to plants. Cellular respiration: The energy of what the cells use to do their activities. Both animals and plants use it. Permeable: To allow some things to pass and some not. Organelles: The internal structure of a cell. (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, etc.) Input: Inputs are substances that enter the cell and are essential to it’s activities. (water, oxygen, nutrients, etc.) Outputs: Outputs are substances that leave the cell. (waste, water, carbon dioxide, etc.) Nutrients: The particles from which the cells feed on. Without nutrients, energy cannot be released. Cells: Cells are living organisms. They’re the smallest living things.

Force and Motion (Benny)

FOUR TYPES OF MOTION

1) Rectilinear motion -a motion in a straight line

2) Alternating motion –rectilinear motion in one direction and then the other

3) Circular motion-a motion that goes around in a circle

4) Oscillatory motion- a motion that goes back and forth

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE-the force that pulls objects toward the center earth. The greater the mass of an object, the more strongly it is pulled+ measured in newton’s. FRICTION- the force that slows down two bodies in contact. AERODYNAMIC PROFILE- a shape designed to offer the least possible resistance to the air. Designers try to give this type of profile to cars and airplanes. FIVE TYPES OF FORCE

1) Flexion force-when something is bent under

2) Tension force-when an object is getting pulled

3) Compression force-when an object is getting squeezed

4) Torsion force-when you screw or unscrew something

5) Shearing force-when you tear something apart

Force is measured in newtons THE FIVE SIMPLE MACHINES

1) The lever- a seesaw

2) The inclined plane- a ramp

3) The pulley- a curtain string

4) The wedge- a door holder

5) The wheel and axle- a wagon

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE-the relationship between the force required to move a load without a device, and the force needed to move the load using a machine or mechanical system.