<p>General Characteristics of the Earth (Layan, Emilio, and Keros)</p><p>Geologists: A person who studies the nature and history of the Earth’s crust. Fossil: An imprint of an animal or preserved in the Earth’s crust. The Biosphere: The regions in which life can exist on Earth. The Earth’s internal structure is divided to 3 layers:</p><p> The crust</p><p> The mantle</p><p> The core Bed rock: A thick layer of rock lying under the soil. Abyss: A place where the ocean is extremely deep. Glacier: An accumulation of snow transformed into ice that descends into valleys. The four layers of the atmosphere </p><p> The Troposphere</p><p> The Stratosphere</p><p> The Mesosphere</p><p> The Thermosphere Pebble: A rock worn and polished by the friction of the water. Magma: Liquid rock in the Earth’s crust. When it reaches to the surface, it is called lava.</p><p>Geological Phenomena (Pierros, Zakia, Thomas, Ryan)</p><p>Convection: Explain the plate movement. Beneath the crust by currents, the hottest rock rises, travelling from the lower mantle to the upper mantle. Erosion: Under the effect of wind, water and ice, they wear down and break up. Erosion results in a flattening of landform. Orogenesis: When two continental plates collide, the Earth’s crust warps. It folds over and lifts. The process of forming mountains. Biological Erosion: This type of erosion is caused of living organisms. When they the decompose they release acidic substances that attack rocks, breaking the rock down. Mechanical Erosion: This erosion is caused by variation in temperature and pressure, wind and water. Chemical Erosion: Sometimes rain can be acidic because of pollution in the air. When acid rain falls, it chemically change certain minerals in the soil. Continental shelves: Are under water extensions of the continents. Convection current: A movement that occurs in a liquid or gas when a temperature different exists with the substance. Eruption: The surface runoff of volcanic matter (lava, ash, carbon dioxide etc) from the depths. Lava: The magma that gushes from an eruption volcano. Lava appears in the form of rivers of melted matter.</p><p>Astronomical Phenomena (Jeremy, Kya, Zach, Veronique)</p><p>Transparent – An object that allows all light to pass through. Opaque – An object that doesn’t allow any light to pass through it. Translucent – An object that allows some light pass through. Comet – A small celestial body that, if flies to close to the sun, will burn up and leave a trail of dust and ice behind it. White Light – Light that looks white but actually has a combination of all colored light. The Electromagnetic Spectrum – The spectrum that contains visible light, radio waves and gamma rays. Meteoroids - Solar Wind - Eclipses - Galaxy - </p><p>Transformation of Matter (Niyah, Jamal) Compost = A mixture of organic matter and minerals that resemble black Earth. Deposition = Direct transition from the gaseous state to solid state. Sublimation = Direct transition from solid state to the gaseous state. Evaporation = Gradual transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The transition occurs at a temperature below the boiling point. </p><p>Example 1.clothes drying 2.the odor of gasoline when we fill it up our vehicles. Melting = transition from solid state to liquid state. The temperature at which this transition takes place called the melting point. Example 1. Melting ice 2. Melting candle wax. Boiling = Quick transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The temperature occurs to the boiling point Condensation = the temperature at which this occurs is freezing point. It is the same temperature as the melting point. Example 1.water vapor that condenses to form clouds.</p><p>Organization Of Matter (Aaliyah, Phoenix)</p><p>Atom= It makes all living and non-living things Elements= 115 elements make up the world Solid= It stays there form Liquid= It’s like water and other liquids Gas= the air and clouds Protons= It is found in the center of atoms Neutrons= Also found in the center of atoms Nucleus= Made up neutrons and protons Electrons= Make up the outside of an atom Chemical symbols= All elements has a letter or more so they understand what you are talking about everywhere you go The Diversity of Life Forms (Kassidy, Marivic)</p><p>Adaptation - Species must be adapted to their habitat.</p><p>Anatomy- The study of structure and organization of humans, plants or animals </p><p>Consumer- Feeds on plants or other animals for energy </p><p>Decomposer- Decomposes organic material.</p><p>Evolution- It is a long process of natural change.</p><p>Niche- The physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources. </p><p>Producer- First level of a food chain</p><p>Species- Those that have similar characteristics belong to the same species.</p><p>Taxonomy-The classification of living organisms.</p><p>The living world (Brandon, Sheldon)</p><p>Diffusion: Diffusion describes the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Osmosis: Osmosis controls the movement of water molecules across a membrane, for the concentration to become equal. Photosynthesis: The process when light is turned into food. It only happens to plants. Cellular respiration: The energy of what the cells use to do their activities. Both animals and plants use it. Permeable: To allow some things to pass and some not. Organelles: The internal structure of a cell. (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, etc.) Input: Inputs are substances that enter the cell and are essential to it’s activities. (water, oxygen, nutrients, etc.) Outputs: Outputs are substances that leave the cell. (waste, water, carbon dioxide, etc.) Nutrients: The particles from which the cells feed on. Without nutrients, energy cannot be released. Cells: Cells are living organisms. They’re the smallest living things.</p><p>Force and Motion (Benny)</p><p>FOUR TYPES OF MOTION</p><p>1) Rectilinear motion -a motion in a straight line</p><p>2) Alternating motion –rectilinear motion in one direction and then the other</p><p>3) Circular motion-a motion that goes around in a circle</p><p>4) Oscillatory motion- a motion that goes back and forth</p><p>GRAVITATIONAL FORCE-the force that pulls objects toward the center earth. The greater the mass of an object, the more strongly it is pulled+ measured in newton’s. FRICTION- the force that slows down two bodies in contact. AERODYNAMIC PROFILE- a shape designed to offer the least possible resistance to the air. Designers try to give this type of profile to cars and airplanes. FIVE TYPES OF FORCE</p><p>1) Flexion force-when something is bent under</p><p>2) Tension force-when an object is getting pulled</p><p>3) Compression force-when an object is getting squeezed</p><p>4) Torsion force-when you screw or unscrew something</p><p>5) Shearing force-when you tear something apart</p><p>Force is measured in newtons THE FIVE SIMPLE MACHINES</p><p>1) The lever- a seesaw</p><p>2) The inclined plane- a ramp</p><p>3) The pulley- a curtain string</p><p>4) The wedge- a door holder</p><p>5) The wheel and axle- a wagon</p><p>MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE-the relationship between the force required to move a load without a device, and the force needed to move the load using a machine or mechanical system.</p>