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Banians in the Bengal Economy (18Th and 19Th Centuries): Historical Perspective
Banians in the Bengal Economy (18th and 19th Centuries): Historical Perspective Murshida Bintey Rahman Registration No: 45 Session: 2008-09 Academic Supervisor Dr. Sharif uddin Ahmed Supernumerary Professor Department of History University of Dhaka This Thesis Submitted to the Department of History University of Dhaka for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) December, 2013 Declaration This is to certify that Murshida Bintey Rahman has written the thesis titled ‘Banians in the Bengal Economy (18th & 19th Centuries): Historical Perspective’ under my supervision. She has written the thesis for the M.Phil degree in History. I further affirm that the work reported in this thesis is original and no part or the whole of the dissertation has been submitted to, any form in any other University or institution for any degree. Dr. Sharif uddin Ahmed Supernumerary Professor Department of History Dated: University of Dhaka 2 Declaration I do declare that, I have written the thesis titled ‘Banians in the Bengal Economy (18th & 19th Centuries): Historical Perspective’ for the M.Phil degree in History. I affirm that the work reported in this thesis is original and no part or the whole of the dissertation has been submitted to, any form in any other University or institution for any degree. Murshida Bintey Rahman Registration No: 45 Dated: Session: 2008-09 Department of History University of Dhaka 3 Banians in the Bengal Economy (18th and 19th Centuries): Historical Perspective Abstract Banians or merchants’ bankers were the first Bengali collaborators or cross cultural brokers for the foreign merchants from the seventeenth century until well into the mid-nineteenth century Bengal. -
Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-Kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L
Western Washington University Western CEDAR A Collection of Open Access Books and Books and Monographs Monographs 2008 Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L. Curley Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Curley, David L., "Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal" (2008). A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs. 5. https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Books and Monographs at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Acknowledgements. 1. A Historian’s Introduction to Reading Mangal-Kabya. 2. Kings and Commerce on an Agrarian Frontier: Kalketu’s Story in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 3. Marriage, Honor, Agency, and Trials by Ordeal: Women’s Gender Roles in Candimangal. 4. ‘Tribute Exchange’ and the Liminality of Foreign Merchants in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 5. ‘Voluntary’ Relationships and Royal Gifts of Pan in Mughal Bengal. 6. Maharaja Krsnacandra, Hinduism and Kingship in the Contact Zone of Bengal. 7. Lost Meanings and New Stories: Candimangal after British Dominance. Index. Acknowledgements This collection of essays was made possible by the wonderful, multidisciplinary education in history and literature which I received at the University of Chicago. It is a pleasure to thank my living teachers, Herman Sinaiko, Ronald B. -
España, Una Historia Global
Entre finales del siglo XV y principios del XIX, la Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Monarquía Hispánica fue una de las mayores y más complejas construcciones políticas jamás LUIS FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ conocidas en la historia. Desde la meseta castella- MONTES (Madrid, 1968) es diplomáti- na hasta las cimas andinas; desde ciudades cosmo- co, escritor y viajero constante por las politas como Sevilla, Nápoles, México o Manila ESPAÑA, rutas del conocimiento. Director y hasta los pueblos y misiones del sudoeste nortea- co-fundador de la revista The Global mericano o la remota base de Nutka, en la cana- Square Magazine. Es autor de dos ensayos diense isla de Vancouver; desde Bruselas a Buenos UNA HISTORIA GLOBAL Aires y desde Milán a Los Ángeles, España ha (Los Estados Unidos y el ascenso de China y Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Luis Francisco dejado su impronta a través de continentes y España, Eurasia y el nuevo teatro del océanos, contribuyendo, en no menor medida, a mundo), coautor del libro Apuntes sobre el la emergencia de la globalización. Una aportación ártico y ha publicado más de cuarenta que ha sido tanto material - el peso de plata hispa- artículos sobre geopolítica y diversos noamericano transportado a través del Atlántico y temas históricos y culturales en medios de del Pacífico fue la primera moneda global , lo que España, América Latina y Estados facilitó la creación de un sistema económico mundial-, como intelectual y artística. Los más Unidos. extraordinarios intercambios culturales tuvieron lugar en casi todos los rincones del Mundo Hispá- nico, no importa a qué distancia estuvieran de la metrópolis. -
Bera Bhashan’ in Bengal1
PUTTING THE RAFTS OUT TO SEA: Talking of ‘Bera Bhashan’ in Bengal1 Transforming Cultures eJournal, Vol. 3 No 2, November 2008 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/TfC 2 Rila Mukherjee Professor of History, Hyderabad Central University, Hyderabad, India. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Abstract Bera (raft) bhasan (sending out) is a ritual linking two societies and two landscapes: the maritime and the agrarian. After the monsoon, palm or plantain rafts are placed on the river to placate the gods. The bera bhasan that is practiced today is an amalgam of earlier practices of two communities-the Islamic and the Hindu. Arab merchants introduced this practice into Bengal when they prayed for safe passage at sea before venturing out. Similarly Hindu peasants would observe a variant of Bera Bhasan called sedo on the last day of pous or January, whereby they would placate the rain and river gods by setting out small rafts on water. On these flowers, sweets and lamps were placed to ensure a good harvest the following year. Therefore two worlds came together in this practice, the maritime and the rural, signifying two kinds of activity, mercantile and agrarian. In seventeenth-century Mughal Bengal it developed from a folk belief into a community practice. In eighteenth-century Nawabi Bengal it was co-opted by the state as pageantry and it is now a state-sponsored enterprise linking the Hindu and Muslim communities. Introduction Bera bhashan is a water ritual of rafts being set out to sea. As well as asserting political and economic control and promoting social harmony, the festival displays a desire to carve out a cosmic space through the seemingly endless negotiation between land and water by way of the raft or bera. -
The Road to Partition M V Pylee an Outline of Indian Constitutional History by V P Menem; Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
BOOK REVIEW The Road to Partition M V Pylee An Outline of Indian Constitutional History by V P Menem; Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1965; pp 84, Rs 3.50 "A N Outline of Indian Constitutional the League. "We may at this distance thought many times before voluntarily History" is the book-form of the of time", he says, "feel that it was abandoning such an advantage." One Birla Endowment Lectures for 1963 irrational, but it is an indubitable of the more serious consequences of delivered by V P Menon under the fact that this period of Provincial au this monumental error was the later auspices of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. tonomy which in most provinces lasted partition of the country. It is a kaleidoscopic account of con barely two years, was an important From that time, a conviction grew stitutional developments in India un turning-point in communal relations." among the British that the Hindus der the British culminating in the (P.42) Among the other factors he were their irreconcilable enemies, and transfer of power in August 1917. The lists the Nehru (Motilal) Report this feeling was only intensified by first part of the book deals with the (1928) which adopted "the straight all that happened later the Indivi British conquest of India, its consoli secular attitude"; it virtually ignored dual Civil Disobedience in 1940-41, dation and the events leading up to the Muslims' fears and proceeded as the rejection of the Cripps Offer in the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms; the if the communal question did not March 1942, the Quit India campaign second part with the constitutional de exist. -
Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs) with Answers Q1- Aurangzeb Died
Class 8 History Chapter 2 “From Trade to Territory” Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers Q1- Aurangzeb died in the year A) 1707 B) 1710 C) 1705 D) 1711 Q2- ______ was the last ruler of Mughal empire. A) Akbar II B) Bahadur Shah Zafar C) Aurangzeb D) Shah Alam II Q3- _____ granted a Charter to East India Company in early 1600s in order to trade with India A) Queen Elizabeth I B) Queen Victoria C) King George V D) Queen Elizabeth II Q4- _____ was the first person to discover a trading route to India. A) Vasco da Gama B) James Cook C) Columbus D) Thomas Cook Q5- Portugese were first to discover sea route to India in _____ A) 1490 B) 1496 C) 1498 D) 1500 Q6- Fine qualities of ____ had big market in Europe when European traders started marketing in India. A) cotton B) timber C) wheat D) pepper Q7- The first English company came up in the year ____ A) 1666 B) 1651 C) 1652 D) 1655 Q8- Kalikata is the old name of A) Calicut B) Kozhikode C) Kolkata D) Madras Q9- Battle of Plassey took place in the year A) 1757 B) 1789 C) 1760 D) 1755 Q10- During late 1690s, the Nawab of Bengal was A) Akbar II B) Khuda Baksh C) Shujauddaulah D) Murshid Quli Khan Q11– Alivardi Khan passed away in the year A) 1756 B) 1791 C) 1780 D) 1777 Q12 ______ was the first major victory of Englishmen in India. A) Battle of Plassey B) Battle of Madras C) battle of Mysore D) Battle of Delhi Q13- _____ led Englishmen in the Battle of Plassey against Bengal nawab in 1757 A) Warren Hasting B) Louis Mountbaitten C) Robert Clive D) Lord Canning Q14- _____ were appointed by -
CC-12:HISTORY of INDIA(1750S-1857) II.EXPANSION and CONSOLIDATION of COLONIAL POWER
CC-12:HISTORY OF INDIA(1750s-1857) II.EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF COLONIAL POWER: (A) MERCANTILISM,FOREIGN TRADE AND EARLY FORMS OF EXTRACTION FROM BENGAL The coming of the Europeans to the Indian subcontinent was an event of great significance as it ultimately led to revolutionary changes in its destiny in the future. Europe’s interest in India goes back to the ancient times when lucrative trade was carried on between India and Europe. India was rich in terms of spices, textile and other oriental products which had huge demand in the large consumer markets in the west. Since the ancient time till the medieval period, spices formed an important part of European trade with India. Pepper, ginger, chillies, cinnamon and cloves were carried to Europe where they fetched high prices. Indian silk, fine Muslin and Indian cotton too were much in demand among rich European families. Pearls and other precious stone also found high demand among the European elites. Trade was conducted both by sea and by land. While the sea routes opened from the ports of the western coast of India and went westward through the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea to Alexandria and Constantinople, Indian trade goods found their way across the Mediterranean to the commercials hubs of Venice and Genoa, from where they were then dispersed throughout the main cities of Europe. The old trading routes between the east and the west came under Turkish control after the Ottoman conquest of Asia Minor and the capture of Constantinople in1453.The merchants of Venice and Genoa monopolised the trade between Europe and Asia and refused to let the new nation states of Western Europe, particularly Spain and Portugal, have any share in the trade through these old routes. -
PAPER 1 DSE-A-1 SEM -5: HISTORY of BENGAL(C.1757-1905) I
PAPER 1 DSE-A-1 SEM -5: HISTORY OF BENGAL(c.1757-1905) I. POLITICAL HISTORY OF BENGAL UNDER THE NAWABS:RISE OF BRITISH POWER IN BENGAL FROM THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY TO BUXAR. The beginning of British rule in India may be traced to the province of Bengal which emerged as the base from which the British first embarked on their political career that would last for almost two centuries. After the death of Aurangzeb various parts of the Mughal Empire became independent under different heads. Bengal became independent under the leadership of Alivardi Khan who maintained friendly relation with the English officials throughout his reign. However he did not allow them to fortify their settlements till the end of his rule up to 1756CE. Alivardi Khan was succeded by his grandson Nawab Shiraj –ud-Daulah who as soon as ascending the throne demanded of the English that they should trade on the same basis as in the times of Murshid Quli Khan. The English did not agree to the Nawab’s proposal rather they levied heavy duties on Indian goods entering Calcutta which was under their control. They also started fortifying their settlements against the order of the Nawab. All these amounted to a direct challenge to the Nawab’s Sovereignty. Shiraj-ud – Daulah in order to control the English activities and maintain the laws of the land seized the English Factory at Kasimbazar, marched on to Calcutta and occupied the Fort Williams in 1756 .As the Nawab went on to celebrate this easy victory of his, he made a mistake to underestimate the strength of his enemy. -
British Impeachments (1376 - 1787) and the Preservation of the American Constitutional Order Frank O
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 46 Article 2 Number 4 Summer 2019 Summer 2019 British Impeachments (1376 - 1787) and the Preservation of the American Constitutional Order Frank O. Bowman III Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Frank O. Bowman III, British Impeachments (1376 - 1787) and the Preservation of the American Constitutional Order, 46 Hastings Const. L.Q. 745 (2019). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol46/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOWMAN_5.6.19 UPDATED FINAL FOR ONLINE (DO NOT DELETE) 5/7/2019 3:58 PM British Impeachments (1376- 1787) and the Preservation of the American Constitutional Order by FRANK O. BOWMAN, III* Introduction: Why British Impeachments Matter Impeachment is a British invention, employed by Parliament beginning in 1376 to resist the general tendency of the monarchy to absolutism and to counter particularly obnoxious royal policies by removing the ministers who implemented them. The invention crossed the Atlantic with the British colonists who would one day rebel against their mother country and create an independent United States of America. During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the delegates decided that presidents and other federal officers could be impeached, but they recoiled from the severe and occasionally fatal punishments imposed by Parliament, and they wrestled over what conduct should be impeachable. -
CHAPTER 4* EXPANSION of MARATHA POWER (1741—1761) BALAJI BAJI RAV Early Succees in the North
CHAPTER 4* EXPANSION OF MARATHA POWER (1741—1761) BALAJI BAJI RAV Early succees in the north. BAJI RAV DIED IN APRIL 1740 AND WAS SUCCEEDED in the Pesvaship by his son Balaji then twenty years old, The Chief Minister, by now, ruled in the Raja’s name the central region of Maharastra, north Konkan recently wrested from the Portuguese and levied cauth on Khandes, Malva, Bundelkhand and territories beyond. He commanded the largest army in the Maratha State and his resources were very great. This gave the Pesva family a preponderance in the Raja’s council and therefore the succession of the son to his father’s post was never in doubt. The story of the opposition of Raghuji Bhosle and Babuji Naik to the succession of Balaji Rav first accepted by Grant Duff and implicitly followed by later writers on the authority of Bakhars, appears to be an attempt made by the Pesva’s protagonists to defend his attack on the Nagpur Chief three years later and has little basis in fact. The succession of Balaji Baji Rav marked no ostensible change in-policy. The new Pesva indicated that he would follow his father’s expansionist policies in all respects and expressed his desire to maintain cordial relations with Rajput princes who had facilitated Maratha entry into Malva and their subsequent successes in Hindustan. The Nizam’s humiliating defeat at Bhopal (1738) had brought the whole of Malva under Maratha control, but the imperial grants which would put the seal of authority on the transfer had been delayed. Young Balaji, therefore, within four months of his investiture marched into Hindustan to renew friendly contacts with the Rajput Chiefs and undo the mischief created by the Nizam during his three years’ stay in the imperial capital. -
Institutional Development in the Bengal Presidency
Wesleyan Economic Working Papers http://repec.wesleyan.edu/ No: 2019-001 Fishing Rights and Colonial Government: Institutional Development in the Bengal Presidency Shourya Sen & Richard Adelstein January 2019 Department of Economics Public Affairs Center 238 Church Street Middletown, CT 06459-007 Tel: (860) 685-2340 Fax: (860) 685-2301 http://www.wesleyan.edu/econ Fishing Rights and Colonial Government: Institutional Development in the Bengal Presidency Shourya Sen and Richard Adelstein Department of Economics Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 06459 USA Address correspondence to: [email protected] January 2019 ABSTRACT We examine the evolution of fishing rights in colonial Bengal through a series of cases heard at the Calcutta High Court in the 1880s and culminating in the passage of legislation in 1889. We posit an implicit relational contract between the colonizing British and the landowning class in colonial Bengal as a way to understand the concurrent evolution of fishing rights and institutions of governance in the region. The system of incentives created by this contract determined the development of fishing rights at a crucial moment in the history of colonial Bengal and, more broadly, became a primary mechanism of institutional change in the region. The analysis also shows the Calcutta High Court to have acted, albeit in vain, as a truly independent judiciary. KEYWORDS: Fishing rights, state formation, relational contracts, colonialism, credible commitments JEL CATEGORIES: N55, O13, P48. 2 Fishing Rights and Colonial Government: Institutional Development in The Bengal Presidency Introduction This paper analyzes the development of fishing rights in colonial Bengal through the nineteenth century. It posits an implicit and relational contract between the colonizing British and the landowning class, called zamindars, in the Bengal Presidency as a way to understand the historical development of fishing rights. -
Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Subject : History
Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Subject : History Lesson : Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Course Developers Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Prof. Lakshmi Subramaniam Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 and Dynamics of colonial expansion--2: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Sindh, Awadh and the Punjab Dr. Anirudh Deshpande Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi Language Editor: Swapna Liddle Formating Editor: Ashutosh Kumar 1 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.2.1: Dynamics of colonial expansion - I 2.2.2: Dynamics of colonial expansion – II: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Awadh and the Punjab Summary Exercises Glossary Further readings 2 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Introduction The second half of the 18th century saw the formal induction of the English East India Company as a power in the Indian political system. The battle of Plassey (1757) followed by that of Buxar (1764) gave the Company access to the revenues of the subas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a subsequent edge in the contest for paramountcy in Hindustan. Control over revenues resulted in a gradual shift in the orientation of the Company‟s agenda – from commerce to land revenue – with important consequences. This chapter will trace the development of the Company‟s rise to power in Bengal, the articulation of commercial policies in the context of Mercantilism that developed as an informing ideology in Europe and that found limited application in India by some of the Company‟s officials.