Supplementary Material for Gosper and Vivian-Smith: Tables 1, 2 and 3

Supplementary material for Gosper and Vivian-Smith: Tables 1, 2 and 3

Table 1 Average fruit and seed morphology measurements and main dispersal agents of vertebrate-dispersed alien plants Bird- Bat-

disperseddispersed

Fruit Pulp Seed Wet wt Dry wt Sp Fruit Fruit wet wetPulp dry Seed Seed Total Total Fruit length/ pulp/ pulp/ RY (dry eci length width weight weight weight number width seed wet seed dry length/width width seed seed% water% water pulp/ fruit es Fruit colour a (mm) (mm) (g) (g) (g)per fruit (mm) wt (g) wt (g) ratio ratio ratio ratio in pulp in seed wet wt) Family n Anacardiaceae Sc 30 R 4.43 5.04 0.027 0.009 0.007 1.00 4.18 0.018 0.015 0.88 0.85 0.75 0.69 19.33 14.82 0.25 X hi nu s te re bi nt hif oli us

Sc 30 PB 7.04 8.29 0.237 0.120 0.043 10.47 3.21 0.117 0.076 0.85 1.89 1.11 0.60 63.12 35.41 0.18 X X he ffl er a ac tin op hy Araliaceae lla

Sy 30 O 25.04 20.77 7.094 4.128 1.502 1.00 14.48 2.985 2.400 1.21 1.67 1.40 0.63 63.98 19.69 0.21 X X ag ru s ro m an zo ffi an Arecaceae a

Asparagaceae As 40 R 7.67 8.88 0.381 0.302 0.050 1.15 4.51 0.075 0.047 0.87 0.93 4.16 1.17 82.71 37.80 0.14 X As 40 O-R 5.62 6.49 0.175 0.131 0.036 1.08 3.96 0.044 0.036 0.87 0.94 3.05 1.04 72.44 18.37 0.21 X pa ra gu s af ric an Asparagaceae us

As 30 O 4.73 4.96 0.066 0.028 0.011 1.10 3.87 0.038 0.028 0.96 0.92 0.75 0.42 56.00 27.68 0.17 pa ra gu s vir ga tu Asparagaceae s

Asteraceae Ch 50 PB 6.50 6.20 0.170 0.110 1.00 3.80 0.060 1.05 1.58 2.02 83.70 X r y s a n t h e m o i d e s

m o n i l i f e r a

O 10 R 44.04 33.09 23.048 20.534 2.263 52.90 4.54 2.514 1.440 1.34 1.26 8.12 1.53 89.15 42.64 0.10 pu nti a to m en to Cactaceae sa

Caprifoliaceae Sa 35 PB 4.86 5.04 0.074 0.059 0.008 4.80 1.46 0.014 0.005 0.97 1.92 4.41 1.56 87.21 64.35 0.10 X m bu cu s ca na de ns is

Sa 35 O 9.07 10.37 0.648 0.368 0.088 1.00 8.74 0.279 0.136 0.88 0.75 1.32 0.65 75.87 51.11 0.14 ns ev ier ia tri fa sci at Dracaenaceae a

Lauraceae Ci 30 PB 9.95 9.87 0.676 0.504 0.099 1.00 6.37 0.194 0.142 1.01 1.08 2.50 0.70 77.56 26.24 0.15 X nn a m o m u m ca m ph or a

Eu 31 R 18.21 23.16 4.999 4.102 0.431 1.23 11.95 0.863 0.401 0.79 0.77 5.70 1.31 89.48 55.42 0.09 X ge ni a un ifl or Myrtaceae a

Ps 5 Y 50.58 47.21 69.064 62.015 7.166 310.60 3.04 7.049 3.741 1.05 1.34 9.01 1.92 88.13 46.44 0.11 X X idi u m gu aj av Myrtaceae a

Oc 30 PB (+R) 7.53 6.05 0.127 0.048 0.025 1.00 4.97 0.081 0.059 1.24 1.34 0.72 0.57 47.60 27.61 0.21 X hn a se rr ul at Ochnaceae a

Oleaceae Li 30 PB 7.49 6.27 0.149 0.068 0.018 1.30 3.75 0.062 0.033 1.21 1.82 1.04 0.57 74.70 46.35 0.12 X X gu str u m lu ci du m

Li 30 PB 5.25 4.54 0.069 0.044 0.014 1.00 2.83 0.026 0.015 1.16 1.50 2.29 1.40 65.82 45.59 0.22 X X gu str u m si ne ns Oleaceae e

Pa 30 Y-O 20.35 17.90 2.077 1.602 0.214 28.87 3.16 0.475 0.294 1.14 1.60 3.68 0.80 86.46 37.38 0.11 X X ssi flo ra fo eti Passifloraceae da

Passifloraceae Pa 30 PB 9.52 10.66 0.643 0.399 0.028 20.77 2.73 0.244 0.084 0.89 1.35 1.74 0.43 92.14 65.68 0.05 X ssi flo ra su be ro sa

Ph 31 PB 4.30 6.60 0.119 0.080 0.012 6.39 2.30 0.039 0.020 0.65 1.14 2.55 1.11 85.47 52.97 0.10 X yt ol ac ca oc ta nd Phytolaccaceae ra

Ri 30 R 4.40 4.23 0.024 0.024 0.002 1.00 2.01 0.004 0.003 1.05 1.05 6.50 0.82 90.26 33.26 0.08 X vi na hu mi Phytolaccaceae lis

Rosaceae Eri 31 Y-O 28.59 24.48 10.422 8.132 1.442 1.58 12.84 2.130 1.023 1.17 1.31 3.84 1.47 81.07 51.63 0.15 X X ob ot ry a ja po ni ca

Rh 40 PB 7.48 8.12 0.371 0.203 0.0529 1.03 6.44 0.168 0.095 0.93 0.88 1.28 0.58 73.38 42.88 0.15 X ap hi ol ep is in di Rosaceae ca

Co 30 R 14.79 13.41 1.490 0.856 0.208 2.00 8.42 0.634 0.329 1.10 1.42 1.37 0.64 75.25 48.20 0.14 X ff ea ar ab ic Rubiaceae a

Rutaceae M 40 O-R 12.42 10.13 0.674 0.505 0.101 1.73 5.92 0.178 0.111 1.23 1.35 3.14 1.12 79.22 39.15 0.15 X u r r a y a

p a n i c u l a t a

E x o t i c a

Ce 35 PB 7.91 5.28 0.113 0.083 0.019 2.89 2.54 0.028 0.014 1.50 1.82 3.67 1.50 77.05 45.98 0.17 X str u m pa rq Solanaceae ui

Solanaceae So 33 PB 6.26 6.99 0.182 0.158 0.017 62.51 1.07 0.025 0.018 0.90 1.27 6.78 1.17 87.65 28.05 0.09 X la nu m a m eri ca nu m

So 32 Y-O 13.18 13.97 1.572 0.954 0.301 247.34 2.13 0.554 0.424 0.95 1.19 1.89 0.73 69.64 23.35 0.19 X la nu m hi sp id u Solanaceae m

So 32 Y 12.69 13.26 1.363 1.130 0.239 173.28 1.60 0.233 0.154 0.96 1.25 5.18 1.63 78.92 33.96 0.17 X X la nu m m au rit ia nu Solanaceae m So 30 R 9.39 10.05 0.491 0.318 0.025 22.03 2.60 0.173 0.046 0.93 1.29 2.40 0.74 91.48 72.25 0.06 X la nu m se af or thi an u Solanaceae m

Ce 30 O 6.96 6.31 0.167 0.133 0.080 1.00 4.19 0.067 0.060 1.10 1.20 2.01 1.45 36.91 10.66 0.43 X X lti s si ne ns Ulmaceae is

D 30 O 9.26 7.81 0.275 0.221 0.046 3.97 2.82 0.054 0.036 1.19 1.39 4.17 1.29 74.84 32.76 0.18 ur an ta er ec Verbenaceae ta

Verbenaceae La 45 PB 5.56 5.46 0.113 0.085 0.015 1.00 3.44 0.028 0.017 1.02 1.44 3.06 0.89 82.73 40.54 0.13 X nt an a ca m ar a

Mean 12.22 11.59 3.972 3.358 0.470 30.31 4.68 0.608 0.364 1.03 1.30 3.17 1.00 74.98 39.30 0.15

Significance *** *** *** *** NT NT NT *** *** *** *** *** NT NT NT NT

Note: The ‘fruit’ refers to the reproductive unit consumed by vertebrates, and the ‘seed’ to the hard inner structure(s) in the fruit (see methods for more detailed definitions). a Fruit colour: R = red, Y = yellow, O = orange, PB = purple-black. Conspicuous colours of non-edible parts of the fruiting display are shown in parentheses. b Dispersal by birds was derived from the literature sources listed by Gosper and Vivian-Smith (2009a); for bats from Markus and Hall (2004) and Parry- Jones and Augee (2001). Fruit colours and dispersers of other study species: Morus alba R-PB, bird- and bat-dispersed; Lantana montevidensis PB, no dispersers known. *** = P < 0.001; NT = not tested due to heterogeneous variances Table 2 Pulp nutrient composition of vertebrate-dispersed alien plants

Ash Mn Cu Fe Zn Na P K Ca Mg Family Species Nitrogen (g/100g) (g/100g) Fructose (g/100g) Sucrose (g/100g) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

Asparagace ae Asparagus aethiopicus 0.11 1.6 5.1 0.0 <0.1 0.5 3.4 <2 1900 160 6000 73 130

Asparagace 0.59 2.8 12.4 0.0 10.0 3.3 14.0 4.7 2800 850 11000 1100 600 ae Asparagus africanus 0.93 8.3 13.3 0.0 26.0 8.1 30.0 17.0 640 2000 43000 1400 450

Asparagace ae Asparagus virgatus

Asteraceae 0.02 3.7 0.0 146

Chrysanthemoides monilifera

0.11 0.8 2.5 0.0 20.0 1.4 2.2 <2 190 61 2000 880 580

Cactaceae Opuntia tomentosa

Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora 0.16 1.5 0.8 0.0 11.0 1.4 5.4 <2 110 310 7100 650 390

0.14 0.4 2.5 0.0 1.5 1.3 8.4 4.2 <100 310 1700 99 150

Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora

1.04 1.3 0.7 0.0 64.0 13.0 48.0 21.0 200 1100 5000 560 960

Ochnaceae Ochna serrulata

0.18 2.3 3.2 0.0 2.0 3.0 34.0 3.1 430 410 9700 590 280

Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum

Passiflorac Passiflora suberosa 0.34 1.1 1.4 0.0 <0.1 0.5 6.1 <2 82 300 5500 190 200 eae

0.42 0.9 1.5 0.0 4.9 1.5 8.3 <2 140 500 4000 270 240 Phytolacca ceae Rivina humilis

0.40 2.1 6.6 0.0 6.3 1.1 9.6 4.5 <100 660 9700 1200 470

Rutaceae Murraya paniculata cv. Exotica

0.32 1.5 5.4 0.8 1.6 4.6 16.0 3.6 210 410 6200 500 100

SolanaceaeSolanum mauritianum

0.51 2.1 2.0 0.0 1.1 3.7 7.1 <2 210 300 9600 140 100

SolanaceaeSolanum seaforthianum

0.58 4.4 16.4 0.0 21.0 3.0 18.0 32.0 160 1700 11000 2400 6300

Ulmaceae Celtis sinensis

0.29 1.6 2.6 0.0 6.9 3.6 9.6 40.0 110 640 6500 520 600 Verbenace ae Duranta erecta

0.27 0.9 5.2 0.0 6.6 5.3 6.3 <2 36 410 3900 370 520 Verbenace ae Lantana camara Mean 0.38 2.1 5.0 0.0 11.4 3.5 14.2 14.5 516 604 8869 684 754

Note: All measurements are per wet weight of pulp

Table 3 Fruiting phenology of vertebrate-dispersed alien plants Site Peak fruiting Fruiting Fruiting Abundance Family Species n season Total fruiting season synchrony a intensity a index a

Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius 3 Jun-Sep All year 0.46 0.34 +++

Asparagaceae Asparagus aethiopicus 1 Jun-Sep Jan-Nov 0.69 0.15 +

Asparagaceae Asparagus africanus 2 Jun-Oct All year 0.55 0.34 ++

Asteraceae Chrysanthemoides monilifera 2 May-Jul; Dec All year 0.56 0.39 NA

Cactaceae Opuntia tomentosa 1 Feb-Apr Feb-Aug 0.66 0.45 +

Caprifoliaceae Sambucus canadensis 1 Nov-Jan Nov-May 0.68 0.23 +

Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora 2 Mar-May Feb-Sep 0.72 0.42 ++

Moraceae Morus alba 2 Sep-Oct Sep-Oct; Jan 0.83 0.60 +

Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora 1 Dec-Jan Dec-Jan 0.90 0.68 +

Myrtaceae Psidium guajava 2 Mar-May Feb-May; Aug-Nov 0.70 0.63 ++

Ochnaceae Ochna serrulata 2 Oct-Jan Sep-Mar 0.75 0.70 +++

Oleaceae Ligustrum sinense 2 Jul-Sep Jun-Nov 0.63 0.42 ++

Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida 2 Mar-Jul Mar-Aug 0.81 0.36 +

Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosa 2 Mar-Jun Nov-Sep 0.62 0.39 ++ Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca octandra 1 Sep-Oct All year 0.74 0.44 +

Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis 1 Feb-May All year 0.74 0.32 +++

Rutaceae Murraya paniculata cv. Exotica 1 Jul-Oct Jun-Nov 0.67 0.34 +

Solanaceae Cestrum parqui 2 Apr-Nov All year 0.57 0.29 +

Solanaceae Solanum americanum 2 All year All year 0.60 0.28 ++

Solanaceae Solanum hispidum 2 Jan-Mar All year 0.39 0.41 +

Solanaceae Solanum mauritianum 2 Jun-Nov Jun-Jan 0.69 0.27 ++

Solanaceae Solanum seaforthianum 3 Apr-Aug All year 0.61 0.30 ++

Ulmaceae Celtis sinensis 2 Jan-Apr Nov-Jul 0.74 0.50 +++

Verbenaceae Duranta erecta 2 Feb-Aug All year 0.77 0.20 +

Verbenaceae Lantana camara 3 Jan-May All year 0.55 0.25 +++

Verbenaceae Lantana montevidensis 1 Jan-May Dec-Jun 0.78 0.21 + a See methods for procedures for calculating synchrony, intensity and the index of abundance

Additional reference

Parry-Jones KA, Augee ML (2001) Factors affecting the occupation of a colony site in Sydney, New South Wales by the Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae). Austral Ecol 26:47-55.