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IEEE 802.11Be Multi-Link Operation: When the Best Could Be to Use Only a Single Interface

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IEEE 802.11Be Multi-Link Operation: When the Best Could Be to Use Only a Single Interface IEEE 802.11be Multi-Link Operation: When the Best Could Be to Use Only a Single Interface Alvaro´ L´opez-Ravent´os Boris Bellalta Dept. Information and Communication Technologies Dept. Information and Communication Technologies Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona, Spain Barcelona, Spain [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The multi-link operation (MLO) is a new feature can find the most disruptive updates. We refer to the adoption proposed to be part of the IEEE 802.11be Extremely High of multi-link communications, which represents a paradigm Throughput (EHT) amendment. Through MLO, access points shift towards concurrent transmissions. Although under the and stations will be provided with the capabilities to transmit and receive data from the same traffic flow over multiple radio multi-link label we find the multi-AP coordination and the interfaces. However, the question on how traffic flows should be multi-band/multi-channel operation features, this article is distributed over the different interfaces to maximize the WLAN focused on the analysis of the latter one. performance is still unresolved. To that end, we evaluate in this Upon its current version, the IEEE 802.11 standard already article different traffic allocation policies, under a wide variety defines two MAC architectures for supporting the multi- of scenarios and traffic loads, in order to shed some light on that question. The obtained results confirm that congestion-aware band/multi-channel operation. However, both designs present policies outperform static ones. However, and more importantly, a common limitation: MAC service data units (MSDUs) the results also reveal that traffic flows become highly vulnerable belonging to the same traffic flow can not be transmitted to the activity of neighboring networks when they are distributed across different bands [4]. As a result, stations are tied to across multiple links. As a result, the best performance is a single band, preventing a dynamic and seamless inter-band obtained when a new arriving flow is simply assigned entirely to the emptiest interface. operation. That is, one link is selected between transmitter Index Terms—WiFi 7, IEEE 802.11be, Multi-link Operation, and receiver to carry out data exchanges, remaining the other Performance Evaluation, WLANs unused [5]–[8]. To benefit from the fact that modern APs and stations incorporate dual, or even, tri-band capabilities, I. INTRODUCTION TGbe is working on developing the multi-link operation1 Since its appearance back in the late ’90s, Wi-Fi has been (MLO) framework to allow concurrent data transmission and continuously innovating to adapt its performance to the new reception in different frequency channels/bands. user demands. Nowadays, the appearance of modern applica- MLO allows APs and stations to exploit the fact of tions are pushing wireless local area networks (WLANs) to having multiple radio interfaces to transmit and receive data. their performance limits again. For instance, remote office, However, how to use them to maximize the WLAN perfor- cloud gaming and virtual and augmented reality (VR&AR) mance, i.e., how to properly distribute the traffic across the are straight-forward examples that not only demand high- multiple interfaces, is still an open question. Therefore, in this throughput but reliable and low-latency communications [1]. paper, we tackle such question by considering different traffic To that end, in may 2019, the Institute of Electric and balancing policies. The obtained results show the advantages Electronic Engineers (IEEE) established a Task Group (TG) of coordinating the available interfaces through the MLO to address and design a new physical (PHY) and medium framework, as well as provide some insights on how to access control (MAC) amendment, known as IEEE 802.11be distribute the traffic across them. It is worthy to anticipate our arXiv:2105.10199v1 [cs.NI] 21 May 2021 Extremely High Throughput (EHT). conclusion that distributing the traffic over multiple interfaces The IEEE 802.11be EHT seeks to further increase the may not be always the best solution. throughput performance, reduce the end-to-end latency and increase the reliability of communications [2]. To do so, II. MULTI-LINK OPERATION: AN OVERVIEW different technical features have been suggested in both PHY The introduction of MLO is a breaking point for Wi-Fi, and MAC layers [3]. Regarding PHY layer, TGbe propose the as its adoption represents a paradigm shift towards multi-link complementary adoption of the 6 GHz band, empowering the communications. However, this implementation involves new use of wider bandwidth channels up to 320 MHz, additionally challenges in terms of APs’ and stations’ architecture design, to a new 4096 QAM high-order modulation (i.e., 12 bits transmission modes, channel access, and management. per symbol), as immediate approaches to increase Wi-Fi To enable a concurrent operation across multiple inter- peak-throughput. Besides, the multiple-input multiple-output faces, the existing multi-band MAC architecture have been (MIMO) capabilities are also being revised to upgrade them exhaustively revised. In this context, TGbe introduces the to support up to 16 spatial streams, introducing also an implicit channel sounding procedure. Despite those enhance- 1Throughout this paper, we will refer to the multi-band/multi-channel ments, it is not in the PHY, but in the MAC layer where we operation feature as the MLO, following the notation of the TGbe. concept of multi-link capable device (MLD), which consists (MPC) methodology. Basically, the SPC performs contention of a single device with multiple wireless PHY interfaces that on a unique channel, whereas in the MPC contention is provides a unique MAC instance to the upper layers. Such performed on all channels. Either using the SPC or the MPC implementation is achieved by dividing the MAC sub-layer method, if one channel wins contention the others are checked in two parts [9]. First, we find the unified upper MAC (U- during a PCF inter-frame space (PIFS) time to see if they MAC), which is the common part of the MAC sub-layer can be aggregated. As a result, channels in idle state are for all the interfaces. Apart from performing link agnostic aggregated and a synchronous transmission starts [15]. It is operations such as A-MSDU aggregation/de-aggregation and worth mention that AP MLDS may change its transmission sequence number assignment, the U-MAC implements a modes (e.g., asynchronous to synchronous, and vice versa) queue that buffers the traffic received from the upper-layers. at any time. Devices operating in a synchronous mode are That is, traffic awaits in the U-MAC before it is assigned referred to as constrained MLDs, or non-STR MLDs, since to a specific interface to be transmitted. Also, the U-MAC they are not allowed to transmit through an idle interface at provides some management functions such as multi-link the same time they are receiving through another. setup, association and authentication. On the other hand, there Regarding MLO feature management, the TGbe proposes is the independent low MAC (L-MAC), an individual part the multi-link setup process. Instead of designing new man- of the MAC sub-layer for each interface that performs link agement frames, TGbe agreed to reuse the current associa- specific functionalities. There, we find the link specific EDCA tion request/response frames by adding an extra multi-link queues (one for each access category) that hold the traffic element or field. That is, the setup (i.e., MLO capability ex- until its transmission. Also, procedures such as MAC header change) is performed jointly with the association mechanism. and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) creation/validation, in Then, through the multi-link element, AP MLDs and non- addition to management (e.g., beacons) and control (e.g., AP MLD negotiate and establish their subsequent operation RTS/CTS and ACKs) frame generation are implemented at scheme by exchanging their capabilities. For instance, they the L-MAC [10]. exchange information regarding the number of supported This two-tier MAC implementation enables frames to be links, their ability to perform STR, their transmission opera- simultaneously transmitted over multiple links, as the U- tion (asynchronous or synchronous), and other per-link infor- MAC performs the allocation and consolidation of MPDUs mation (e.g., frequency band, supported bandwidth, number when acting as transmitter and receiver, respectively. Also, of spatial streams, etc.) [16], [17]. To reduce overhead, it enables seamless transitions between links minimizing the the described multi-link setup process is proposed to be access latency, and addressing an efficient load balancing. performed only on a single link, which, indeed, will be the At a link level (i.e., in the L-MAC), channel access lowest in frequency due to propagation constraints. takes place. In current proposals, TGbe defines different The interface usage negotiation is performed by measuring channel access methods accordingly to two different trans- link qualities at all interfaces. That is, those receiving a mission modes: asynchronous and synchronous. First, there quality value above the clear channel assessment (CCA) is the asynchronous transmission mode. Under this opera- threshold are set as enabled, while disabled otherwise. Hence, tional mode, a MLD can transmit frames asynchronously on for each enabled interface, we will have an enabled link. It multiple links, while keeping for each one its own channel is worth mention that, as users may keep themselves mobile, access parameters (e.g., contention window (CW), arbitration any link listed as disabled may be added afterwards to the inter-frame spacing number (AIFSN), etc.). That is, each set of enabled links, by requesting a re-setup. link has its own primary channel, independent of the others. Also, this transmission mode allows the simultaneous trans- III. SYSTEM MODEL mission and reception (STR) capability over multiple links, A.
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