SHAPING the ENERGY TRANSITION MAIN TOPIC Editorial

2019/20 Issue AUSGABE 2019/20

THE UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG’S RESEARCH MAGAZINE FORSCHUNGSMAGAZIN 6464

SHAPING THE ENERGY TRANSITION MAIN TOPIC Editorial

Dear readers,

2011 was the year of the nuclear di- Years later it is lagging behind: in mense challenges. And yet the energy saster in Fukushima. In Germany it the 2018 global Energy Transition In- transition, the task of the century, is marked the beginning of a new era. On dex of the World Economic Forum, well underway. Many green techno- 9 June 2011, three months after a severe Germany landed in sixteenth position. logies are already competitive, and in- earthquake hit the east coast of Japan, And it was only with great difficulty novative solutions are just waiting to triggering the tsunami that caused the that the current grand coalition go- be implemented. core meltdown in three reactor blocks vernment was able to pass its “Climate at the nuclear power plant Fukushima Protection Programme 2030”. The plan Oldenburg researchers are also bus- I, Chancellor Angela Merkel announ- envisages a price tag for polluting CO2 ily researching topics related to the ced Germany’s new “path to the energy emissions, subsidy schemes and, as its energy transition. In this issue of EIN- of the future” in her government policy key element, the “constant and reliable BLICKE we introduce a few examples: statement. expansion of renewables.” For most ex- from energy informatics, wind physics perts, the plan does not go far enough: and energy meteorology to economic The key points of the plan: nucle- the carbon pricing policy is ineffective, policy, sustainable production, inno- ar power usage was to be phased out the expansion of wind energy across vation sociology and sustainability in Germany by 2022 and renewables the country is being hindered more research. were to become the central pillar of the than helped, and the quest to achieve country’s future energy supply. The fe- the CO2 reduction targets by 2030 is We wish you a stimulating read of the- deral government’s ad-hoc legislation doomed to fail, critics say. se and the many other articles in this was met with astonishment and then magazine. considerable respect – in particular The current state of affairs shows at the international level. Germany that the eco-friendly restructuring of was seen as a trailblazer for the green the energy system impacts society as Yours truly, energy transition. a whole and presents politics with im- the EINBLICKE editorial team

2 EINBLICKE 2019/20 3 Contents

8 16 20 36 What makes pupils stay away from school The cornea: the eye’s windscreen Time for the electricity grid to get smart How bacterial cells work – proteins in focus

3 EDITORIAL Cover Story: 32 SOCIETY 44 HISTORY OF IDEAS Shaping the Energy Transition Power to the people Disenchanted world The energy transition is the challenge of the Philosopher and Jaspers expert Matthias Bormuth 7 IN NUMBERS 20 INFRASTRUCTURE century. Its success depends on numerous social is giving food for thought with a new collection International campus The grid is key factors, which Oldenburg researchers across the of letters marking the fiftieth anniversary of World Congress on Undergraduate Priming the German electricity grid for the disciplines are investigating Karl Jaspers’ death Research in Oldenburg energy transition – an interview with energy informatics researcher Sebastian Lehnhoff 36 IN PICTURES 46 UGO NEWS 8 SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM Microbes under the microscope A question of perspective 24 RESOURCES What tools do bacteria use to break down Special needs educationalist Heinrich Ricking Understanding the wind organic pollutants? Microbiologist Ralf Rabus 47 NEW APPOINTMENTS investigates why parents keep their children The wind is an unpredictable resource. and his team take a closer look away from school Turbulence researcher Joachim Peinke and energy meteorologist Detlev Heinemann are working 55 DOCTORATES to better understand it and harness its power 40 TEACHER TRAINING 12 IN BRIEF Language-sensitive teaching and learning How does language help or hinder learning 59 HABILITATIONS / IMPRINT 29 REGULATION in schools? An overview of current projects in 16 OPHTHALMOLOGY The energy calculator teacher-training research Keeping an eye on things If the power supply in Germany is to become Stefan Schrader and Sonja Mertsch more environmentally friendly, radical economic are taking new approaches to treating measures are needed. The economist diseases of the ocular surface Christoph Böhringer simulates their effects

4 EINBLICKE 2019/20 5 In Numbers

International campus

Nations at the World Congress 35 on Undergraduate Reseach

Hosting the world in Oldenburg: in spring 2019 students from 35 countries came together at the second “World Congress on Undergraduate Research” (World CUR) on Oldenburg University’s campus. Building on the success of the first World CUR in Doha (Qatar) three years ago, the number of participants in Olden- burg almost doubled. Around 450 students participated in the three- day congress and more than half of them presented the results of their research. Students received awards for the best oral and poster presentations, and participants seized on the opportunity to debate and network – among them many young people from developing and emerging countries, whose participation was facilitated by the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony. “With the World CUR we wanted to increase the visibility of undergraduate research. And we succeeded,” project manager Dr. Susanne Haber- stroh said. To be continued!

6 EINBLICKE 2019/20 7 SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM

ports is on today's recently because hardly anyone could to understand what made them do timetable for the imagine how widespread it was. For a it," says Ricking. To some extent this pupils of the ninth long time, scientists simply assumed was the initial spark for a branch of grade. In the case of that parents would necessarily have a research that had hitherto been neg- 14-year-old Laura and her classmate strong interest in their children recei- lected in Germany, because until the SPia that means football – not exactly ving an education. "But in our studies early 2000s the topic of truancy was their favourite form of exercise. Fur- we have frequently talked to girls and more or less taboo. "Some schools clai- tively, they sneak out and meet with boys who mentioned that their pa- med they didn't have the problem at friends at a café instead. This little ex- rents didn't allow them to go to school," all, others blamed the parents. Who ploit, which would provoke a furious Ricking explains. According to his re- in turn blamed the schools," Ricking reaction from most parents, leaves search there can be many different recalls. Reason enough for Ricking, Prof. Dr. Heinrich Ricking of the De- reasons for this: some parents don't a teacher and researcher at the time, partment of Special Needs Education want their children to attend sex edu- to take a closer look at the situation. and Rehabilitation completely unfa- cation classes, or religion education, Published in 2003, his international re- zed: "We know that half of all lower or they are critical of the school system port "School absenteeism as a research secondary school pupils contemplate as a whole. Then there are those who topic" set the ball rolling in Germany's skipping classes for no good reason – claim they need their children's help educational landscape. Since then the and some of them will actually skip a at home, and others who simply don't perspective in education policy has couple of lessons. However, it's not the- care whether or not their children go to changed considerably. A key factor be- se pupils who give us a headache but school. "A panoply of motives," Ricking hind this change was the book "School A question the three to five percent who are ab- concludes. He and his colleagues at the Absenteeism and Drop-Out", written sent on a regular basis." Experts talk of Department of Special Needs Educati- by Ricking and two colleagues at the routine, chronic and habitual forms of on and Rehabilitation and the School of Department of Educational Sciences, school absenteeism. "There is a serious Educational Sciences have investigated Prof. Dr. Gisela Schulze and Prof. Dr. of perspective danger of dropout here, of these young these motives intensively over the past Manfred Wittrock. "Schools are finally people ending up socially margi- few years. The findings were published confronting the problem," Ricking says, nalised," Ricking explains. Studies in 2018 in a book titled "School Absen- adding that much has also changed at show that the life prospects of chronic teeism and Parents," a summary of the the institutional, legal and research truants are pretty grim: how do they international research. It is the only levels. "Only once a problem has been get ahead in life without so much as book dedicated solely to this subject in named can it be tackled and resolved," a school-leaving qualification? It be- Germany to date. Ricking published he stresses. comes difficult to integrate them into it together with Karsten Speck, Pro- Over the years, as this new openness working life, the probability of their fessor of Research Methods in Edu- has developed, the focus of Ricking's turning to crime increases, as does cational Science at the Department research has shifted. Whereas initially that of drug use, their health suffers of Educational Sciences. "We weren't he concentrated on the different types and their future opportunities are limi- able to answer all the questions, but of school absenteeism, nowadays he is ted. "This is why we need to see school we provided the stimulus for a more in- more preoccupied with intervention absenteeism not just in the context of tensive analysis of the role of parents," and prevention: what can schools acti- school but in the context of a whole Ricking says. An example that shows vely do to keep children and teenagers future life," Ricking stresses. that school absenteeism is a problem in class? "Quite a lot in fact – even if with multiple causes. some schools paint a different picture," Three types of says Ricking. There are studies that look at the same type of schools in the school absenteeism A new branch same catchment areas – yet attendance of research For decades, school absenteeism was a rates vary considerably, he explains. At the international level scientists taboo topic in Germany's educational land- distinguish between three types of The 53-year-old professor of special Recognising school absenteeism: chronic truancy, education has been interested in this scape. Now views have changed and many the warning signs schools are actively confronting the pro- fear-driven class avoidance, and pa- topic for decades: in the 1990s, when he rents keeping their children at home. was still a student, he worked part-ti- blem. Heinrich Ricking of the Department "The first two types are already well me at a school for children with behavi- In the quest to determine the causes of of Special Needs Education and Rehabilita- researched and truants make up the oural problems. One day he came across absenteeism Ricking's team has been tion has played a key role in this process lion's share," says Ricking. However, the a group of teenagers who were hiding working since the middle of 2019 with phenomenon of parents keeping their out in the middle of a cornfield instead six schools in socially disadvantaged children at home was unexplored until of attending classes. "I simply wanted areas of Hamburg in a project commis-

8 EINBLICKE 2019/20 9 sioned by the Joachim Herz Foundati- will produce positive examples that not only are the parents informed, but on and the Alfred Toepfer Foundation. convince other schools to do more in there is also an updated overview of the The aim is essentially to gain insights terms of prevention and intervention day's absences – for each pupil," Ricking into the processes that prompt young in order to keep pupils from dropping explains. In Germany the situation is people to skip school. "This aversion to out of school. altogether different: "Many schools school doesn't develop overnight but don't even have an annual overview," over the course of several years, some- Digital class registers Ricking points out. He believes that times beginning in primary school," in general too little is being done with as an opportunity? Ricking explains. Many of these young the available data in Germany. "This is people suffer from a lack of recognition very unfortunate because this data is and attention at home, among their Ricking sees digital attendance regis- the prerequisite for building up a good friends and in school. At the same time ters as an opportunity – not just to prevention and intervention system." according to Ricking the most power- lighten the teachers' workload and cut Ricking is convinced that a lot needs ful risk factor is poor academic perfor- down on analogue work steps, but also to happen in the coming years to pre- mance: children who frequently get to document absences at an early stage vent absentee rates from rising – also poor grades and don't get on with their so action can be taken more promptly. in view of the fact that classes are be- teachers don't like going to school. "And Ricking was able to observe the ef- coming increasingly heterogeneous. when these children develop a certain ficacy of this measure in a monitoring "Only if all the involved parties work amount of autonomy at 13 or 14, and study conducted at a model school in together effectively on site can pu- perhaps have friends with similar ten- the UK. The school employs a person on pils receive the best possible educa- dencies, the willingness to skip school a part-time basis with the sole task of tional support." It often takes a while soon emerges." Instead of waiting until documenting absences from class and for the results of Oldenburg's special the problem becomes full-blown it is coordinating the school's reactions. education research to have an effect on thus vital to recognise the warning Each member of the teaching staff everyday life at schools. Nonetheless, signs at an early stage – and this is must enter the names of pupils who fail Ricking's work has already had quite one of the goals of the Hamburg pro- to turn up for class in the digital class an impact. His vision: "A school that ject. "We test measures, evaluate them register. All the data is gathered on this everyone enjoys going to – from pupils and determine their impact – all in member of staff's computer and then with learning disabilities to the highly close coordination with the teachers," transferred to parents' smart phones. gifted. And we want to help make it Ricking explains. He hopes that this "This means that shortly after 9 a.m. happen!" (kl)

Children skip school for many reasons: some are afraid of their teachers or fellow pupils, but sometimes it’s because of the parents. Oldenburg researchers are studying10 this phenomenon. EINBLICKE 2019/20 11 In Brief

A positive evaluation for Oldenburg’s School of Medicine DFKI Laboratory Lower Saxony up and running

“An impressive range of courses that Medicine has built on the strengths Oldenburg hospitals and the Univer- In April the German Research Centre search group, which cooperates closely have been convincingly implemented.” of its founding concept and establis- sity of Groningen. for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) and with the Centre for Digital Innovations This was how the German Council of hed itself as an attractive location for Prior to the evaluation, the Univer- the state of Lower Saxony expanded Lower Saxony (Zentrum Digitale Inno- Science and Humanities rated the mo- medical studies. The experts also wel- sities of Oldenburg and Groningen the DFKI branch office in Osnabrück, vationen Niedersachsen – ZDIN) and del degree programme “Human Medi- comed the faculty’s plans to expand its and the UMCG already renewed their relaunching it as the DFKI Laboratory the OFFIS - Institute for Information Learning cine” of the “European Medical School cooperation with the Rijksuniversiteit commitment to close cooperation in Lower Saxony with branches in Olden- Technology. The focus of the second for Teachers Oldenburg-Groningen“ (EMS) in a re- Groningen and the Universitair Me- medical education and cross-border burg and Osnabrück. The laboratory’s Oldenburg group is AI in marine sensor port published in mid-July. According disch Centrum Groningen (UMCG) in medical research. The corresponding primary research topic is environmen- systems. Marine scientist Prof. Dr. Oli- In the second funding phase to the experts of the council, which is the areas of research, the promotion of cooperation agreement was signed in tal perception of autonomous systems. ver Zielinski runs the new group “Ma- of the Federal and Länder Germany’s most important scientific young scientists, specialist training, Groningen on 1 July. The renewal of the Two of the DFKI research groups are rine Environmental Perception”. Its government programme advisory body, the excellent standards and health care. In a joint statement, agreement originally signed in 2012 was based at the University of Oldenburg: research is geared towards developing “Quality Initiative for Teacher in the areas of neurosensory science University President Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans also necessary because from the winter The “Industry and Production” group, flexible observation systems that can Training” (Qualitätsoffensive and hearing research have been fully Michael Piper and the Dean of the Fa- semester 2019/20 onwards, the number run by the future occupant of the en- act autonomously in various situations Lehrerbildung), the University maintained in recent years and have culty of Medicine and Health Scien- of students enrolling in the human dowed professorship “Applied Artificial and be used for tasks such as identify- of Oldenburg received around become the distinguishing feature of ces, Prof. Dr. Hans Gerd Nothwang, medicine programme in Oldenburg Intelligence”, will focus on production ing damage to marine installations or four million euros for its pro- the University’s medical school. They welcomed this praise. However, they will double from forty to eighty. The and transport systems. Its objective is controlling water pollution. The goal is ject “Biographically-Oriented also concluded that focussing on the stressed that the critical remarks on aim of the interregional cooperation is to develop automated assessment and to develop AI methods for the automa- and Multi-Phase Teacher Trai- nascent field of health services re- the current situation at the faculty to establish cross-border networks and analysis of digitalised systems using AI. ted collection and classification of data ning in Oldenburg” (Biogra- search is strategically worthwhile and were equally constructive. These would infrastructure for medical care services Informatics professor Dr. Axel Hahn is from different sensors deployed in the phieorientierte und Phasen- should be expanded. In the opinion contribute to further strengthening and to promote medical research, public helping with the expansion of the re- marine environment. übergreifende Lehrerbildung of the Council, Oldenburg’s School of and improving cooperation with the health and the regional economy. in Oldenburg – OLE+). The initiative aims to establish new When the North Sea’s Blockchain for digital communication and circulation is reversed freight papers information structures for improving teacher training and Persistent easterly winds in the spring Plans are in the pipeline to introduce develop customised specialist of 2018 reversed the normal pattern of digital documents in the commercial training to refine the profes- circulation in the North Sea for more shipping sector. A joint project coordi- sional skills of undergraduates than six weeks. This is the finding of a nated by the University’s Centre for Law and teachers, in particular paper published jointly by the Univer- in the Information Society (Zentrum für regarding media literacy. A sity of Oldenburg's Institute for Che- Recht der Informationsgesellschaft – further focus of the program- mistry and Biology of the Marine Envi- ZRI) is seeking to replace load-specific me is to establish formats for ronment and the Helmholtz-Zentrum transport documents on paper with research-based learning. Geesthacht in the scientific journal electronic ones. The initiative entitled OLE+ also reinforces practical Continental Shelf Research. The resear- “Tradability of Physical Goods through orientation in teacher training, chers used data from the project "Ma- Digital Tokens in Consortium Net- for example through “theo- croplastics Pollution in the Southern works” (“Handelbarkeit physikalischer ry-practice spaces” in learning North Sea – Sources, Pathways and Ab- Güter durch digitale Token in Konsor- spaces outside the classroom. atement Strategies", in which residents tialnetzwerken” – HAPTIK) will receive A newly established research living on the east coast of Great Britain 1.4 million euros in funding from the academy is to put together reported to a website the locations of German Federal Ministry for Economic an accompanying research wooden drifters they had found. Olden- Affairs and Energy. The project is run by programme. In addition, the burg scientists had previously launched jurist and ZRI director Prof. Dr. Jürgen university-wide advisory the drifters off the coast of the German Taeger. It started in January 2019 and concept developed for the islands of Borkum and Sylt in February runs over a three-year period. teacher-training degree pro- 2018. Using additional data and model The team of Oldenburg researchers is gramme in the first funding calculations, the researchers were able using blockchain technology to produ- phase is to be implemented. to establish that the North Sea water ce documents whose contents cannot circulated clockwise during this period be tampered with – even when several instead of its usual anti-clockwise pat- parties have access to them. The use tern. The results contribute to a better of digital freight papers based on this understanding of how plastic waste is technology could speed up document The medical school at the University of Oldenburg has built on the strengths of its founding concept and established itself as distributed in the sea. transfer considerably and slash costs. an attractive location for medical studies, the German Council of Science12 and Humanities said in its report. EINBLICKE 2019/20 13 In Brief

Ten new professorships for early career researchers

The Tenure Track Programme, a fun- for the transition to a lifetime profes- tenure-track professorships will ex- ding programme for early career re- sorship, stressed Prof. Dr. Esther Rui- pand the existing focus on “Cooperative searchers set up jointly by the German gendijk, Vice President for Early Career Critical Systems” in the direction of the federal states and the Federal Ministry Researchers and International Affairs. social sciences and humanities. The of Education and Research, has ap- The ten new professorships complement university’s key research area of “En- proved all ten tenure-track professors- the university’s existing focus topics of vironment and Sustainability” will be hips applied for by the University of Ol- digitalisation, sustainability and diver- bolstered by two new professorships. denburg. The funding scheme aims to sity. The topics they incorporate range Four tenure-track professorships will open up a consistent and transparent from the ethics of digitalisation, gender be established in the focus area of “Di- pathway to professorship for young medicine and German as a foreign lan- versity and Participation”. They will academics. The programme gives the guage to environmental and sustaina- address globalisation processes and university new opportunities to provi- bility-related business informatics. In cultural mobility as well as new research de individual and high-quality support the area of “Digitalisation”, four new approaches in gender studies.

Designing digitalisation responsibly The larvae of coral reef fish – in this case Yellowstriped Cardinalfish In all areas where applied – man-cyber-physical systems” well as the Jade University of – find their way back to their reef after weeks of roaming the ocean. In a newly approved Collaborative Research Centre, Oldenburg re- language assistant applica- pose. They also look at how Applied Sciences, the OFFIS searchers are studying the mechanisms underlying this behaviour. tions, smart home systems, to design them responsibly. In Institute for Information intelligent energy networks order to bundle activities and Technology, the German or autonomous cars – digi- create synergies the univer- Aerospace Centre and the talisation is merging the sity has set up an interdisci- Fraunhofer Institute for Digi- physical and virtual worlds plinary research centre called tal Media Technology IDMT. ever more closely. In a “Human-Cyber-Physical The director of the research How animals navigate number of projects, scientists Systems: Safety, Acceptance, centre is computer scientist at the University of Olden- Social and Cultural Embed- Prof. Dr. Werner Damm; the In a new Collaborative Research Centre the Max Planck Institute for Evolu- their research will provide answers to burg are working together dedness”. It brings toge- acting director is psychologist (CRC), a multidisciplinary team led by tionary Biology in Plön and the Weiz- some of the key questions in biology, with partner institutions to ther professors and junior Prof. Dr. Christoph Herrmann biologist Prof. Dr. Henrik Mouritsen mann Institute of Science in Rehovot such as how magnetoreception works investigate the technical and researchers from each of the (both from the University of is investigating magnetoreception in (Israel) are also participating. and how the brain stores spatial infor- social challenges these “hu- university’s six faculties as Oldenburg). vertebrates - from the molecular basis Scientists and laypeople alike have long mation. of this magnetic sense to the beha- been fascinated by the migratory beha- Mouritsen and Prof. Dr. Peter Hore of vioural mechanisms it involves. The viour of animals. Butterflies, fish and the Department of Chemistry at Ox- German Research Foundation (DFG) birds use different combinations of ford University are also investigating began funding the CRC "Magnetore- sensory input to find their way to their the particulars of magnetoreception ception and navigation in vertebrates: breeding grounds. For birds that mig- in the project "QuantumBirds". The aim How sugar and opium changed Europe from biophysics to brain and beha- rate at night, celestial bodies and the of this project is to determine whether viour" at the beginning of 2019 with Earth’s magnetic field are important highly sensitive quantum processes are Tobacco, tea, caffeine, sugar, chocolate, Stockholm as case studies. The Olden- The goal is to find out what other “in- an initial budget of ten million eu- navigation aids. But there is still no de- the decisive component of the mag- and opium first arrived in Europe in burg subproject, which is headed by toxicating spaces” were created during ros. Scientists from the Institutes of tailed understanding of how vertebra- netic compass in the eyes of migratory the seventeenth century. In a project historian Prof. Dr. Dagmar Freist, fo- this period, and assess the impact this Biology and Environmental Sciences, tes sense the magnetic field and how birds, as these quantum chemical ef- titled “Intoxicating Spaces”, histori- cuses on the city of Hamburg, during had on society and politics. The team Physics, Chemistry and Biology of the they process the information in their fects have yet to be conclusively proven. ans at the universities of Oldenburg, the early modern period already one of is also investigating how intoxicant Marine Environment and the Depart- brains. The multidisciplinary team The European Research Council (ERC) Sheffield (UK), Utrecht (NL) and Stock- Europe’s busiest port cities. use has changed over time. In all four ment of Neuroscience at the University therefore plans to investigate ma- is funding the prestigious project with holm (SWE) are investigating how On the basis of historical documents, participating countries the scientists of Oldenburg are all working together gnetoreception in fish, birds and bats, a Synergy Grant of 8.6 million euros. intoxicants and stimulants changed the researchers are investigating the are working closely with museums and on the project. Researchers from the and combine findings from quantum The results of these two projects could life in northern European port cities. extent to which intoxicants contribu- schools. The research project is funded Universities of Bochum and Cologne, mechanics, neurobiology and genetics potentially be used in bird protection The researchers are using the cities of ted to the emergence of new types of by the research network Humanities the Institute for Bird Research "Vogel- with studies on sensory perception and also in quantum computer techno- Hamburg, Amsterdam, London and public spaces, such as coffee houses. in the European Research Area (HERA). warte Helgoland" in Wilhelmshaven, and animal behaviour. They hope that logy and innovative biological sensors.

14 EINBLICKE 2019/20 15 Ophthalmology

ust a few years ago there sclera, which encloses the rest of the rial is highly promising for research,” would have been no way eye. The tissue consists of six micros- emphasises Mertsch, explaining that to help the eighty-year- copically thin layers, the thickest of like other types of connective tissue, Jold patient. The elderly wo- which is the stroma, which contains the cornea consists primarily of col- man had an ulcer on the cornea of her collagen. “The exterior layer of the cor- lagen. But commercially available eye, probably caused by diabetes. Prof. nea, which is moistened by lacrimal gels have a disadvantage in clinical Dr. Dr. Stefan Schrader and his collea- fluid, protects the interior of the eye practice: their viscous consistency Keeping an gues at the University Hospital Düssel- like a windscreen,” Schrader says – means they can’t be surgically atta- dorf, where he was still working at the against germs, foreign bodies and UV ched to the eye. So the researchers de- time, had already tried everything: for light for example. The cornea also pro- cided to get creative and compressed eye on things several months the patient had taken vides almost three-quarters of the eye’s the gel to remove its liquid content. special eye drops and the doctors had refractive power. Together with the The experiment paid off: “It is in- also transplanted a so-called amniotic lens, it helps the eye to optimally focus deed possible to sew this new biomate- membrane onto areas that were not incoming light so that a sharp image rial and use it as a transplant,” Mertsch healing properly several times. This forms on the retina. reports. Further tests followed in the membrane, which is extracted from lab – for example to find out more ab- human placenta, functions like a dres- When donor out the gel’s elastic properties and bio- sing and promotes wound healing. compatibility. “We tested whether cor- corneas don't help But the treatment wasn’t working. neal cells degrade the gel, whether it is The patient was facing the prospect harmful for the cells, and whether they We think of the cornea as a windscreen of losing her eye. “All the conventio- Diseases of the cornea can have drastic can proliferate on it,“ the neurobiolo- for the eye. But this transparent layer nal treatments had failed,” explains consequences. “If scarring occurs as a gist explains. The researchers found of tissue is far more complex than a simple Schrader, who since October 2018 has result of bacterial or viral infections, no evidence of negative effects in their been Professor of Ophthalmology at injuries or various diseases, the cornea experiments. Since the collagen used protective covering. Stefan Schrader and the University of Oldenburg and Di- first of all loses transparency, and se- to produce the gel had already been ap- Sonja Mertsch are pursuing new rector of the University Eye Clinic at condly, its refractive power is altered. proved for human use in orthopaedics, approaches to treating diseases of the Pius-Hospital Oldenburg. The lack Both these factors impair vision and there was nothing to prevent it from of alternatives forced the specialists to can lead to total loss of eyesight. Trans- being used in ophthalmology. After the the ocular surface make an unusual decision in consulta- plantation of donor tissue can prevent first successful treatment, Schrader tion with the elderly patient: instead of complete loss of vision in most patients now plans to carry out a clinical study performing yet another transplanta- suffering from severe corneal diseases. in collaboration with the University tion – the standard treatment in cases Schrader performs such operations Hospital Düsseldorf. of acute corneal disease – the team regularly at the Pius-Hospital. In some With the new laboratory for expe- used an artificial membrane based on cases, doctors replace the entire cornea, rimental ophthalmology on Wechloy collagens. These structural proteins in others they perform microsurgery to Campus, Mertsch has already laid the form fibres and are an integral part replace only the damaged area. foundations for this. Using state-of- of the tissue in the skin, bones and But this doesn’t work for all pati- the-art technology, the scientists are tendons. “We administered the colla- ents. On the one hand, severe disorders currently investigating various ways to gen construction as a combination of of the ocular surface – for example improve ocular surface reconstruction. basal-membrane substitute and dres- dry eye or damage to the corneal ner- “We have everything we need here to sing. This new procedure had a most ves – can hinder transplantation or produce new biomaterials and ana- impressive effect,” Schrader says. The even render it impossible. On the ot- lyse their function and structure. We wounds in the cornea healed and after her hand, there might be a shortage can also test the effects of drugs – all six months there were no signs of in- of donor corneas, explains Dr. Sonja the way through to DNA and protein flammation or irritation in the artifi- Mertsch, a neurobiologist and head analysis,” she says. cial material. The patient not only kept of the research laboratory for experi- For example, Mertsch and her team her eye but was also able to see more mental ophthalmology on Wechloy are using a certain type of corneal cells, clearly again. Campus. She and Schrader are the- so-called fibroblasts, to produce repla- The cornea might seem unremarkable refore investigating new options for cement material for damaged corneas. at first glance, but it plays an essen- reconstructing the ocular surface, for Under certain conditions fibroblasts tial role. The small, transparent disc example the collagen gel used to tre- occur in the cornea, where they produ- is extremely thin and about the size at the eighty-year-old patient, which ce the collagen. For their experiments of a ten-cent coin. It forms the centre was created at Mertsch and Schra- the eye researchers are using cells from of the eye surface and covers the iris der’s previous workplace, the Univer- donated corneas that are not suit- and pupil. The cornea borders with the sity Hospital Düsseldorf. “The mate- able for transplantation. Schrader and

16 EINBLICKE 2019/20 17 A piece of pig intestine serves as a scaffold for an In the lab for experimental ophthalmology Sonja Mertsch and Stefan Schrader are working on artificial lacrimal gland. Active tear duct cells are paraffin-embedded tissue samples can be sliced new biomaterials for the cornea. In the Wechloy lab they already growing on it. into razor-thin layers for examining the cells produce this artificial tissue, analyse its function and under the microscope. structure, and test drugs.

Mertsch have already developed a pro- Whether or not a transplant using arti- the cornea is damaged. “This is why we drops. Through these tests they have But here, too, the Oldenburg ophthal- a constant supply of nutrients to the cedure that makes these cells grow into ficial or donor tissue succeeds also de- are trying to find drugs that stimulate identified an active substance that is mologists have come up with some constructs in the bioreactor under spe- thin layers or “sheets”. The advantage pends on the nerve cells in the eye: “The nerve growth in the cornea,” Mertsch particularly effective in stimulating promising approaches. cial cultivation conditions, similar to of these so-called “cell sheets” is that cornea has an unusually high number explains. regeneration in damaged nerves. “This what takes places in the body via the they resemble natural corneal tissue of nerve cells,” Schrader explains. We To do this the researchers need a substance has already been approved as Stem cells for blood vessels. This cultivation ensures much more closely than the biomate- only become aware of the functiona- proper model of the corneal tissue. a drug for another eye disease. This is a that the lacrimal gland cells grow on the lacrimal gland rials currently in use. lity of these neurons when, say, we After years of research the neurobio- lucky break for us because it means we the construct in several layers and are get a fly in our eye when cycling. We logist has succeeded in reproducing will soon be able to start performing functionally active. “That was a major Unusually high immediately feel a burning pain. The the tissue in the lab – using as a basis patient studies,” Mertsch adds. The researchers are using mesenchy- breakthrough,” Mertsch says. “The new eyelid closes and lacrimal fluid shoots the collagen gel that gave such good In the search for new treatment mal stem cells, for instance. These cells tissue even produced a form of lacrimal numbers of nerve cells into the eye. “The nerve cells trigger a results as a wound bandage. To this methods the scientists contemplate are found in the bone marrow or fatty fluid.” One challenge the researchers blinking reflex to keep the ocular sur- base all the main cell types from the the entire ocular surface as a functio- tissue of human adults and, like em- have yet to overcome, however, is the After just three weeks the cell sheets face intact. They also control secretion various layers of the cornea are added. nal unit – including the eyelids, eye- bryonic stem cells, they can divide and different conditions for growth which are around forty micrometres thick, of the lacrimal glands and other glands “We have combined all the individual lashes and the lacrimal gland. “When transform into other cell types. Jana the many different types of cells of the that is four hundredths of a millime- which moisten the eye surface,” the components into a unified structure one subsystem fails the entire unit is Dietrich, a doctoral student in the lab lacrimal gland require. tre, and after one year they grow to a researcher explains. and this has given us a model of the affected,” says Schrader. The lacrimal for experimental ophthalmology, has But these are not the only reasons thickness of approximately 150 micro- After a corneal transplant, the nerve cornea as a whole,” Mertsch says. The gland plays an important role here: already shown in her doctoral thesis why an artificial organ is still a distant metres. In the future, patients could cells grow into the new tissue again, trickiest part was to get the nerve cells if it doesn’t release enough fluid the that these stem cells have a therapeutic goal: porcine intestinal tissue is sim- potentially have their own fibroblasts but even twenty years later their num- to grow in the lab. Using state-of-the- eye surface dries out, sustains damage effect on the damaged lacrimal gland in ply too large to provide a good basis for removed to make tissue for corneal bers still won’t reach the original levels art molecular biological methods, the and can become inflamed. Ulcers form mice. To verify these results the resear- a human lacrimal gland. Moreover, reconstruction. “This would minimise in many patients, Mertsch says. The researchers are now studying which and vision is impaired. “Dry eye” is a chers now plan to work with human an artificial gland would need to be the risk of rejection,” Schrader says. problem here is the close interaction drugs influence nerve growth and very common condition and is cau- mesenchymal stem cells. They are able connected to nerves that control tis- Tests have produced positive results between nerve cells and corneal cells. which metabolic processes play a key sed by aging of tissues, autoimmu- to get these cells from a stem cell bank. sue activity. “This is definitely a long- so far: the new material is extremely If the nerve cells are not working pro- role. They have already tracked down a ne diseases and external factors such Alongside the work with stem cells, term project,” Mertsch emphasizes. transparent, strong enough to with- perly, the cells on the surface of the number of interesting substances, the as long hours in front of the compu- the researchers are trying to replace the But the researchers are optimistic. In stand an operation, and corneal cells cornea will atrophy. In the worst case neurobiologist says. ter screen. The symptoms of dry eye lacrimal gland with artificial tissue, as their new laboratory she and Schrader have no problem growing on it. The te- they will die, and this can result in To test the effectiveness of these can be treated using tear substitutes, they did with the cornea. As a scaffold have everything they need to work on am’s current objective is to use growth further damage to the eye surface. Her- substances the team is conducting so-called artificial tears. “But we are for their experiments they are using their many research questions. And factors – special molecules that stimu- pes infections, laser operations on the various experiments, some of them still unable to regenerate the dama- sections of pig intestines from which they are clearly focused on their ob- late cellular growth and proliferation cornea, brain tumours and diseases on mice. Here the researchers operate ged lacrimal gland. This means we all animal cells have been removed. jective: to help and maintain vision in – to reduce the time the tissue needs like diabetes or multiple sclerosis can the mice cornea just as they do for a lack curative treatment methods, or The idea is to grow human cells on it patients for whom conventional cor- to reach the desired level of thickness also negatively impact nerve function human corneal transplant, and fol- in other words the possibility to heal in a special bioreactor. The researchers neal transplants are out of the ques- to about three months. to such a degree that the outer layer of low up with a four-week course of eye the disease,” Schrader emphasizes. have already succeeded in delivering tion. (uk)

18 EINBLICKE 2019/20 19 Cover Story

The grid is key

The green energy transition was launched in 2011: Germany will phase out nuclear power and gradually increase the renewables in its energy mix. But the country’s power grid, which is more than a century old, is only partially equipped for this. An entirely new infrastructure of “smart grids” is needed. In an interview, energy informatics expert Sebastian Lehnhoff explains where the challenges lie

Sebastian Lehnhoff at a site where a neighbourhood based on a modern energy concept is to be built.

Mr Lehnhoff, is there any way to changes. Up to now we've always been wind energy. So let's say the wind is rolling power supply and demand far mance transmission networks – red- toring and coordinating all small-scale achieve the energy transition in Ger- able to generate energy in a very con- particularly strong at 2 a.m. – most of more actively than has been the case undant, fail-proof, highly automated prosumers connected to the network many by 2050? trolled process using lignite, coal and the electric vehicles need to be charged until now, and in real time. The biggest and equipped with modern sensor has not yet taken place. Lehnhoff: Technologically speaking, gas. But as the percentage of renewa- at precisely that moment since that's challenge is to predict as accurately as technology. But the many small plants certainly. But we would be a lot closer bles in the energy mix increases the when larger amounts of wind energy possible how much energy from rene- such as wind farms and solar panels are Does digitalisation entail risks as to our goals if renewables were already situation is changing dramatically. are being fed into the grid. wables can be fed into the grid and then connected to entirely different areas well? better and more flexibly integrated Now, in addition to a handful of large, tailor the supply to consumer needs. of the grid – the lower voltage levels Lehnhoff: Yes, and the dangers are into the energy market and the tech- central power stations, there is a gro- So how can we tackle this? The grid itself plays a key role here. Ope- of the distribution networks. And it’s embedded in the system. The smart nical infrastructure today. By this I wing number of decentralised energy Lehnhoff: Until we have adequate rating equipment such as power lines, here that the infrastructure is lacking. grids of the future are highly complex mean business models in the photo- plants that feed energy into the grid energy storage systems, the only so- cables and transformers will have to be If we want the supply from renewables structures, and this automatically and voltaics and wind energy sectors, for only when the sun shines or the wind lution is intelligent energy manage- fitted with ultra-modern information to be equally secure and reliable, many dramatically increases the risk of IT example, as well as comprehensive blows – but this input doesn't necessa- ment, which – sticking with the exam- and communications technology. This things will have to be reorganised. problems and cyberattacks. Digitali- utilization and recycling processes rily coincide with demand. ple above – would ensure that not all is the only way to coordinate interac- sation technologies require regular for storage technologies. Then there's electric vehicles are recharged at the tions between individual components, What does that mean in practice? software updates – this we know from outdated network structures. These What problems does this create? same time, but in a step-by-step pro- from digital electric meters in homes Lehnhoff:In Germany approximately other fields. In addition, we will be are all major challenges. So I have my Lehnhoff:Well, take electric vehicles, cess, perhaps also on an alternating and adjustable local grid transformers one thousand distribution network dependent on automation through doubts about whether we will reach which will continue to rise in number. basis. All with the goal of adjusting to prediction and monitoring systems operators deliver electricity from the artificial intelligence. Compare this the CO2 targets by 2050. We can assume that in the future every consumption to the infeed of rene- in the control centres of network ope- transmission network to individual with the conventional and comparati- evening after the working day large wable energy into the grid without rators. households. Most of them are regional vely slow systems that are currently in Critics are worried that the energy numbers of these electric vehicles will overloading it. utilities, in many cases small munici- use, a transformer for instance. These transition could put too much pres- head to charging points and stations That sounds like a revolution. What pal utilities. In the future these ope- systems are typically in use for 60 to 70 sure on Germany's power grid, which to recharge. However, due to the lack You are currently carrying out re- challenges do you see here? rators will share the responsibility for years, with at most a little maintenan- is more than a hundred years old. Do of storage facilities, the energy from search into precisely this sort of Lehnhoff:Above all one that has been system security. However, the structu- ce required every now and then, and you share this concern? photovoltaic systems is no longer avai- ‘smart grid’. What is the aim here? underestimated so far: large power res for this don't exist yet. For example, then at some point they're scrapped. Lehnhoff:We definitely have to make lable at this time of the day. That leaves Lehnhoff: Ultimately it's about cont- plants are connected to high-perfor- the digitalisation necessary for moni- If you wanted to disrupt this system,

20 EINBLICKE 2019/20 21 Germany’s power grid is only partially prepared for Lehnhoff in front of the new grid control centre, Lehnhoff’s Energy Informatics research group creates the energy transition because renewable energy which forms part of the “Smart Grid Cyber-Resilience simulations of innovate energy systems using the sources like sun and wind don’t feed energy into Laboratory”. It shows a computer-simulated urban “mosaik” software. The software was developed by the the system consistently, like coal-fired or nuclear distribution network with energy generation facili- Oldenburg scientists and is now a standard tool in this power plants do. ties, cables, transformers and other components. area of research.

you would have to actually go to the se regions will basically get a hardware In the coming years, you will have getic neighbourhood concept for this energy requirements as efficiently as process easier we're taking a playful transformer and disable it on site. Now update: intelligent transformers that access to a unique test environ- new district. There are currently only possible. The main point here is that approach to the whole thing. We all we're merging this world with the di- automatically compensate for voltage ment: Oldenburg is developing a five other projects of this scale in all of this won't be a sealed-off astronaut know that people tend to compare gital world. fluctuations in local networks or elec- new Smart City district with a mo- Germany. colony, based on concepts that can't be their own performance with that of tricity storage units for intermediate dern energy concept on the site of a transferred to the real world. The idea others. And if the neighbour's energy You're working on this in a project storage of wind energy. former military air base … And how will the energy supply at is that the whole neighbourhood and balance sheet looks better than their funded by the Federal Ministry for Lehnhoff:That's right, although ener- the air base work? the surrounding area will benefit from own, perhaps this will motivate them Economic Affairs and Energy. Can „We need to do a gy is just one aspect – this project is Lehnhoff: The buildings will meet the project by copying solutions deve- to make a bigger effort. We want to take you tell us more about it? also about traffic, administration and modern energy standards and will loped here. This is why technologies a closer look at these social aspects too lot of re-organising.“ Lehnhoff: We're building a so-called quality of life. It all began with a bro- be connected to an intelligent power with standardised interfaces are very in the living lab. Smart Grid Cyber-Resilience Laboratory, ad-scale strategy paper “Smart City Ol- grid with a high-security smart-meter important. or CyResLab for short. This lab will be a In another research project funded denburg – a People-Centred Approach” communications infrastructure – the- How about your own "energy balan- unique test environment for smart grid by the German Research Foundation – which the city compiled together se are meters that can send and receive How will the future residents be in- ce"? Do you already drive an electric architectures where we can test emer- (DFG) you're working on the so-called with representatives from academia, data. The plan is to also use this infras- volved in the project when they start vehicle? gency procedures. We want to develop “ black start”. What is this about? business and public administration. tructure for things like telemedical ap- moving into the new district in 2021? Lehnhoff: In my private life I only use security measures for dealing with IT Lehnhoff:The black start is an unsolved In the paper we examine which of the plications in future projects. There will Lehnhoff:They will play an active part my bike nowadays, at least for getting errors in highly interconnected systems problem in smart grids. It deals with city's tasks should be digitalised, from also be modern cogeneration systems in the energy supply system by being around the city. It's not an electric bike and preventing malicious attacks. We're how to restart the grid after a major visits to local authorities, energy dis- and various energy generators such as able to buy cheap energy from each though; I want to stay in shape. My wife also testing ways to rapidly identify power failure. Large power plants have tribution and supply services to waste combined heat and power units, pow- other and sell their own surpluses at and I are seriously considering buying and respond to such incidents during a very old-school approach to this situ- management and urban planning. er-to-gas plants and solar photovol- any time. Residents will have access a cargo bike – they're powered by an continuous operation. ation: a battery starts up a small diesel Once the plan had been drawn up and taic systems. One energy source can be to the necessary information via a electric motor. generator, which in turn starts a gas the city convinced of its merits, we be- converted into another to cover overall consumer platform. To make the Interview: Volker Sandmann So how close are we to having an in- turbine. With smart grids the situation gan to set up a “Living Lab Smart City” telligent power grid? is far more complex: to get the grid at the old air base: a place for collabora- Lehnhoff: In northwest Germany operating again, you have to coordinate tion between academia and civil socie- Profile we're already pretty close. This is main- many different decentralised genera- ty where the focus is on learning from ly thanks to projects like eTelligence or tors and consumers. For this you need each other in an experimental environ- ENERA, which are funded by the Mi- modern information and communi- ment. The core of the whole concept Sebastian Lehnhoff has been Professor communications technology-based operation for safety-critical appli- nistry for Economic Affairs and Energy cations technology that automatically is a lighthouse project, the Energetic for Energy Information Systems at concepts and prototype systems for the cations in electric energy systems (BMWi) and the energy company EWE. measures, controls and regulates. But Neighbourhood District (“Energeti- the University of Oldenburg’s Depart- energy sector. and co-simulation of complex energy We were and are involved in these pro- this technology itself needs electricity sche Nachbarschaftsquartier” - ENaQ), ment of Computing Science since His research focuses on intelligent systems. He is the coordinator of the jects as a university and also through to operate. So where should the electri- which is financed by the Ministry for 2015. He is also director of the univer- energy systems, also known as smart "Future Lab Energy" and board mem- the OFFIS Institute for Information city go to first? This chicken-and-egg -di Economic Affairs and Energy and the sity’s OFFIS Institute for Information grids. The goal is to develop energy- ber of the Centre for Digital Technology. The goal is to roll out a lemma requires complex management Ministry of Education and Research. Technology and Chairman Executive efficient, green, cost-effective and Innovations Lower Saxony (Zentrum smart grid in the test regions of Aurich, and optimisation principles, which we In this project we and other partners Board Energy. His team of around 80 secure power supply systems. His für digitale Innovationen Nieder- Friesland, Wittmund and Emden. The- are studying in this project. are specifically working on the ener- researchers develops information and research interests include real-time sachsen).

22 EINBLICKE 2019/20 23 Cover Story

Understanding the wind

The rotor blades in wind farms turn majestically and seemingly at a constant speed in the airflow – here in a wind park near Emden. But the installation’s output can double or halve within seconds.

Every year, Germany produces more energy he eternal wan- the ground is simply too chaotic: wind and plannable. Peinke, a renowned been no way to reliably predict the using wind turbines. This development poses derer, the dragon speeds vary not just over days, months turbulence researcher, is among these energy yield of wind farms located many challenges – from selecting the right with a thousand and years, but within minutes and se- scientists. He and his research group outside flat terrain. Again and again, tails, the swirling conds. A gentle breeze can be followed Turbulence, Wind Energy and Stochas- wind farm operators have ended up in materials to ensuring the stability of electrical dancer: the dynamic nature and power by a sudden squall which then subsides tic (TWIST) are trying to decipher the financial difficulties due to planning grids. The conversion of atmospheric kinetic Tof the wind has inspired many pretty as quickly as it came. Some air vortexes properties of the wind using complex errors. “If you make a rough calcula- energy into electricity begins with the wind, metaphors over time. But what makes are as large as continents, others as mathematical methods. In addition, a tion of the yields and the average wind atmospheric air flow so fascinating to small as a mosquito. Obstacles such team of energy meteorologists led by speed differs from the estimate by just a constantly fluctuating energy source. At the poets is an on-going problem for phy- as mountains, forests and buildings Dr. Detlev Heinemann measures and 0.2 metres per second, it can cost a large University of Oldenburg's ForWind Centre for sicists and meteorologists: the motion change air flow in unpredictable ways. predicts wind flow at wind farms and wind farm with 50 turbines up to five Wind Energy Research, scientists are working of air in the first 200 metres above This volatility poses a major chal- across larger areas. million euros – per year!” Heinemann the ground is so variable that it is vir- lenge for the green energy transition. explains. intensively to gain a better understanding of the tually impossible to predict it using In 2018 wind was the second most im- An atlas for Since June 2019, however, planners equations, approximations and model portant resource in the German power have had access to better data: the New continuously changing air flow wind power calculations. mix after lignite, providing 20 percent European Wind Atlas (NEWA) now pro- “The physics of wind as an energy of the country's electricity. But it is vides accurate information on wind source still hasn't been adequately re- far more difficult to plan electricity Wind resource assessment plays a key strength at any location within the searched,” says Prof. Dr. Joachim Pein- generation from wind energy than role in the planning of wind farms. Until European Union as well as the North ke, a turbulence researcher at the Uni- from fossil fuels. "In the quest to make now project developers have had to rely and Baltic Seas in the last thirty ye- versity of Oldenburg's ForWind Center optimum use of wind as an energy on data from the 1980s that produced ars. Heinemann and his colleague Dr. for Wind Energy Research. Although source we face various constraints" viable results only for flattish terrain Björn Witha were key participants in equations that describe the behaviour says Peinke. like northern Germany. In the kind of this international project, which had of the atmosphere’s air flow exist, even The scientists at ForWind are wor- hilly or mountainous terrain where a a budget of approximately 13 million the world's most high-performance king to improve their knowledge of growing number of new wind farms are euros. “Our goal was to provide detai- computers can't solve them accurately. the wind in order to make wind-based now being built this model has failed. led, long-term data about the wind The turbulent boundary layer close to electricity generation more reliable This means that until now there has climate across Europe,” says Witha.

24 EINBLICKE 2019/20 25 Joachim Peinke (here in front of the active grid in the large wind tunnel of ForWind) uses statistical methodology to research the Energy meteorologists Björn Witha (l.) and Detlev Heinemann characterise the wind using weather research methodologies. qualities of the wind.

Launched in 2015 and led by the Tech- configuration. The researchers also in the surrounding area, that the Bro- in the 1980s rotor blades were typically tre wind tunnel. Inside the tunnel a is present at all stages of the process of nical University of Denmark in Ros- examined how the selection of dif- cken in the Harz mountain range is just seven to eight metres long, today one-of-a-kind grid with almost a thou- converting wind energy into electrici- kilde, around thirty institutions from ferent physical parameters affected the windiest location on the German they are around eighty metres long, sand movable, diamond-shaped alu- ty, from the forces acting on the turbine eight countries participated in the the results and compared the results mainland, and that there is almost no surpassing the wingspan of an A380 minium blades creates natural wind to the electricity generation process. mammoth project. The objective was to with measurements made during four wind at all in the Po Valley in northern aircraft. To keep weight down, many fields, including large and small turbu- By comparing measurement data the create a virtual grid with a three-kilo- measurement campaigns conducted Italy. Consulting engineers can use the components are designed to function lences. “The great thing about the wind team established that all these vari- metre grid spacing that spanned the specifically for the project at several website to gather all the data they need at the limits of their capacity. “If rotors tunnel is that, unlike in nature, we can ables fluctuate just as much as wind entire continent, and to generate com- test sites. to plan a wind farm. And government were still made out of metal, as they repeat certain turbulence patterns to speeds do. “For example the amount of plete time-series wind datasets for the Most of the preparatory model authorities, farmers and water sports were in the 1980s, they would break see what impact they have on model power generated by a wind turbine can last 30 years at each node. Users would, calculations were performed on the enthusiasts also benefit from the in- under their own weight,” says Peinke. systems,” explains Dr. Michael Hölling, increase or decrease by fifty percent for example, be able to call up data on University of Oldenburg's high-per- formation it provides. Manufacturers use turbulence a colleague of Peinke who is responsible within seconds,” Peinke explains. the average wind speed, maximum formance computing cluster, which models to calculate the forces a tur- for the wind tunnel. wind speed or temperature for any gi- has specifically been made available Information for bine must withstand. But small-sca- Statistics offers another possibility Fluctuations ven day – for heights between ten and for wind energy research. For the si- le turbulences in particular are dif- for analysing the properties of flow farmers and authorities in the power grid 500 metres above ground and 30-mi- mulations which ultimately provided ficult to predict. “There are so many patterns. Peinke and his research group nute intervals. For an even tighter the data for the Wind Atlas, the team local fluctuations in the wind that study physical parameters such as tur- network with a grid spacing of 50 me- resorted to the even greater computing As well as large-scale flow patterns and surprises are not rare,” says Peinke. bulence intensity in air flows and wind Gusts of wind and whirlwinds that tres, the goal was to provide at least capacity of the Mare Nostrum super- long-term average values, small-scale To learn more about the mysteries of speed distribution in order to deduce occur locally without affecting all the statistical data on variables such as the computer at the University of Barce- air turbulences also play an important turbulence he and his colleagues use general rules. In a scientific publication turbines in a wind farm or a larger area frequency of specific wind speeds and lona. Even so, the calculations took role for wind power. “Wind structures complex mathematical methods to from 2012, the team demonstrated that still have an impact on the power grid directions. more than half a year – a standard PC of just one metre in size determine study, for example, how best to cha- a special statistical principle applies for as a whole – and in particular on the The researchers had to make all would have needed around 1,600 years which local forces act on a wind tur- racterize small-scale fluctuations, wind gusts: extreme fluctuations in grid frequency, as a team led by Peinke these calculations on their own. They to complete this task. bine,” turbulence researcher Peinke or whether properties exist that are wind speed occur far more frequent- and his PhD student Hauke Hähne did this using a computer model com- The Wind Atlas's new website now explains. An airplane taking off in a common to all turbulent flows. Here ly than the statistics currently used demonstrated in a paper published in monly used for weather forecasting offers free access to interactive maps, heavy storm encounters the turbulent they look into questions such as how by industry suggest, meaning that in 2018 in the science journal Europhysics into which they fed the relevant wea- time-series and wind-speed statistics, layer of air close to the ground only much small-scale turbulences depend some cases the frequency of extreme Letters. The researchers studied the ther data to determine the values at and other relevant parameters for wind during take-off and landing, while for on the structure of the large-scale flow events is drastically underestimated. oscillations of the AC voltage in the the nodes. “We couldn't just press a power. “The scope and resolution of the rest of the flight wind currents will from which they emerge, or whether “An extreme event that – according to regional power grid over a period of button and start calculating; we had NEWA are unique,” Witha says. After generally be calm. “But for wind turbi- details such as the duration or stabi- the Gaussian statistics applied to date four-and-a-half months. “The mains to do extensive preparatory work,” says publication the data quickly started nes, turbulence is a permanent state,” lity of a wind gust depend on environ- should only occur once every 1,250 ye- frequency indicates the current ratio of Witha, who was largely responsible for generating a lot of attention, he adds. says the researcher. This places tough mental conditions. ars – actually occurs once every hour,” electricity production to consumption, designing and coordinating the tests. There are many interesting things to demands on materials – especially as Peinke's research group also carries Peinke explains. The scientists were and is thus a stability parameter,” ex- The team tested different versions of discover – for example that the wind wind turbines have grown dramati- out experiments in the ForWind Re- also able to establish that this property plains Peinke. If several megawatts of the model to determine the optimum blows less in cities like Oldenburg than cally in recent decades. Whereas back search Center's purpose-built, 30-me- of the wind, known as intermittency, wind power are suddenly fed into the

26 EINBLICKE 2019/20 27 Cover Story

grid without consumption rising at the didn't pose a threat to the power grid. meters directly from a measured time same time, the frequency changes. If But in the future, if the proportion series that describe the stochastic – i.e. it deviates too much from the desired of renewable energies in electricity random – properties of solar power. The energy value - 50 hertz, or 50 oscillations per generation increases, the fluctuations Network operators could potentially second - within a few seconds a control could increase. The observed proba- use these parameters to develop an mechanism intervenes to ensure that bility distribution can help scientists algorithm to filter out and suppress the power grid remains stable. Minor to correctly identify risks and develop dramatic fluctuations. Batteries, ca- calculator fluctuations are automatically com- control strategies, Peinke explains. “It's pacitors and inverters with just a few pensated for by rotational inertia in essential to have a precise knowledge percent of the installed capacity can large power stations. of the fluctuations in order to be able be used to stabilise microgrids, inclu- To find out how gusts of wind and to correctly assess the probability of ding those running on a high propor- Germany wants to make the transition to an environmen- other turbulences affect this inter- large, potentially critical fluctuations.” tion of renewable energies, Peinke tally-friendly energy supply. But the shift to a sustainable action, the team made 10,000 mea- Solar energy is even more disrupti- points out. surements per second of the frequen- ve for the power grid than wind ener- Word is now spreading in the wind system also calls for drastic economic policy measures, for cy, allowing the researchers to record gy: “On days when the sky is alterna- energy sector that the complex chal- instance the introduction of a carbon pricing. Energy ma- fluctuations on very small timescales. tely cloudless and cloudy, solar power lenges of wind energy can be tackled nagement expert Christoph Böhringer uses sophisticated Their analysis showed that the pheno- systems switch on and off repeatedly using statistics and turbulence re- menon of intermittency is also present within very short periods,” says Pein- search. Peinke is currently preparing mathematical models to study the impact of such measures. in the grid frequency: its fluctuations ke. Such episodes are particularly like- a project for monitoring the condition His work is producing interesting insights which, among obey a statistical law similar to that ly to destabilise smaller subnetworks, of wind turbines using statistical data other things, have the potential to make the discussion which governs wind speed distribu- which are expected to multiply as the analysis. “We want to develop a kind of tion, with relatively large fluctuations energy transition advances. In 2017, a wind turbine doctor,” says Dr. Matthias about the future energy supply more concrete and objective occurring far more frequently than team of ForWind turbulence research Wächter, who runs the project. Each expected. The researchers also discove- and energy meteorology scientists wind turbine contains hundreds of red that the more wind energy was fed working in collaboration with elec- sensors that monitor numerous para- into the grid within a given period, the trical engineers from the Clausthal meters, from the oil level of the gene- more frequently strong fluctuations in University of Technology published rator to the bending moment of the frequency occurred. “This suggests that a study in the science journal Solar rotors. “Because the turbines wobble the fluctuations in wind power caused Energy. It provides a mathematical de- constantly, the data is very noisy and the fluctuations in frequency,” says scription of the erratic nature of solar so far hardly anyone has been able to Peinke. The documented frequency energy. In their paper the researchers do anything with it,” explains Peinke. fluctuations were so small that they present a method for deriving para- He and his team now want to work with computer scientists to evaluate and analyse these mountains of data using big data technologies. They aim to extract information from the noise such as whether everything is running smoothly or whether certain components of a system, for instance the mo- tors, are showing signs of fatigue and need replacing. Particularly in the case of offshore turbines, which are difficult to access, it would be useful to be able to better plan maintenance work so that it can be carried out when the wind is low. “The costs for outages and maintenance work account for a significant proportion of wind energy costs,” stresses Peinke. “To reduce these costs, it will be necessary not only to increase the efficiency of wind turbines, but to understand them better - so that they can operate maintenance-free even in It’s windier in the north of Germany than in the turbulent times.” (uk) south. The map shows wind speeds over one year at a height of 100 metres above sea level. 28 EINBLICKE 2019/20 29 ou don’t have to duced by coal, or a private individual relative to income for those with lo- analysis. I learned so much from him and Innovation” (EFI) – a think tank Infobox study business and who heats their home with natural wer incomes compared to those with and we continue to collaborate in the established by Angela Merkel in 2008 economics from gas or consumes kerosene through higher incomes. This would reduce field of applied economic research.” to advise the government on key ques- the outset to be- air travel. Carbon pricing is meant to or even cancel out the regressive im- Böhringer’s expertise in numerical si- tions relating to research and innova- Carbon pricing: come a professor of economic policy. raise awareness among consumers of pact of higher carbon prices without mulation analyses for economic policy tion policy. the German Y“As a student I was more interested in the cost of the environmental dama- detracting from the steering effect of proved to be the ticket to his later ca- Carbon dioxide will continue to be the government’s plans engineering and IT – I only attended ge they cause and encourage them to carbon pricing in terms of cutting car- reer. After his PhD, he moved to Mann- focus of his work in the future. Böh- the introductory lectures for economic adopt more environmentally friendly bon consumption. heim and the Leibniz Centre for Euro- ringer is currently coordinating the The centrepiece of the German and business studies,” says Christoph behaviour. pean Economic Research (ZEW), where project “Carbon Pricing after Paris” government’s climate protection Böhringer. But as a student of indus- “With the climate package it passed People must pay he was made head of the “Environ- together with the Kiel Institute for programme is “carbon pricing for trial engineering at the University of in September, the German govern- mental and Resource Economics, En- the World Economy and Stanford Uni- transport and heating” from 2021. for producing emissions Karlsruhe, Böhringer also learned the ment plans to introduce carbon pricing vironmental Management” Research versity. The project brings together re- Under the EU’s Emissions Trading basics of applied economic policy ana- in the agricultural, transportation and Department. In 2004, he was given nowned research teams from various System, carbon pricing already lysis using computer-aided simulation building sectors, which are currently Greenhouse gas emissions need to be tenure at the University of Heidelberg, continents to work out how to achieve applies for the energy sector and models. not covered by the European Emissions cut drastically if we are to avoid a cli- before finally transferring to Olden- the greenhouse gas reduction targets for energy-intensive industries, but Trading System. However, the envi- mate catastrophe. This means there is burg in 2007. “The economics depart- agreed at the UN Climate Change Con- in Germany it will also apply in the The economic saged price plan for CO2 for the next no alternative to considerably increa- ment is small here, but its reputation is ference in Paris through coordinated transport and building sectors. ten years is set too low to achieve the sing the prices for industrial activities impressive. And Oldenburg has always and appropriate carbon dioxide pri- The German government plans to world in a model ambitious national targets by 2030,” that are harmful to the environment. been particularly well positioned in cing. As with other global challenges, reinvest the revenues in climate Böhringer says. In his eyes, achieving According to Böhringer, however, it environmental economics.” Since 2012, the key to solving the greenhouse gas protection measures or pass them Mathematical model calculations and socio-political acceptance of higher is essential that CO2 is reduced in the Böhringer has been a member of the problem lies in close international colon to the public in a form that has yet simulations are still the focus of his carbon prices will require a climate most obvious areas of consumption – “Commission of Experts for Research laboration. (ts) to be specified. research today. Böhringer and his col- policy that is socially compatible. How- for example heating oil or petrol – and The national emissions trading leagues at the department of econo- ever, critics warn that high CO2 prices that measures are taken to cushion system (nationale Emissionshan- mic policy are currently using these would be unfair and immoral as they the impact on low earners. The CO2 tax delssystem ‒ nEHS) will be launched methods to quantify the impact on would place a bigger burden on people reform outlined above would ensure in 2021 on the basis of a fixed-price businesses and consumers of economic with lower incomes than on the we- precisely that. system, meaning that the per tonne policy interventions such as carbon althy. For high earners, a tax on petrol, For Böhringer, designing a sustaina- price of CO2 will be fixed and set by pricing or phasing out coal. But the oil, electricity or air travel would be ble energy sector has always been an the state. Certificates will be sold simulation analyses are not restricted less painful than for those who have to important topic. In his dissertation he to companies that trade in heating to energy and climate policy measures. count every penny. programmed a database for the Mann- or motor fuels. Thus companies They also cover other areas of economic heimer Versorgungs- und Verkehrs- producing heating oil, liquid gas, policy such as trading and taxation Revenues are to be gesellschaft, one of Germany’s leading natural gas, petrol or diesel will need policy – a current example is the ana- energy suppliers, with which the dis- to purchase a certificate – allowing redistributed among lysis of the trade conflict between the trict heating network can be coordi- them to cause pollution – for each US and China. the population nated for increased energy-efficiency. tonne of CO2 that these fuels produ- The core of his research may sound abs- After completing his Diplom degree ce when consumed. tract but it has real political implicati- The topic is being hashed over again in Karlsruhe, Böhringer moved to the The fixed price will start out at ten ons: “What I do is commonly described and again on talk shows. Böhringer Institute for Energy Economics and euros per tonne and increase to 35 as ‘numerical simulation’,” Böhringer prefers to let the facts speak for them- Rational Energy Use at the University euros per tonne of CO2 by 2025. says. It allows him to apply textbook selves. Using his model-based cal- of Stuttgart in the early 1990s to do his From 2026 onwards, the price will scenarios to real economies to simulate culations, he has come up with a tax PhD, and wrote his thesis on CO2 taxes reflect the market price provided it the effects of specific economic policy model that would be less hard on the and coal phase-out. lies somewhere between the stipula- interventions on prices, as well as on poor. “The task is to reduce the regres- ted minimum and maximum price. the supply and demand behaviour of sive impact of higher carbon pricing, Well positioned in According to the German govern- consumers, trade or industry. in other words to diminish the effect ment, the total amount of certifica- the green energy sector He is currently studying the potential whereby lower income earners who tes issued across Germany will then impact of the German state’s carbon have comparatively high energy costs generate enough funds to meet the pricing policy, which entails charging are hardest hit.” This can be achieved He notes that what influenced him requirements for achieving German industrial companies or private indi- with a CO2 tax reform in which part most during his doctoral studies was and European climate targets. viduals for the climate-damaging car- of the revenue generated by higher a study year abroad at the Universi- bon emissions they produce through carbon pricing is paid back to hou- ty of Colorado Boulder under Profes- Source: The homepage their consumption of gas, coal and oil. seholds in a lump sum: a fixed sum sor Thomas F. Rutherford. “Ruther- Christoph Böhringer, Professor of Economic Policy at the University of Oldenburg, has of the German government The payer might be a company that would be reimbursed per capita, and ford is known around the world as been a leading economic policy researcher in the German-speaking world for many (current as of: 30 October 2019) uses electricity which is partially pro- this rebate would be more substantial the pope of numerical equilibrium years.

30 EINBLICKE 2019/20 31 Cover Story

Power to the people

The Danish municipality of Ringkøbing-Skjern, partner in the EU-funded project COBEN, has set itself the goal of covering all its energy needs with renewables by 2020. In addition to wind, of which there is no shortage here, it uses solar energy for heating water for example.

Reforming the energy system requires not just n idyllic coun- “And social processes are complicated.” tricity consumption. There are more the fact that public opposition to green technical expertise, but also knowledge of the try village: Mattes, a social scientist and Professor than 29,000 land-based turbines in expansion measures is growing – for lonely coun- of Organisation and Innovation at the Germany, almost a third of which are example when they interfere with na- social structures and processes that support the try roads lined University of Oldenburg, knows what in Lower Saxony, along with a growing ture conservation, or when citizens feel transition. This is where Oldenburg researchers with gnarled trees, cornfields stret- she's talking about. In the junior re- number of offshore farms. But even their own concerns are being ignored. from various disciplines are giving their input Aching all the way to the horizon, rare search group REENEA, which is funded though the proportion of wind power “Most people accept that the green birds rendezvousing on the forest edge. by the German Research Foundation in Germany’s energy mix has grown energy transition is necessary,” the and showing the way forward. They investigate Here, where there is so much space for (DFG), she is studying the social back- steadily since 1987, when the first wind social scientist stresses, “but they don’t factors such as how the parties involved in the nature and humans, a wind farm is to ground of the energy transition on the farm was built in Schleswig-Holstein, want the expansion to take place on energy transition build mutual trust, and how be built. But among the villagers, re- basis of regional case studies. Although land-based expansion is now slowing their own doorstep.” cent arrivals and long-time residents the restructuring of Germany’s energy down – for very diverse reasons. Mattes experiences this first-hand communities can find ways to cover their own alike, a row breaks out: What about system is the subject of continual pu- in her research: she and her team are energy demands with local initiatives protecting the birds? Who benefits blic debate, little is known about the Providing subsidies laboriously interviewing people who from the new wind turbines? And whe- role of the individual parties involved, are directly affected by the restructu- on a random re should they be erected? she explains. And little is known about ring of the energy system – from tur- Wind energy is only the backdrop for which factors advance or hinder it. basis doesn’t work bine manufacturers, service providers Juli Zeh's socio-critical novel “Unter- Mattes and her team of three resear- and planners to political decision-ma- leuten". But the old and new disputes chers aim to fill this knowledge gap. One of them is that energy policy kers, conservationists and members of that flare up between the inhabitants Mattes is focussing on the wind has changed significantly since the the general public. The researchers also of a fictitious village in Brandenburg energy sector as a case study for her re- amendment of the Renewable Energy comb through documents and attend illustrate how producing green elec- search. The German government wants Sources Act (EEG). Among other things public discussions. Yet the massive tricity to support the “Energiewen- 60 percent of the electricity consumed fixed subsidy rates were abolished, af- problems with acceptance are just one de” (energy transition) raises not just in Germany to come from renewa- fecting remuneration for electricity aspect they are encountering. technical questions, but also human ble energy sources by 2030. Currently, fed into the grid. “This has upset many “We’re interested in the roles the ones. “The energy transition is a social wind power accounts for just under companies and left investors feeling affected parties see themselves in, the process," says Prof. Dr. Jannika Mattes. 18 percent of the country’s gross elec- abandoned,” says Mattes. Then there’s knowhow they can contribute, the fac-

32 EINBLICKE 2019/20 33 tors that influence their decisions, and der to identify overarching themes and ons. The results show that the social Saxony, the researchers are therefore Belgium, Scotland and Denmark advantages for rural structures,"McGo- the power structures in place,” Mattes similarities as well as contradictions. dimensions of the energy transition focussing on municipal utilities that are pioneering a transition that has vern explains – for example a new local explains. To do full justice to the com- “We’re conducting standard empirical vary from region to region and that take this aspect of the transition into only just begun at the European le- transport system that is not dependent plexity of the issue, the individual case social research,” says Mattes. requirements also vary. In rural areas account. “As local, municipally-run vel. “Civic energy” is the name of this on fossil fuels. studies go deep. The team has conduc- Although not all the case studies like the Uckermark in Brandenburg energy suppliers, these utilities are in approach, for which the European This example shows how the entire ted more than thirty one-to-two-hour have been completed yet – Mattes’ there is a complete lack of infrastruc- direct contact with their customers. Commission paved the way in May community can benefit from the goals interviews based on a common inter- team is studying the energy transi- ture, for instance institutions or formal This makes them important partners 2019 with its latest decisions on the of the project, says Klenke. “The ad- view guideline in the Oldenburg area tion in five other regions in addition to networks that could support the tran- for implementing the energy transi- legislative package “Clean Energy for vantage is that communities them- alone. The researchers then evaluate Oldenburg, including the Uckermark, sition and ultimately implement the tion at the local level,” Busse explains. all Europeans”. Under the new legis- selves become the drivers of the energy the interviews and documents, assig- North Frisia and Hamburg – she has necessary changes. In Oldenburg, by “And in most cases their customers lation, energy producers and consu- transition.” The task of the Oldenburg ning them to different categories in or- already arrived at certain conclusi- contrast, wind energy has high priori- trust them.” mers will no longer have to follow the scientists is to draw general conclusi- ty and numerous companies, most of In nine case studies planned for the specifications of major power grid ons from the six regional initiatives. them connected to the university, have next three years, the researchers aim operators. Instead, they will be able To do this they outline the various pro- been established over the years. Here, to learn how municipal utilities are to generate, store and distribute elec- cesses that are necessary to implement both official and personal networks rethinking and revising their existing tricity and thermal energy indepen- the structural changes for paving the facilitate dialogue among the various business models and strategies to meet dently. This has not been possible until way to climate-friendly communities. parties involved in the process. the economic challenges of the energy now, for legal as well as other reasons. This will gradually result in a road- For Mattes, these initial findings – transition. In this way the researchers “Civic energy thus offers a genuine map for civic energy. In addition, the as predictable as some of them may hope to integrate the utilities – as im- alternative to the traditional, centra- researchers will summarise their fin- be – contain an “important message portant agents of the transition – into lised energy supply network,” McGo- dings from the case studies in twelve to policy-makers”: namely that pro- the vital dialogue between the public vern, the project coordinator, explains. different business models with the viding subsidies on a random basis and the politicians, thus paving the “That’s pretty revolutionary.” aim of encouraging other regions to doesn’t work because it fails to address way for greater acceptance. This brings the scientists in the CO- follow suit. “The most important aspect specific needs. She also draws another Dr. Thomas Klenke and Gerard BEN project closer to one of their goals, in this process is that communities or important conclusion: a region will be McGovern, two scientists at the uni- which is to ensure that ultimately regions clearly define their social, so- more receptive to the energy transition versity's Centre for Environment and communities and the people who live cietal and environmental development if the necessary processes have grown Sustainability Research (COAST), are in them benefit from the results of the targets from the beginning,” McGo- over time and the parties involved trust also involved in initiatives aimed at energy transition. The idea is that the vern emphasises. each other. “In such cases wind energy encouraging communities to assume added value and thus the financial re- Ultimately, COBEN aims to put the is not perceived as a burden but forms responsibility in the energy transition. venues remain within the community. energy supply process back into the part of the self-image of a region that They are leading the COBEN project, “But that’s easier said than done,” says hands of communities – independ- supplies itself and others with electri- which is supported by the European McGovern. So the participants in the ently of the control of big energy city,” says the social scientist. Regional Development Fund. The pro- six pilot regions first of all work out companies and network operators, Christian Busse, Professor of Sus- ject focusses on concrete approaches the requirements of each community: the researchers explain. Naturally tainable Production Management at that enable local players to actively How much heat or electricity do they there are still technical challenges Oldenburg University, and his collea- shape the energy transition. A major need? What about mobility? What are ahead, such as the creation of local gue Julien Minnemann are also well challenge is to embed climate protec- the potential energy sources? And what networks, Klenke stresses. He points aware that trust is a key aspect in the tion in communities by creating new are the advantages for communities out that new decentralised structures energy transition – and that the people energy infrastructures while at the of setting up their own value-creation could take over tasks of centralised involved at the local level play a fun- same time combining this with other cycles for energy? systems, for example. The idea of pro- damental role. “The debate about the local development goals. “We want “What’s special about this is that we ducing and distributing electricity in energy transition is highly emotional to enable communities to generate are combining the energy transition new ways also has to be financially and politicised,”says Busse. In addition, and consume energy independently with other goals in community de- attractive, he adds. But the work has the global discussion of the topic is and set up efficient structures to do velopment,” says Klenke. “But the focus begun: “As a project partnership we inevitably followed by action at a pre- so – from energy sources to energy ge- is always on the people”. The Danish are quite proud that the positive in- dominantly local level, Minnemann neration and marketing,” says Klenke. municipality of Ringkøbing-Skjern, for terim results of our project have been points out. But to be able to implement example, has set itself the goal of cover- incorporated into the amended EU re- the energy transition locally it is vital Communities themselves ing all its energy needs from renewable solution,” he says. Now the EU mem- to secure acceptance among the public. sources by 2020. The advantage in this ber states must implement the new become drivers of This requires a basis of trust between windy region is that wind power alrea- directives into national law. Klenke members of the public on the one hand the energy transition dy generates more electricity for the and McGovern hope that the concept and the implementing agents, such as community than its companies and of civic energy will not be watered energy suppliers, on the other, Busse By setting up local energy initiatives, residents actually need. “The Danish down in the process, so that efficient, Most people accept that the green energy stresses. the six regions participating in the partners are now looking at how they community-run civic energy systems transition is necessary. But frequently contro- In a project funded by the state of Lower project in Germany, the Netherlands, can use this surplus to secure further can become a reality. (cb) versies arise when the expansion takes place on their own doorstep. 34 EINBLICKE 2019/20 35 In Pictures

Microbes under the microscope

What tools do bacteria in the sea or in soil use to break down organic pollutants? This is the type of question the research group General and Molecular Microbiology led by Ralf Rabus addresses. The scientists are studying the proteome – the entire set of proteins present in a cell – to gain a better understanding of how certain microbes function. A journey from tiny to even tinier

4 1 Bacteria are no more than a few thou- 4 Many bacteria are difficult to culture in sands of a millimetre in size. Yet these tiny the lab, in particular those that naturally live cells can do all the things larger organisms in oxygen-free conditions. The researchers do – for example breathe, take up and use have to heat special syringes in order to nutrients, and excrete metabolic waste. treat culture vials with nitrogen under sterile conditions. This allows the bacteria to grow 2 At least a thousand different proteins without oxygen in the laboratory. bring bacteria to life – here in the image they have been separated and appear as 5 The bacteria grow under controlled fluorescent dots on a separating gel. The conditions in the stainless steel bioreactor. green-coloured protein spots are produced Feeding them specific substances makes it in larger amounts by the cells under the possible to determine which proteins are conditions studied. used in biodegradation processes. Microbio- logist Dr. Daniel Wünsch checks how much 3 The bacteria that the researchers are cell mass has formed. The number of newly interested in live in the sea, in oxygen de- isolated environmental bacteria generally pleted zones of the seabed or in the soil. Lab doubles within a few hours or days. technician Christina Hinrichs presents two samples from the Janssand sandbank near Spiekeroog.

2 36 EINBLICKE 2019/20 5 37 6 8 9

6 A few steps later, the researchers 8 In order to sort the proteins even more have isolated the proteins from the cells. precisely, the Oldenburg microbiologists The resulting liquid contains one to two use a nano ultrahigh-performance liquid thousand different proteins from the chromatography system. The pre-sorted cultured cells. The process of gel electro- proteins are cut up very precisely using phoresis separates the proteins using an molecular scissors, then dissolved in a liquid electric field. Within two to three hours and passed through miniature columns the protein molecules that have been dyed under high pressure. The chromatograph blue have moved towards the positive slowly releases tiny droplets containing the electrode within the gel. This produces fragments of just a few proteins. thin blue bands with proteins of similar size and charge. 9 The final step on the path to deciphe- ring the proteome is the mass spectro- 7 Large image: A separating gel formed meter in the research group’s lab. Once using this method, is placed on the light inside, the protein fragments are vapori- table. A robot arm cuts pinhead-sized sed, electrically charged and accelerated pieces from the gel before inserting the into a vacuum pipe. The large molecules individual pieces into the indentations of a fly slowly through the pipe, the smaller microtiter plate – a plastic tray with mul- ones more quickly. This allows the device tiple “wells“ used as small test tubes. Each to calculate the mass of the separated of these gel pieces can contain from just a fragments with such precision that each few to more than hundred proteins. individual protein can be identified.

7 38 EINBLICKE 2019/20 39 Teacher Training

says, is so-called “educational-lang- Since 2016, when the Department for room or the questions such as whether uage” skills. “The term “educational Language-Sensitive Teaching and Le- metaphors like “packets” or “clouds” language” differentiates between the arning (Arbeitsstelle Sprachsensibles make sense when it comes to learning language spoken in everyday life and Lehren und Lernen), which is run by in computer science classes. One ar- the language used in the classroom. Goschler, was set up at the Centre for ticle explains how practice-oriented And this linguistic register is not mas- Teacher Education (Zentrum für Lehr- lessons – in other words technology tered by all students equally,” Goschler kräftebildung - Didaktisches Zentrum, lessons based on specific exercises – says. Moreover, the linguistic challen- DiZ), the University of Oldenburg has can influence language-acquisition ges vary from subject to subject: “This had an institution dedicated to this processes by creating opportunities can be a specific vocabulary, but cer- topic. A number of recently approved for spontaneous, authentic commu- tain subjects also use specific sentence projects for professionalising teacher nication. structures or verb tenses,” she explains. training have since picked up on this: History textbooks, for example, are as part of the project “Biographical- Language sensitivity often written in the simple past tense, ly-Oriented and Multi-Phase Teacher in teacher training which is never used in other subjects. Education in Oldenburg” (”Biogra- In science subjects, on the other hand, phieorientierte und Phasenübergrei- you often find formulaic phrasing such fende Lehrerbildung in Oldenburg – The subjectivising effects of language as “To calculate x, we have to…” Such OLE+”), researchers from a number in school is another topic. How the linguistic norms often remain implicit, of disciplines are investigating the way we talk to each other organises Goschler explains. This not only ma- complexity of linguistic interactions and regulates social relations is ex- kes it harder for pupils to understand in schools and other educational con- amined here. How does continually the linguistic patterns and reproduce texts. One focus area of the DiOLL being referred to as “pupils with an them, but also to learn the content of project (Digitalisation in Oldenburg immigration background” affect the the lessons. Teacher Training) is to investigate the self-image of children and adolescents? A range of perspectives is needed to understand the linguistic challenges in the classroom, Juliana Goschler and Martin Butler say. Which makes it all the more import- challenges of language-sensitive tea- “Language serves to categorise people,” ant that future teachers of all subjects ching across the curriculum. Goschler explains. Every description we are sensitised to the importance of lan- use invokes particular characteristics guage in schools and lessons, Goschler Language in and stereotypes; it assigns people to a says. “Teachers need to address the certain group or excludes them from learning contexts language they use for teaching and it. Particularly when dealing with re- Language-sensitive the language used in textbooks, they lations in an immigration society, it need to identify the language skills In order to bring together the Olden- is important to further explore these of their pupils and build on that, and burg research on the topic and give dimensions of language and to sensi- finally they need to develop a criti- it visibility, Goschler worked with tise students to this with a view to their teaching and learning cal and reflective attitude to langua- Prof. Dr. Martin Butler, cultural stu- future careers in schools, Butler adds. ge and language acquisition.” How dies scholar and head of the DiZ, to The collection also includes an ar- to implement this was a key focus of launch a series of publications entitled ticle by the Research Group for History Goschler’s 2014–2017 research project “Language Sensitivity in Educational Didactics, which is led by Prof. Dr. Diet- Language plays a central role in schools as a medium for communication and education. “Structuring Upheavals – Promoting Processes” (“Sprachsensibilität in Bil- mar von Reeken. There’s nothing new Multilingual pupils are generally taught in single-language lessons, and expectations relating and Teaching Language as an Integral dungsprozessen”). The first publica- in saying that language is incredibly to subject-specific language come up against everyday language. Oldenburg researchers Part of Innovative Teaching Training tion is a collection of articles edited by important for history as a subject, the in Lower Saxony” (“Umbrüche gestal- Butler and Goschler and titled “Lan- historian observes. “This is because are examining the complexities of language and its usage in classroom learning processes ten – Sprachenförderung und -bildung guage-Sensitive Teaching across the access to the past generally takes place als integrale Bestandteile innovativer Curriculum. Interdisciplinary Perspec- through language, above all through Lehramtsausbildung in Niedersach- tive on Opportunities and Challen- available written sources or written sen”). One thing she learned during ges” (“Sprachsensibler Fachunterricht. descriptions of history.” In history this period was that the linguistics Chancen und Herausforderungen in didactics research, however, the role It is almost twenty years since the According to the study, in particular But immigration-related multilingua- perspective alone cannot account for interdisziplinärer Perspektive”). “The of language has never been explicitly results of the first PISA study caused children with an immigration back- lism is not the determining factor in and convey the linguistic challenges articles by a number of Oldenburg raised as an issue. And history as a sub- a furore in Germany. Not only was the ground – something PISA links to cer- how well or poorly children and ado- of the various subjects. “This is where researchers elucidate subject-speci- ject contains very particular linguistic performance of German students be- tain socioeconomic criteria – have few lescents deal with linguistic challen- the teachers of the individual subjects fic, linguistic, educational and cultu- challenges: “We don’t have language low average, the most shocking finding chances of success in the education ges in the classroom, explains Juliana come in,” the linguistics professor says, ral studies perspectives on language that is explicitly specific to the subject, was that in Germany, more than in any system. One of the main causes for this Goschler, Professor for German as a “because they are the ones who best in school learning contexts,” Butler as science subjects do, for example,” other country, educational achieve- correlation was quickly identified: poor Second Language and German as a understand the teaching and learning explains. They examine language or von Reeken explains. “Terms like king ment was linked to social background. language skills. Foreign Language. The real issue, she processes particular to their subject.” text-related challenges in the class- or citizen are familiar from everyday

40 EINBLICKE 2019/20 41 usage, but in historical contexts, they necessary linguistic skills for studying they practise writing argumentative often have a very different meaning.” history. Eichner is investigating the essays themselves,” Kaestner explains. So pupils have to constantly translate role of spoken language in school his- The historian has already assessed the texts from historical language into tory lessons – a topic that has received efficiency of his writing instruction in everyday language. On top of that, in little attention to date even though a preliminary study. history lessons pupils are also meant speaking is such a prominent part of If such support instructions tool- to be developing narrative skills – in history lessons. Kaestner is focussing kits are to find their way into schools, other words, the ability to understand on writing. For his PhD he has desig- von Reeken says, it is essential to em- history and to retell it – and of course ned and evaluated a unit that aims to bed the topic of language into teacher “in a linguistically appropriate man- support pupils in writing historical as- training. Goschler and Butler support ner,” von Reeken stresses. This means sessments. “In linguistic terms, histo- this demand. While language-rela- that the challenge for teachers is not rical thinking is expressed in recurring ted modules have long been manda- just to teach the subject matter of any patterns of words and phrases, known tory for student teachers in Berlin particular subject, but also the linguis- in German as Textprozeduren” he ex- and North Rhine-Westphalia, other tic skills that accompany it. The latter, plains. An historical assessment takes federal states have been slow to catch the historian says, are not systemati- the form of expressions such as “ac- up. “The regulations governing Mas- cally included as part of the lesson. “It cording to contemporary moral ideas” ter’s degrees in Lower Saxony stipu- is somehow just expected that they will or “from today’s perspective”. In order late that the language issue must be be learned along the way.” to learn these Textprozeduren, pupils addressed. But there are no educati- Sinje Eichner and Max-Simon Ka- first work with text-models. “They on-policy rules specifying that this estner, doctoral students under von analyse how Textprozeduren are used must be integrated into teacher-trai- Reeken, are researching how teachers and reflect on how they demonstrate ning modules. This has to change,” can help their pupils to acquire the historical thinking. In the final step Goschler stresses. (nc)

Specialists in history teaching, Dietmar von Reeken (middle), Sinje Eichner and Max-Simon Kaestner are researching the role42 of language in history lessons. EINBLICKE 2019/20 43 History of Ideas

t is the awareness of truth, that is path from psychiatrist to existential situation” in his 1919 book “Psychologie not tangible, a bright room that philosopher to political philosopher, der Weltanschauungen“ (The Psycho- opens to us. It is there in what scrutinising all the while the social and logy of World Views). “This is one of the tradition has handed down political life of the Federal Republic. his fundamental concerns: how can to us, and it is present when the kind The volume brings together six- one possibly find a sense of purpose Iwords of a friend reach us.“ These are ty-eight letters to psychiatrists, philo- for oneself in a disenchanted world,” the words of one of the great German sophers and writers. His corresponden- Bormuth says. These personal and so- thinkers of the twentieth century, Karl ce partners include Martin Heidegger, cietal limit situations, such as Jaspers’ Jaspers, written in December 1945 to Golo Mann and Albert Schweitzer – as early diagnosis of lung disease or his his former student Hannah Arendt, well as fellow psychiatrists and his experiences under the Nazi regime and Disenchanted who as a Jew had fled from Germany own parents. Then there are his diary the question of guilt after 1945, run like and the National Socialism in 1933 and entries. Brief introductions provide a red thread through the letters. later emigrated to the US. a context for the letters and notes. In With the concept of limit situati- Unlike Arendt Jaspers decided to total Bormuth has drawn from a pool of ons, Jaspers addressed the mental and World remain in Germany, hoping that he some 3,000 pages of already published spiritual climate of his time, which would be able to exert some influence critical editions of Jaspers’ letters to for him entailed reflection on human there. It was a decision for which he compose a biographical outline that existence and how it orientates itself would pay dearly: because of his wi- aims to synthesise key moments in towards a higher truth. It is only in fe’s Jewish ancestry Jaspers was forced his life. crisis situations that human beings to leave his teaching position at Hei- seek a greater meaning to carry them delberg University in 1937. He spent Philosophical ideas through, Bormuth explains. The en- seven years in internal emigration – gagement with the ideas that Jaspers are relevant to every shunned by former colleagues and the grappled with necessarily led Bormuth public. After this dark time “Jaspers person’s life to other intellectuals who had either was overwhelmed by the revival of his found themselves in limit situations friendship with Arendt through their Told this way, Bormuth says, the Jas- or actively sought them out. correspondence,” says the director of pers biography is also a form of histo- “Drawing up a comparative history the Karl Jaspers-Haus in Oldenburg, riography. “The book is like a model of of ideas means comparing the lives of Prof. Dr. Matthias Bormuth. the philosopher’s reality and thinking intellectuals in their respective situa- The correspondence brought the – as shaped by the time he lived in, his tions and from their own personal per- philosopher into first contact with the conversation partners and his own spectives and asking what the various ideas of American thinkers who knew personality,” he says. As a professor for views and truths mean for us today,” Arendt and who were officers in All- Intellectual History Bormuth wants Bormuth explains. This is the moti- ied-occupied Germany. This was how to place the philosopher and his world vation for the collection of essays he is he discovered that academics in the US of ideas within history and the history currently working on about “casual- were researching the work of sociolo- of science. ties”, people like Ingeborg Bachmann, gist Max Weber, Jaspers’ friend and role It is here that the diary entries in- Uwe Johnson, Jean Améry and Ulrike model. “It meant Jaspers was one of the cluded in the volume from Jaspers’ Meinhof who, like Jaspers, represented first people after the war to understand youth and the early 1940s are parti- a critical element in a self-satisfied and that liberal America also represented a cularly fascinating, says Malte Un- restorative post-war society, but were new political opportunity,” Bormuth verzagt, research associate at the Karl unable to find a liveable way out of the explains. As such he is a key figure in Jaspers-Haus: “They show Jaspers’ self situation. As a philosopher and Jaspers expert the academic and philosophical history doubt and his attempts to think cle- Bormuth is aware that his books and Matthias Bormuth considers it his mission of the young German Federal Republic. arly about how to behave in extreme essays only show excerpts of history. to give people food for thought. His new This was reason enough to include situations.” This also entailed the idea But this limited form of history writing the post-war letter to Arendt in the of suicide, which Jaspers and his wife provides an opportunity to achieve so- collection of Karl Jaspers’ letters – published collection, which was published in were considering in the midst of World mething very different, he says: “Much on the fiftieth anniversary of the great thin- 2019 on the fiftieth anniversary of the War II in case they would be deported of what these writers and artists think ker’s death – does just that. The book guides philosopher’s death. “Life as a Limit by the Nazis. seems unusual to us, even extreme. But Situation” is the name of the book, in It is extreme situations like these by retracing these extreme ideas and us through Jaspers’ life and work, shining a which Bormuth uses Jaspers’ letters to that shaped the philosopher’s thin- giving them context one can prompt light on intellectual luminaries and philoso- trace his biographical and intellectual king. Jaspers coined the term “limit people to reflect on their own lives.” (cb) phical ideas of the twentieth century

44 EINBLICKE 2019/20 45 Universitätsgesellschaft Oldenburg New Appointments

UGO awards for young researchers

Maximilian Bockhorn Oliver Dewald Mathias Dietz General and Visceral Surgery Heart Surgery Physiology and Modelling of Auditory Perception

Dr. Maximilian Bockhorn has been Prof. Dr. Oliver Dewald has been ap- Prof. Dr. Mathias Dietz has been ap- appointed Professor of General and pointed Professor of Heart Surgery at pointed Professor of Physiology and Visceral Surgery at the Department of the Department of Human Medicine. Modelling of Auditory Perception at Human Medicine. He is also Director He is also director of the University the Department of Medical Physics of the University Clinic for General and Department for Cardiac Surgery at the and Acoustics. Previously, he was an Visceral Surgery at the Klinikum Ol- Klinikum Oldenburg. Previously De- associate professor at the National Delighted with their awards: Annika Raapke (left), Jan Vogelsang and Stefanie Kerbstadt. denburg. Before coming to Oldenburg wald worked at the Department for Centre for Audiology at Western Uni- Bockhorn was senior consultant and Cardiac Surgery at the University Hos- versity in London, Ontario (Canada). At the beginning of the new acade- main questions she is studying is how interaction of light and material. This deputy director at the Clinic for Gene- pital Bonn, where he was head of the Dietz studied physics at the University mic year the University Society of Ol- social reality is produced and repre- also enabled her to steer the electrons ral, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery at the Section for Congenital Heart Surgery of Münster before becoming a research denburg e.V. (UGO) once again honou- sented through bodily practices. To released during the process of photo- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Ep- in Children and Adults. Dewald studied assistant in the German Research red selected Oldenburg researchers. gain insights, Raapke is also studying ionisation. The physicist is currently pendorf (UKE). Bockhorn studied hu- human medicine at the LMU Munich, Foundation (DFG)-funded Transregio The “Award for Excellent Research”, the physical experiences of European conducting research at the Center for man medicine in Tübingen and Ham- where he earned his doctorate in 1999. Collaborative Research Centre “The including 5,000 euros in prize money, men and women who populated colo- Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) in burg and received his doctorate in 1996. A two-year research grant from the Active Auditory System” at University went to historian Dr. Annika Raap- nial structures in the Caribbean in the Hamburg. In 1998, he transferred to the Clinic for German Research Foundation (DFG) of Oldenburg. Here he earned his PhD ke. The “Outstanding Doctoral Thesis eighteenth century. Her work is based Dr. Jan Vogelsang, currently a General, Abdominal and Transplant took him to Baylor College of Medicine in 2009 with a thesis on directional Award”, endowed with 2,000 euros, on letters which were written in the post-doctoral researcher at the Uni- Surgery at Essen University Hospital in Houston, Texas (US). Before earning hearing. From 2011 to 2012 he conduc- was presented twice this time – to the Caribbean between 1744 and 1826 and versity of Lund in Sweden, also com- for his specialist training. From 2000 to his Habilitation and consultancy li- ted research on a fellowship from the two physicists Dr. Stefanie Kerbstadt intended for recipients in France, but pleted his doctorate at the Institute 2002 he conducted research at Harvard cence in 2008 he was a junior doctor Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and Dr. Jan Vogelsang. The award ce- were confiscated by the British when of Physics. Under the instruction of Medical School, Boston (USA). After at the Department for Cardiac Surgery at the Ear Institute of the University remony took place as part of the AUF- they captured enemy ships. Prof. Dr. Christoph Lienau, Vogelsang earning his Habilitation, Bockhorn at the University Hospital Bonn. He College London (UK). He then led a ju- TAKT 19/20 event. Dr. Stefanie Kerbstadt completed constructed a new type of electron mi- returned to the UKE in 2008. He beca- then became consultant and in 2015 nior research group in the Cluster of Dr. Annika Raapke conducts re- her PhD under Prof. Dr. Matthias Wol- croscope that can capture the move- me a certified specialist in abdominal head of the pediatric heart surgery Excellence “Hearing4all” at the Uni- search within the “Prize Papers” lenhaupt at the Institute of Physics. In ment of electrons on video. He was surgery in 2012 and in thoracic surge- programme at the University Hospital versity of Oldenburg until 2015. Since project funded by the Academies‘ the course of her research she deve- able to film processes such as charge ry in 2016, Bockhorn's clinical focus Bonn. His work focuses on inflamma- 2018 Dietz’s work has been funded by Programme of the Union of German loped a new construction that allows separation in nanostructures with a is oncological surgery and minimally tory responses and tissue remodelling a 1.5 million euro Starting Grant from Academies of Sciences and Humani- her to produce highly defined laser spatial resolution of 20 nanometres invasive surgery in tumour diseases in diseased hearts. the European Research Council (ERC). ties. The project is under the aegis of pulses of just a few femtoseconds (qua- and a temporal resolution of 20 fem- of the liver, stomach and other organs. Much of his research into binaural Prof. Dr. Dagmar Freist at the Institute drillionths of a second) in duration. toseconds. The achievement of such In his research he is investigating the hearing is conducted with the help of of History. Raapke’s research focuses Kerbstadt used these customised flas- a high level of spatial and temporal role of inflammation in tumour de- sophisticated computer simulations of on the history of the body and medicine hes of light to observe and manipulate resolution simultaneously set a new velopment. sound processing in the brain. in the early modern period. One of the the physical processes underlying the world record.

46 EINBLICKE 2019/20 47 New Appointments

Axel Hamprecht Axel Heep Jörn Hoppmann René Hurlemann Cristian Huse Claus-Henning Köhne Medical Microbiology Paediatrics Management Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Applied Microeconomics Internal Medicine: Haematology and Oncology

Prof. Dr. Axel Hamprecht has been ap- Prof Dr. Axel Heep was appointed as Prof. Dr. Jörn Hoppmann has been ap- Prof. Dr. Dr. René Hurlemann has been Prof. Dr. Cristian Huse has been ap- Prof. Dr. Claus-Henning Köhne has pointed Professor of Medical Micro- Professor of Paediatrics at the Depart- pointed Professor of Management at appointed Professor of Psychiatry and pointed Professor of Applied Microeco- been appointed Professor of Internal biology at the Department of Human ment of Human Medicine. He is also the Department of Business Admi- Psychotherapy at the Department of nomics at the Department of Business Medicine with a Focus on Haemato- Medicine. He is also Director of the Executive Director of the University nistration, Economics and Law. He Human Medicine. He is also Director Administration, Economics and Law. logy and Oncology at the Department University Institute of Medical Micro- Clinic for Paediatrics at the Klinikum had held the Chair of Strategic Ma- of the University Clinic for Psychia- Previously he was associate professor of Human Medicine after holding the biology and Virology at the Klinikum Oldenburg. On his previous appoint- nagement and Corporate Sustainabi- try and Psychotherapy at the Karl-Jas- at the Stockholm School of Economics. position in an interim capacity. He is Oldenburg. Hamprecht was previously ment in the UK, Heep worked as neo- lity in an interim capacity since 2017. pers-Klinik in Oldenburg. Hurlemann Huse, who holds both German and Bra- also director of the University Clinic a professor at the Institute for Medi- natal consultant and research lead at Hoppmann earned his Habilitation in was previously deputy director of the zilian citizenships, studied economics for Internal Medicine – Oncology und cal Microbiology, Immunology and the North Bristol NHS Trust. At the 2018 at ETH Zurich, where he had also Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and at the Federal University of Rio de Janei- Haematology at the Klinikum Olden- Hygiene at the University of Cologne. University of Bristol he was conduc- completed his PhD in 2013. He gained Psychotherapy at University Hospital ro. He gained his Masters in Economics burg. Köhne studied human medici- He studied human medicine at the ting research activity as honorary cli- his diploma in Business Administra- of Bonn and director of the department at the Getulio Vargas Foundation in ne at the Hannover Medical School Universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and nical lecturer and member of the Stem tion and Mechanical Engineering in of medical psychology there. He stu- Rio de Janeiro and a second Masters (MHH), where he gained his medical Bordeaux (France) and earned his doc- Cell and Neuroregeneration research 2009 at the Braunschweig University died human medicine at the University in Econometrics and Mathematical licence in 1985. After earning his doctorate in Berlin in 2005. After a junior group. Since his appointment in Ol- of Technology. Research trips have ta- of Bonn, where he earned his doctorate Economics at the London School of torate in 1987 he completed his spe- doctor post at the Department for Der- denburg, Heep has set up joined re- ken him to Harvard University and MIT in 2001. During his time as a junior Economics, where he also completed cialist medical training at the MHH matology at the University of Bonn he search projects between the two acade- (both Cambridge, USA), the University doctor he studied neuroscience at the his doctorate in 2009. From 2007 to in internal medicine as well internal moved to the Institute for Medical Mi- mic sites as well as with partners at the of Waterloo in Canada, and IMD Busi- University of Maastricht (Netherlands) 2016 he was assistant professor and medicine, haematology and internal crobiology, Immunology and Hygiene University of Oldenburg. Heep studied ness School in Lausanne (Switzerland). and also received a doctorate in this then from 2016 associate professor at oncology. From 1995 to 1998 Köhne at the University Hospital Cologne in medicine at the University of Cologne. Hoppmann has received numerous field. After completing his specialist the Stockholm School of Economics. was consultant for haematology/on- 2008. Hamprecht became a consultant He has worked as a paediatric specialist awards for his work; for his lecture training Hurlemann became a con- Huse’s main research interests lie in cology and tumour immunology at the in 2014. Following his Habilitation he and neonatologist since 1996. He was series “Introduction to Business Ad- sultant at the Clinic and Polyclinic for environmental and energy economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin was appointed to a professorship on senior consultant and research lead at ministration“ he won the University Psychiatry and Psychotherapy in Bonn applied microeconomics, industrial before transferring to the Clinic and Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Nega- the University of Bonn and Clinical Di- of Oldenburg’s 2018 teaching award and was appointed Professor of Medi- economics, and applied econometrics. Polyclinic for Internal Medicine at the tive Pathogens at the University of Co- rector of Paediatric service at the Städ- for the best course. Hoppmann con- cal Psychology in 2013. Hurlemann's He has studied policies aimed at redu- University of Rostock. From 2001 to logne in 2018. His research focuses on tisches Klinikum München (Munich). ducts research at the intersection of main area of clinical expertise is affec- cing CO2 emissions in the new vehicle 2004 Köhne was Professor of Inter- the genetic background of multidrug Heep’s focus is neonatal neurology, in strategic management, sustainability, tive and schizophrenic disorders. In the market, for instance. Since 2013 Huse nal Medicine with a Focus on Internal resistance and the transmission of ge- particular the causes of diseases of the and innovation, particularly in in the treatment of depressive disorders, he has been involved in organising the an- Oncology at the University Hospital of nes encoding beta-lactamases. Addi- central nervous system in premature context of the energy and mobility uses non-invasive brain stimulation nual workshop “Economics of Low-Car- the Technical University Dresden. He tionally, he works on the development and newborn babies and the functional sectors. A focus area of his research is methods, which he is further develo- bon Markets” in São Paulo. Huse’s work is currently conducting research in the of new methods for the rapid detection development of the brain after prema- mechanisms that enable businesses to ping in his research. has been distinguished by numerous field of internal oncology, with a focus of multidrug-resistant organisms. ture birth. act more sustainably. awards and published in both econo- on solid tumours and gastrointestinal mics and the natural sciences. and mammary carcinomas.

48 EINBLICKE 2019/20 49 New Appointments

Eduard Malik Jannika Mattes Ivan Milenkovic Tonio Oeftering Katharina Pahnke-May Andreas Radeloff Gynaecology and Obstetrics Organisation and Innovation Physiology Political Education Marine Isotope Geochemistry Otorhinolaryngology

Prof. Dr. Eduard Malik has been ap- Prof. Dr. Jannika Mattes, previously Dr. Ivan Milenkovic has been appoin- Prof. Dr. Tonio Oeftering has been ap- Dr. Katharina Pahnke-May has been Prof. Dr. Andreas Radeloff has been pointed to the Chair of Gynaecology Junior Professor for the Sociology of ted Professor of Physiology at the De- pointed Professor of Political Educa- appointed Professor of Marine Isotope appointed Professor of Otorhinolaryn- and Obstetrics at the Department of European Societies at the Institute of partment of Human Medicine. Prior to tion at the Institute for Social Sciences. Geochemistry at the Institute for Che- gology at the Department of Human Human Medicine, which he held as Social Sciences, has been appointed his appointment in Oldenburg he led Previously he was Junior Professor of mistry and Biology of the Marine Envi- Medicine. He had held the professors- an interim capacity as of 2013. Malik Professor of Organisation and Inno- a research group and held an associate Political Education at the Institute of ronment (ICBM). From 2011 until 2019 hip in an interim capacity since 2016. has been the Director of the University vation. Since 2018 the sociologist has professor position at the medical fa- Political Science at Leuphana Univer- she led the Max Planck Research Group He is also Director of the University Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics led the three-member Emmy Noether culty of Leipzig University. Milenkovic sity Lüneburg. After training in com- for Marine Isotope Geochemistry, a Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology at the at the Klinikum Oldenburg since 2006 Independent Junior Research Group studied molecular biology, physiology merce Oeftering studied to become a collaboration between the ICBM and Evangelisches Krankenhaus Olden- before it became a University facility REENEA dedicated to studying the re- and neurophysiology at the University secondary school teacher in politics the Max Planck Institute for Marine burg. Radeloff studied medicine at in 2013. Formerly, he was a senior con- gional energy transition. Mattes stu- of Belgrade, Serbia. In 2000 he moved and English at the Freiburg Universi- Microbiology in Bremen. Pahnke-May the Goethe University Frankfurt and sultant and deputy clinical director at died European Economic and Business to Leipzig University’s Paul Flechsig ty of Education, where he passed the studied geology in Göttingen and Kiel then became a junior physician in the the University Hospital of Gynaecolo- Studies at the University of Bamberg Institute for Brain Research, where he first state exam. He went on to gain a and received her doctorate from Cardiff Otorhinolaryngology department. He gy and Obstetrics of the University of and then took up a postgraduate re- received his doctorate in 2002. He then diploma in educational science there, University, Wales, in 2004. She spent earned his doctorate in 2005 before Regensburg. Malik studied medicine search position in 2006. She completed took a postdoctoral research post at the specialising in adult education with her postdoctoral period in the USA, transferring to the Julius-Maximili- in Hamburg, received his doctorate her doctorate in Oldenburg in 2010 Department of Neurobiology in Leip- a focus on political science. In 2012 first at the Massachusetts Institute ans-Universität Würzburg (JMU). Here from the Goethe University Frankfurt with a thesis which also earned her zig, where he earned his Habilitation in he earned his doctorate in political of Technology in Cambridge and then he completed his specialist training and earned his Habilitation at the Uni- the “Weser-Ems Science Award for an 2010 in the field of neurobiology/deve- science. From 2011 to 2013 Oeftering at Columbia University’s Lamont-Do- as an ear, nose and throat doctor and versity Hospital Lübeck in 2000. From Outstanding Thesis”. A year later she lopmental biology. Research stays took was also a research associate at the herty Earth Observatory in New York. earned his Habilitation in 2011. Rade- 2002 to 2004 he was senior consultant was appointed to the Junior Professor Milenkovic to the National Institutes Institute for Political Science at the Before coming to Oldenburg she was loff then took a consultant position at and deputy clinical director at the Uni- post. In 2017 Mattes won the “Prize of Health in Bethesda, USA, among Leibniz Universität Hannover. From an Associate Research Professor at the Clinic and Polyclinic for Ear, Nose versity Hospital Aachen, and in 2004 he for Excellent Research” awarded by others. Since 2014 he moved to the Carl 2013 to 2014 he took on interim pro- the University of Hawaii from 2008 to and Throat Diseases, Plastic and Aest- received a professorship at the Univer- the University Society of Oldenburg Ludwig Institute of Physiology at Leip- fessorships in Hannover and at the 2011. In her research Pahnke-May uses hetic Operations. Between 2010 and sity of Regensburg. As a gynaecologist (Universitätsgesellschaft Oldenburg) zig University’s medical faculty where Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingol- trace elements and their isotopes to 2016 he ran the “Implantable Hearing and obstetrician, Malik has profound and in 2018 the “Lower Saxony Science he led an independent research group. stadt. Oeftering is an active member on determine the origin of water masses Systems” section at the Comprehen- experience in the fields of gynaecolo- Award” from the Ministry of Science. By employing various electrophysiolo- numerous advisory boards and since and reconstruct geochemical processes sive Hearing Centre of the University gical oncology, perinatal medicine as Her research interests include innova- gical methods, Milenkovic investigates 2018 he has been federal chairman of and conditions in the present and past Hospital Würzburg, initially in an in- well as minimally invasive surgery. tion research, organisation sociology, the activity-dependent development the “Deutsche Vereinigung für Politi- ocean. Her research group is involved in terim capacity and from 2014 with full His research focuses on endometriosis, energy transition and regional and in- of neuronal networks in the central sche Bildung” (DVPB). the major international “GEOTRACES responsibility. In 2017 he was made one of the most common benign disea- ternational societal change processes. auditory system. program”, that studies global biogeo- adjunct professor at the JMU. In his ses in women, and vascular growth in chemical cycles of trace elements and research Radeloff focuses on impro- gynaecological and obstetric diseases. isotopes in the ocean. ving auditory rehabilitation in patients with impaired hearing.

50 EINBLICKE 2019/20 51 New Appointments

Stefan Schrader Mark Schweda Dirk Weyhe Johannes Woitzik Oliver Wurl Tania Zieschang Ophthalmology Medical Ethics Visceral Surgery Neurosurgery Processes and Sensing Geriatrics of Marine Interfaces

Prof. Dr. Dr. Stefan Schrader has been Dr. Mark Schweda has been appoin- Prof. Dr. Dirk Weyhe has been ap- Dr. Johannes Woitzik has been appo- Dr. Oliver Wurl, leader of the Marine Dr. Tania Zieschang has been appo- appointed Professor of Ophthalmology ted Professor of Medical Ethics at the pointed Professor of Visceral Surgery inted Professor of Neurosurgery at the Interfaces research group, has been inted Professor of Geriatrics at the at the Department of Human Medici- Department of Health Services Re- at the Department of Human Medi- Department of Human Medicine and appointed Professor of Processes and Department of Health Services Re- ne. He is also Director of the Univer- search. Previously Schweda was a re- cine. He has been Director of the Uni- Director of the Department of Neuro- Sensing of Marine Interfaces at the search. She is also Director of the Uni- sity Clinic for Ophthalmology at the search associate at the Department versity Clinic for Visceral Surgery at surgery at the Evangelisches Kran- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of versity Clinic for Geriatric Medicine at Pius-Hospital Oldenburg. Previously of Medical Ethics and History of Me- the Pius-Hospital Oldenburg since kenhaus Oldenburg. Before coming to the Marine Environment (ICBM). Wurl the Klinikum Oldenburg and Head of Schrader was senior consultant at the dicine at the University Medical Cen- 2007 and had held the professorship Oldenburg Woitzik served as deputy has been teaching and researching in the Clinic for Geriatric Rehabilitation Clinic for Ophthalmology at the Uni- ter Göttingen. He studied philosophy in an interim capacity since 2013. Wey- director and senior consultant of the Oldenburg since 2014 ‒ initially on a at the Rehazentrum Oldenburg. Pre- versity Hospital Düsseldorf, where he and modern German literature at the he studied human medicine at the Department of Neurosurgery at the generous “starting grant” from the viously she was a consultant and ac- also held a Lichtenberg-endowed Chair Humboldt-Universität at Berlin (HU Ruhr-Universität Bochum, where he Charité University Hospital in Berlin. European Research Council (ERC). ting medical director at the Agaplesion from 2014. Schrader studied human Berlin) and the University of Notting- received his doctorate in 1998 and his Woitzik attended medical school at the Wurl studied environmental techno- Bethanien Krankenhaus in Heidel- medicine at the University of Lübeck ham (UK). He earned his doctorate at Habilitation in 2008. He specialised in Universities of Lübeck and Heidelberg. logy at the Hamburg University of Ap- berg. Zieschang studied mathematics and completed his MD thesis there in the HU Berlin’s Institute of Philoso- surgery, visceral surgery and special After graduating in 2001, he performed plied Sciences and then worked for four in Moscow as well as mathematics 2005. He was a visiting researcher at phy in 2012. He was also a research visceral surgery with additional quali- his residency training at the Depart- years in research and industry. In 2006 and medicine at the University of Bo- University College London (UK), where associate at the Institute for Ethics and fications in surgical intensive care and ment of Neurosurgery of the Univer- he received his doctorate from the Na- chum, where she finished her docto- he also earned the degree “Doctor of History of Medicine at the University of emergency medicine and was a con- sity Hospital Mannheim, where he tional University of Singapore. From ral thesis in 1994. She completed her Philosophy” (PhD). In 2012 Schrader Tübingen and Junior Research Fellow sultant at the St. Josef Hospital of the later served as consultant. During this 2008 to 2012 he was a research associa- practical year of Medical School in the became a consultant in Düsseldorf and at the Lichtenberg-Kolleg – Göttingen Ruhr-University Bochum from 2002 period in Mannheim, he completed te at the Institute of Ocean Sciences of USA. From 1998 to 2006 she received in 2013 he earned his Habilitation in Institute for Advanced Study. He spent to 2007. In 2005 he became head of his MD thesis and received his board the State Department "Fisheries and her training as an internist at the Be- Ophthalmology at the medical faculty. research stays in the UK and the USA. In the molecular experimental surgery certification. In 2007 Woitzik transi- Oceans" in Canada and then at Old thanien Krankenhaus, the Centre for He was head of the clinical focus area 2015, Schweda earned his Habilitation laboratory for gene expression ana- tioned to the Charité in Berlin, where Dominion University in Norfolk, USA. Geriatric Medicine of Heidelberg Uni- of corneal diseases there from 2016. at the medical faculty of the University lysis at the hospital. Before moving to he received his Habilitation in 2008. In 2012 Wurl moved to the Leibniz Ins- versity, and at the University Hospital Schrader researches and treats disea- of Göttingen with a thesis on “Concepts Oldenburg, he was senior consultant His main areas of clinical expertise titute for Baltic Sea Research in Warne- in Heidelberg. In the following years ses of the eye surface. His speciality is of Aging in Medicine and Healthcare” at the Pancreas Centre of the St. Josef are the treatment of brain tumours, münde, before coming to Oldenburg she received a research grant from the corneal transplantations and recon- which won him the faculty Habili- Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bo- aneurysms, stroke and diseases of the in 2014. His research focuses on sea Robert Bosch Foundation and gained structions of the ocular surface as well tation prize. His research centres on chum. Weyhe's main clinical focus is spine and cerebrospinal fluid system. surfaces and their influence on the glo- additional qualifications in clinical as surgical procedures to the retina and ethical aspects of aging and old age, complex oncological visceral surgery, He is also developing novel treatment bal climate. Among other things he is geriatrics and palliative medicine. Her vitreous body of the eye. assistive technologies and the impact including pancreatic, oesophageal, options for stroke as well as imaging studying the role of the thin boundary main areas of research and clinical of digitalisation in healthcare. gastric and colon cancer surgery. His techniques for displaying metabolic layer between water and air in the ab- focus are training interventions for research concept centres on further processes in the brain during surgery. sorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean. older people with dementia and the improving patient safety in surgical improvement of acute somatic care in procedures. patients with dementia.

52 EINBLICKE 2019/20 53 Doctorates

MARTIN PODSZUS MAIKE IRMSCHER Fakultät I Bildungs- , Thema: „Bedarfe von , Thema: „Der Beitrag von Studierenden mit körperlich-motorischen individuellen Lern- und Denkstilen“ und Sozialwissenschaften Beeinträchtigungen im Hinblick auf den Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften SVENJA MAREIKE BEDENLIER, Thema: „In- Einsatz von Blended-Learning in der Hoch- HEIKE JAHNCKE, Thema: „(Selbst-)Refle- ternationalisierung von Hochschulen: In- schullehre unter besonderer Berücksichti- xionsfähigkeit ‒ Modellierung, Differenzie- haltliche Bestimmung und Untersuchung Sonderpädagogik gung der MINT-Fächer“ rung und Beförderung mittels eines Kompe- ihrer Auswirkungen auf Wissenschaftlerin- MONIKA REIMER, Thema: „Der Inhalt tenzentwicklungsportfolios“ Pädagogik nen und Wissenschaftler“ Energie als Thema für den Sachunterricht ‒ Wirtschafts- und Rechtswissenschaften ASTRID BEERMANN-KASSNER, Thema: Eine qualitative Studie zu Vorstellungen von MATHIAS MIER, Thema: „The Economics of „Veränderungsprozesse professioneller und Pädagogik Grundschulkindern zu Energie“ Electricity Markets with Renewable Ener- persönlicher Entwicklung ‒ Wirkfaktoren ALISSA SALE, Thema: „Alltagsnahe Förde- gies?“ Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften und Wirkungsweisen in Professionalisie- rung mathematischer Vorläuferkompeten- OLIVER NORKUS, Thema: „IT-Architektur- rungsprozessen am Beispiel von Supervi- zen bei vorliegenden Entwicklungsrisiken ‒ entwicklung für BI in der Cloud“ soren, Coaches und Organisationsentwick- Evaluation einer Fördermaßnahme in der Informatik Pädagogik lern“ Transition Kindergarten-Schule“ MARIA REAL PERDOMO, Thema: „The In- LISA MARIE BLASCHKE, Thema: „The Heuta- Sonderpädagogik sect Economy ‒ Sustainable Business Op- gogic (Self-Determined Learning) Approach SAPHIRA SHURE , Thema: „(De)Themati- portunities based on Insects as Biological and Social Media in Online Learning Envi- sierung migrationsgesellschaftlicher Ord- Resources“ ronments“ Pädagogik nungen. Lehramtsstudium als Ort der Be- Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften ARZU ÇIÇEK, Thema: „Vom Unbehagen an deutungsproduktion“ Pädagogik CHRISTINA SCHNELL, Thema: „Standardi- der Zugehörigkeit ‒ Eine migrationspäda- DAVID SSEKAMATTE , Thema: „The Oppor- sierte Tests als Instrumente zur Individual- gogische Derridalektüre“ Pädagogik tunities and Challenges for Climate Change diagnostik in der ökonomischen Bildung: ANIKA EIBEN, Thema: „Ressourcen älterer Education at Universities in the African Konzeption und Auswertung einer empiri- Eltern in der Versorgung ihrer erwachsenen Context: A Comparative Case Study of Ma- schen Studie an niedersächsischen Schulen Töchter und Söhne mit geistiger Behinde- kerere University (Uganda) and University of der Sekundarstufe I“ Ökonomische Bildung rung im häuslichen Umfeld“ Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)“ Pädagogik ANDREAS SLOPINSKI, Thema: „Indivi- Sonderpädagogik SUSANNE TÜBEL , Thema: „Leibliches und duelles und organisationales Lernen zur MAREIKE GRUNDMANN, Thema: „Erstel- zeithaftes Erleben der Beschneidung im Generierung nachhaltigkeitsorientierter lung und Evaluation einer Fragebogenbat- Judentum ‒ Zur rituellen Struktur trans- Innovationen in Unternehmen“ terie zur Messung der Lebensqualität nach zendenzvermittelter Inklusion“ Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften einer Versorgung mit Cochlea-Implantaten“ Sozialwissenschaften JOHANN TRENKLE Sonderpädagogik , Thema: „The Role of Monitoring and Signaling in Investment JOHANNES HYKEL, Thema: „Der Konflikt Fakultät II Informatik, Decisions“ um die Eröffnung einer Asylunterkunft in Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften Berlin-Hellersdorf im Sommer 2013. Eine Wirtschafts- und FLORIAN WAGNER, Thema: „Anonymität rassismuskritische Analyse“ Pädagogik Rechtswissenschaften und Transparenz der Investmentanlagen. THOMAS JACKWERTH, Thema: „The open- MARKUS BORTOLAMEDI , Thema: „Ensu- Auskunftsansprüche und Schutz personen- ness of corporate innovation processes ‒ A ring security of energy supply. Four essays bezogener Anlegerdaten“ mechanism-based analysis of innovation on assessing regional energy security per- Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften projects in the wind energy industry“ formance, and related policy interventions KLARA JOHANNA WINKLER, Thema: „Once Sozialwissenschaften into energy markets“ more with feeling: Harnessing human-na- FRANK OCKENGA, Thema: „Das ist (nicht) Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften ture relationships for the governance of meine Aufgabe! Zum Aufgabenverständ- KATARINA BÖTTCHER , Thema: „Economic social-ecological systems“ nis von Sonderpädagoginnen und Sonder- Consequences of Board Members? Charac- Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften pädagogen in Beratungs- und Unterstüt- teristics and Board Diversity“ zungssystemen sowie mobilen Diensten im Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale DAVID CHATTERJEE, Thema: „Evergreening ‒ Fakultät III Sprach- Entwicklung in Niedersachen“ Voraussetzungen der Patentfähigkeit im Sonderpädagogik und Kulturwissenschaften deutschen, europäischen und indischen KATRIN KÖPPERT, Thema: „Queer Pain. FLORIAN ÖHLER, Thema: „Lehrer und Schü- Recht“ ler rahmen den gemeinsamen Unterricht. Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften Schmerz als Solidarisierung, Fotografie als Eine Rahmen-Analyse von Unterricht in der Affizierung zu den Fotografien von Albrecht DANIEL DETZER, Thema: „Finance, Finan- Primarstufe“ Sonderpädagogik Becker (1920er- bis 1990er-Jahre)“ cialisation and Financial Regulation ‒ the Kunst und Medien changing financial environment in Germa- BIANCA PATRICIA PICK, Thema: „Distanz- ny and its macroeconomic effects?“ Wirtschafts- u. Rechtswissenschaften nahme als Strategie in der Literatur von Überlebenden der Shoah“ Germanistik

54 EINBLICKE 2019/20 55 Doctorates

ANASTASIA REIS, Thema: „Endogener und TOBIAS DE TAILLEZ, Thema: „Binaural En- FLAVIA HÖRING, Thema: „Seasonal, Physio- BERND LEHLE, Thema: „Methoden zur Ab- CHRISTIAN NEUROHR, Thema: „Efficient THOMAS REICHL, Thema: „Magnetorecep- exogener flexionsmorphologischer Wandel hancement of Simulated Hearing Aids and logical and Genetic Functions in Antarctic schätzung stochastischer Gleichungen an- integration on Riemann surfaces & appli- tion in birds and flies“ in Kleinsprachen: Der Fall des Lemkischen Auditory Models Based on Deep Learning Krill, Euphausia superba, at Different Lati- hand nicht-idealer Daten“ Physik cations“ Mathematik Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften zwischen Polnisch, Slovakisch und Ukrai- for Analyzing Neurophysiological Proces- tudes in the Southern Ocean“ JOSE FABIO LOPEZ SALAS, Thema: „Mo- SAMUEL NIETZER, Thema: „Effects of -ri STEPHAN REIMERS, Thema: „Geodesics in Slawistik Physik Meereswissenschaften nisch“ ses“ deling and Simulation of Charge Carrier sing temperatures on the dinoflagellate Higher-Dimensional Rotating Spacetimes“ HEIMO PAUL STIEMER, Thema: „Das Habi- WILKE DONONELLI, Thema: „Mechanistic MARIA DEL CARMEN IGARZA TAGLE, The- Recombination Dynamics in Cu (In, Ga)Se2 symbioses of juvenile brooding corals and Physik Physik Meereswissenschaften tat der mondblauen Maus. Eine feldtheore- Insights into CO and Methanol Oxidation on ma: „Dissolved organic matter in the coastal Thin Film Solar Cells“ corallimorpharians“ NIES REININGHAUS, Thema: „Silicon Thin tische Untersuchung der pragerdeutschen unsupported mono- and bi-metallic Coina- upwelling system off central Peru“ REGINA MAREK, Thema: „Umwelterzie- FLORIAN PACKMOR, Thema: „Time to leave ... Film Concepts for Building Integrated Pho- Niederlandistik Chemie Meereswissenschaften Literatur (1890 bis 1938)“ ge Metal Catalysts“ hung und Bildung für nachhaltige Ent- Variation in the nocturnal departure timing tovoltaic Application“ Physik EDUARDO DOS SANTOS SARDINHA MARCEL SEBASTIAN KAHLEN , The- , Thema: „Di- wicklung im Rahmen der Ausschreibung of migratory songbirds from stopover” CHRISTIANE RICHTER, Thema: „Perspekti- Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften ma: „Reactivity and Compositional Analysis spersed, Concealed, Propelled: The Impact Umweltschule in Europa/Internationale ven von Physik-Lehrkräften an Haupt- und Fakultät IV Human- und of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase and the of Fluctuations on the Motion of Colloidal Agenda 21- Schule‘ in Hamburg“ BERND PANASSITI, Thema: „Habitat mo- Realschulen auf Aufgaben“ Physik Gesellschaftswissenschaften Cathode Electrolyte Interphase in Different Particles“ Physik Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften deling of a phytoplasma epidemiological PHILIP RINN, Thema: „Reducing complexity HERTA HOFFMANN Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries“ Chemie CHRISTOPH KAHRS ALEKSANDRA MARKOVIC Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften , Thema: „ ‚eine seule , Thema: „Neue Carbon- , Thema: „Elec- system“ of dynamical systems by means of Langevin BASTIAN DOSE des Landes‘ ‒ Sibylla Elisabeth, Gräfin von , Thema: „Fluid-structure und Sulfonsäuren als Linker für Koordina- tron transfer reactions in trinuclear comple- MICHAEL PEETZ, Thema: „Evaluation von processes“ Physik Oldenburg und Delmenhorst. Handlungs- coupled computations of wind turbine ro- tionspolymere“ Chemie xes and redox active molecular monolayers“ Schülervorstellungen mithilfe von Anima- TIERA-BRANDY ROBINSON, Thema: „Trans- spielräume einer adligen Frau in der Frühen tors by means of CFD“ Physik YUN KAI Chemie , Thema: „Micro Shock Wave ‒ A tionen. Der Löseprozess von Zucker und Salz parent exopolymer particles, from the oce- Neuzeit“ Geschichte FATEHI DUBAISH ZELIMIR MAROJEVIC Chemie , Thema: „Mikroplastik im Study of Compressible Flow with Low Rey- , Thema: „Gravitatio- im Wasser“ an to the air and back again, an aggregates Niedersächsischen Wattenmeer und in der nolds Number by Application of Ultra Short nally bound Bose-Einstein Condensates“ DOMINIK PENGEL, Thema: „Dreidimen- journey“ Meereswissenschaften Unterweser ‒ Quellen, Senken und die Aus- Laser Pulse and lnterferometry“ Physik Physik sionale Kontrolle von freien Elektronen- ISAAC ADJEI SAFO, Thema: „Shape-Control- wirkungen auf benthische Organismen“ FRIEDERIKE KASTNER VELOISA MASCARENHAS Fakultät V Mathematik , Thema: „Habitat- , Thema: „Fjord wellenpaketen mit polarisationsgeformten, led Platinum Nanoparticles as Model Elec- Meereswissenschaften Physik und Naturwissenschaften analyse, populationsökologische Aspekte Light Regime: bio-optical implications of ultrakurzen Laserpulsen“ trocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction ANKE DÜTTMANN sowie Ausbreitungsverhalten und -poten- physicals and biogeochemical forcings in OLIYA SADRILLAEVNA ABDULLAEVA, The- , Thema: „Synthese und MONIKA POHLMANN, Thema: „Förderung in PEM Fuel Cells“ Chemie strukturelle Charakterisierung zinnbasier- tial von Aeshna viridis und Coenagrion mer- fjordal ecosystems along coasts of Norway ma: „Activation of Voltage-Gated Ion Chan- ethischer Bewertungskompetenz ‒ Der Ein- ARINDAM SAHA, Thema: „Extreme events ter Nanopartikel“ Physik curiale (Odonata) in Norwest-Deutschland and Greenland“ Meereswissenschaften nels in Neuroblastoma Cells by an Organic fluss aufgewühlter Lerngelegenheiten auf in delay-coupled relaxation oscillators“ als Grundlage für regionale Artenschutz- Artificial Photoreceptor“ Physik ANDREAS EHRENTRAUT, Thema: „Reduk- ANNE MBIRI, Thema: „Photocatalytic de- die inhaltliche Ausdifferenzierung und die Meereswissenschaften programme“ ALAA ALHAMWI tion der time-to-market und des Modell- gradation of selected organic pollutants in Kohärenz der Komponenten des fachdidak- , Thema: „Evaluation of Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften ELKE SANDER, Thema: „Natur, Mensch und risikos mit einem informationsbasierten water on zirconium modified TiO2 photo- tischen Wissens von Biologielehrkräften“ Renewable Energy and Flexibilisation Tech- ‚biologisches Gleichgewicht‘. Didaktische Architekturmodell“ Mathematik STEFANIE KERBSTADT, Thema: „Coherent catalyst“ Chemie Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften nologies for the Deployment of Smart Cities Rekonstruktion der Sichtweise von Lernen- MALTE FISCHER control of the symmetry properties of photo- JULIA MEYER MARION POHLNER through the Application of Geographic In- , Thema: „Kationische , Thema: „Long-term and lar- , Thema: „Contribution den und Wissenschaftlern“ electron wave packets by bichromatic white formation Systems“ Physik Komplexe der Gruppe 4 Metalle mit multi- ge-scale variability of structural and func- of the Roseobacter group tot the abundance, Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Physik dentaten Liganden ‒ Neuartige Synthesen light polarization pulse shaping“ tional benthic community structure of the distribution and activity of microbial com- ZAHRA ALTAHA MOTAHAR, Thema: „Neu- SÖREN SANDERS, Thema: „Hypergeometric und kooperative Reaktionsmuster“ Chemie DANIEL KERSKEN, Thema: „Deep-sea glass south-eastern North Sea and adjacent areas munities in marine sediments“ tron stars in Scalar Tnesor Theories of Gra- analytic continuation: A novel approach to DENNIS FORSTER sponges (Hexactinellida) from polymetal- in relation to environmental variability“ Meereswissenschaften vity“ Physik , Thema: „Directed ge- the quantum phase transition from a Mott lic nodule fields in the Clarion-Clipperton Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften KARIN POINTNER, Thema: „The Great Me- LEA AUEN, Thema: „Eine qualitative Unter- nerative models for deep semi-supervised insulator to a superfluid“ Physik networks and efficient clustering“ Physik Fracture Zone (CCFZ), northeastern Pacific“ NIKO MITTELMEIER, Thema: „Wind farm teor Seamount (Northeast Atlantic): ‚step- suchung der diagnostischen Fähigkeiten Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften BARBARA SATOLA, Thema: „Alterungs- BORIS GROÁ performance monitoring ‒ A methodology ping stone‘ or ‚trapping stone‘ ‒ Quantitative von angehenden Lehrkräften im Bereich der , Thema: „STM Study of Bare erscheinungen an Stromkollektoren für die Physik SAHAR KHODAMI, Thema: „Molecular phy- to detect yaw misalignment and underper- investigation of the distribution, diversity, experimentellen Kompetenzen von Schüle- and Copper Covered Ceria Thin Films“ Vanadium-Redox-Fluss-Batterie“ Chemie logeny of Copepoda (Crustacea) and its posi- formance in wake conditions“ Physik and origin of the benthic harpacticoid fau- rinnen und Schülern“ BABETT GÜNTHER , Thema: „Marine meta- HENDRIK SCHAWE, Thema: „Large Devia- tion within Pancrustacea“ MAREEN MÖLLER na (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the seamount Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften zoan biodiversity assessment and species , Thema: „Early life stages Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften tions of Convex Hulls of Random Walks and of corals and their relevance for the future of plateau“ MARC BROMM, Thema: „Deflection of wind indentification based on the analysis of de- Other Stochastic Models“ Physik MORITZ KLINGHARDT, Thema: „Vascular coral reefs“ Meereswissenschaften ANNEKE PURZ, Thema: „Propagation of ex- turbine wakes by yaw misalignment ‒ simu- graded DNA“ epiphytes in temperate regions“ treme events: The effect of nutrients on the LENA SCHELL-MAJOOR, Thema: „Objecti- lation and field testing“ Physik Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften CHRISTOPH MÖLLER, Thema: „Atomic Sca- Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften ve quality assessment of product sounds“ le Investigation of Bare and Water-Covered bloom dynamics and spatial propagation of VASCO BRUMMER, Thema: „Governance und MAREIKE HÄNSCH, Thema: „Electroche- harmful dinoflagellates“ Physik Chemie JÜRGEN KNIES, Thema: „Der Raumbezug im Copper and Manganese Oxide Thin Films on Konflikthandhabung in Community Energy mical Aspects of Nanoporous Gold“ Meereswissenschaften zukünftigen Energiesystem ‒ Strategische Au(111)“ Physik INA SCHMIDT, Thema: „Investigation of am Beispiel von Bürgerenergiegenossen- CHRISTOPH HEINISCH , Thema: „Die boso- Dye-sensitized Photoanodes and Tris(2,2‘bi- Wärmeplanung im urbanen Raum“ HAWA MUSHI KAISI HAMID RAHIMI, Thema: „Validation and schaften in Deutschland ‒ Im Vergleich des nische Josephson-Junction mit Markerteil- , Thema: „Comparing Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Improvements of Numerical Methods for pyridine) cobalt Redox Mediators Using gesellschaftlichen Rahmens in Deutschland, perceptions and realities of non-timber fo- chen: Periodischer Antrieb und Verschrän- Physik Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy“ CHRISTIAN KNOLL, Thema: „Massive Spin rest products extraction agricultural practi- Wind Turbine Aerodynamics“ den USA und dem Vereinigten Königreich“ kung“ Physik Chemie Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften 1/2 Fermions in Curved Spaces“ Physik ces and land use change along the southern ANJA RECKHARDT, Thema: „Biogeochemi- HAUKE HÖPPNER , Thema: „Optical Para- KATRIN SCHMIETENDORF, Thema: „Power GESINE LANGE slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania“ cal dynamics and trace metal cycling in san- LUCAS GARDAI COLLODEL, Thema: „On metric Chirped Pulse Amplifiers for Seeding, , Thema: „Macrozoobenthic Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften dy beach sediments“ Meereswissenschaften Grid Dynamics and Stability in Extended the structure of rotating besons and their community structures, biodiversity pat- Pulse Metrology and Science at Free-Elec- Kuramoto-like Models“ Physik INGRID NEUNABER, PHILIPP REICHERT sectimes“ Physik tron Lasers“ Physik terns and trophic relationships across ma- Thema: „Stochastic , Thema: „Nascent RNA rine-terrestrial boundaries“ investigation of the evolution of small-scale captured by U‒Extended transcriptome and JOHANNES SCHONEBERG, Thema: MARKUS DAFINGER, Thema: „Invariant Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine ex- transcript stability analysis utilizing meta- „Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells with varied he- Source Forms, Conservation Laws and the posed to different inflow conditions“ Physik bolic labeling of RNA“ tero contact configuration ‒ Experiment Inverse Problem of the Calculus of Variati- Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften and Simulation“ Physik ons“ Mathematik

56 EINBLICKE 2019/20 57 Doctorates Habilitations Imprint

JANNIK SCHOTTLER RÓBERT UNGURÁN HEIKO STECHER Issue 64, 33st year of publication , Thema: „Experimental , Thema: „Lidar-assisted Fakultät VI Medizin und , Thema: „The role of in- Fakultät I Bildungs- Investigation of Wind Farm Effects using feedback-feedforward individual pitch and fluencing factors on the outcome of tran- ISSN 0930/8253 Gesundheitswissenschaften und Sozialwissenschaften Model Wind Turbines“ Physik trailing edge flaps control of variable-speed scranial alternating current stimulation“ www.presse.uol.de/en/ Press and Public Relations Office MATTHIAS SCHRAMM wind turbines“ Physik MATTHIAS BRANDT, Thema: „Automatic Psychologie DR. PHIL. WOLFGANG MÜSKENS, Fach Er- , Thema: „Applica- Ammerländer Heerstraße 136 - Restoration of Audio Signals in Media Ar- ziehungswissenschaft, Schrift: „Die Gestal- tion of the Adjoint Approach in Computa- Mehdi Vali, Thema: „Model predictive cont- INGA TABRIZ, Thema: „Prospektive Beob- 26129 Oldenburg chives“ Physik tung durchlässiger Bildungsangebote durch tional Fluid Dynamics for the Optimization rol framework for power maximisation and achtungsstudie zur Beurteilung der Le- Phone: 0441/798-5446, Fax: -5545 Anrechnung beruflicher Kompetenzen auf of Aerodynamics Shapes in Wind Energy“ active power control with load equalisation CRISTINA CEZAR, Thema: „Safety and ma- bensqualität bei benigner Struma nodosa“ [email protected] Hochschulstudiengänge“ Pädagogik Physik of wind farms“ Physik nageablity of a novel adhesion prophylactic Humanmedizin Publisher: LENNART SCHUBERT LAURA VALLDECABRES SANMARTIN agent for laparoscopic myomectomy – ‚First- LUZ ANGELA TORRES- DE LA ROCHE , Thema: „Aktivie- , The- , The- Presidential Chair of the Carl von Os- in-human‘, randomized, controlled, multi- rung von Kohlenstoffdioxid unter Fi- ma: „Very short-term forecasting of offshore ma: „Clinical outcomes of therapies for early sietzky University of Oldenburg center ‒ ADBEE Study“ Humanmedizin scher-Tropsch Bedingungen in Anwesen- wind power based on long-range remote stage invasive cervical cancer: A single-Ins- Fakultät II Informatik, heit von Ammoniak“ Chemie sensing observations“ Physik ANTJE CORDSHAGEN, Thema: „Untersu- titution retrospective study” Humanmedizin Wirtschafts- und Chief Editors: Dr. Corinna Dahm-Brey, WIEBKE SCHULTE, Thema: „Neue Ansätze LUIS ENRIQUE DOMINGO VERA TUDELA chungen zur Phosphorregulation des Ka- NERGIZ TURGUT, Thema: „Rehabilitation of Rechtswissenschaften lium-Chlorid-Kotransporters (KCC2)“ Volker Sandmann zur Präparation und quantitativen elektro- CARRENO, Thema: „Data-driven fatigue neglect: The development of treatment and DR. RER. POL. FLORIAN AXEL HENDRIK Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften chemischen Charakterisierung von Kata- load monitoring in a wind farm“ Physik the importance of egocentric and allocentric BERDING, Fach Wirtschaftspädagogik, Editors: DANA ELBERS, Thema: „Interaction of reco- Psychologie lysatorbibliotheken für die Sauerstoffre- JANINA CHRISTIANE VOGT, Thema: „Mole- symptom differentiation“ Schrift: „Rechnungswesenunterricht – Katharina Bode (kbo, Trainee), Chemie verin and G protein-coupled receptor kinase duktion“ cular diversity of cyanobacterial communi- ANIRUDH UNNI, Thema: „Characterizing Grundvorstellungen und ihre Diagnose“ Constanze Böttcher (cb), Nele Claus (nc), isoforms ‒ Signal transduction proteins in Ute Kehse (uk) ALEXANDRA SEGELKEN-VOIGT, Thema: ties from tidal flats“ neuronal correlates of cognitive working Wirtschafts- und Rechtswissenschaften „Shell disease in brown shrimp Crangon Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften the cone visual System of zebrafish“ memory load and frustration while driving Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Freelance work: crangon (Linnaeus, 1758): Links between LUKAS VOLLMER, Thema: „Influence of from functional near-infrared spectroscopy“ Katja Lüers (kl), Tim Schröder (ts) JAN-HENDRIK FLESSNER, Thema: „Assess- Psychologie environment and host specific factors on atmospheric stability on wind farm control“ Fakultät IV Human- und Layout and Design: the progression of black necrotic lesions“ Physik ment and prediction of binaural audio qua- VIVIANE WILMS, Thema: „Mechanismen Gesellschaftswissenschaften Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Physik Inka Schwarze lity“ zur Sekretion von Endolymphe und Gene- LENA VORSPEL, Thema: „Development of DR. PHIL. HANS-CHRISTIAN PETERSEN, STEPHAN SEIBERT, Thema: „Hydrogeoche- JULIA HABICHT, Thema: „Effects of hearing rierung des endolymphatischen Potentials a Tool for Aerodynamical Optimization of Fach Neuere und neueste Geschichte, Cover-Design: mical Processes in a Barrier Island Aquifer aid experience on speech comprehension von Wirbeltieren im Vergleich“ Wind Turbine Rotor Blades using the Adjo- Schrift: „An den Rändern der Stadt? Soziale Per Ruppel (Spiekeroog, Northwest Germany)“ using objective performance tests“ Physik Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften int Approach“ Physik Räume der Armen in einer Metropole der Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften Translations: LISA MARIA HASSELBACH, Thema: „Die FEIFEI XIONG, Thema: „Machine Listening Moderne – St. Petersburg (1850-1914)“ REINHARD WEGENER-KOPP, Thema: Lucy Powell, Alison Waldie STEFFEN SMOOR funktionelle Rolle von Fibulin-6 in kardialen , Thema: „Lehr-Lern-Labo- „Potenzialanalyse von versiegelten und in Reverberant Environments with Appli- Geschichte Fibroblasten während der myokardialen re als Instrument der Professionalisierung unversiegelten Flächen für die solare Nie- cations to Room Parameter Estimation and Printed by: Physik Wundheilung“ Humanmedizin Physik im Lehramtsstudium Physik“ drigtemperaturwärmeversorgung (NT) von Robust Speech Recognition“ Officina-Druck - Posthalterweg 1b EPHRAIM SOMMER, Thema: „Coherent Gebäuden in städtischen Quartieren ‒ Mo- FLORIAN KASTEN, Thema: „Behavioral and 26129 Oldenburg - Tel.: 0441/36144220 - [email protected] multidimensional electronic spectroscopy dell einer standortbezogenen Potenzialana- Physiological On- and Offline-Effects of Physik Transcranial Alternating Current Stimula- of organic semiconductors“ lyse für solare Strahlung“ Photos: Psychologie TAMMO STERNKE, Thema: „An ultracold Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften tion (tACS)“ AdobeStock/T. Linack: p. 3 high-flux source for matter-wave interfe- RABEA WIRTH, Thema: „Berufsorientierung MICHA LUNDBECK, Thema: „Effects of -Ad AdobeStock/Rido: p. 4, 10 rometry in microgravity“ Physik im außerschulischen Lernort mit chemie- vanced Hearing Aid Signal Processing on AdobeStock/Yelantsevv: p. 5, 22 Physik AdobeStock/Oleg Ivanov: p. 29 HENDRIK STRÄTER, Thema: „Structural and bezogenen Berufen im Umweltschutz ‒ Spatial Awareness Perception“ Mohssen Assanimoghaddam: p. 26, 27, Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie mit ANDRES LUQUE RAMOS opto-electronic properties of Cu2S and Bi2S3 , Thema: „Zur Ver- 37 (3x), 38, 38/39 (2x), Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundar- thin films with respect to their potential as sorgung von Patienten mit rheumatoider David Ausserhofer: p. 31 Chemie solar cell absorbers“ Physik stufe I“ Arthritis von der Jugend bis ins hohe Alter ‒ Tobias Frick: p. 44 EMESE XOCHITL SZABO, Thema: „Analysis LAURA WOLTER, Thema: „Adaptations, che- Analysen auf Basis eines Linkage von Ab- Thomas Glatzel: p. 15 Markus Hibbeler: p. 54 of different types of alternative splicing in mical communication and chemotaxis in rechnungs- und Befragungsdaten“ Humanmedizin iStock/Claudio Ventrella: p. 5, 36/37 Arabidopsis thaliana and its implications Rhodobacteraceae associated with surfaces iStock/René Hoffmann: p. 32/33 for plant stress responses“ in coastal habitats“ Meereswissenschaften JANA MÜLLER, Thema: „Assesment of me- iStock/Kerrick: p. 34 Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften TIM WORIESCHECK, Thema: „Charakteri- chanisms underlying speech recognition Lukas Lehmann: p. 4, 12, 16, 18, 18/19, 20 Physik MARCEL THEVIÁEN, Thema: „Entwicklung sierung, Aufreinigung und Wertstoffgewin- using EEG“ Jaroslaw Puczylowski: p. 24/25 eines Modells zur Abbildung des Prämien- nung von Prozesswasser aus der Hydrother- LASSE OSTERHAGEN, Thema: „Für eine Daniel Schmidt: p. 8, 20/21, 22/23, 23, 40, 42 risikos in der Schaden-/Unfallversicherung malen Carbonisierung“ Chemie verbesserte Diagnostik sensorineuraler Vanessa Schnaars: p. 36 Björn Witha/ForWind: p. 26/27 zur wert- und risikoorientierten Unterneh- LADAN ZAMANINEZHAD, Thema: „Com- Hörstörungen: Formale Voraussetzungen, Lars Wöhlbrand: p. 39 menssteuerung im Vergleich zu aufsichts- puter models of speed recognition for im- technische Umsetzung und Messung zur rechtlichen Anforderungen unter Solvency provement of speech perception of coch- Gap-Detektion als Anwendungsbeispiel“ The articles may be reprinted only after II“ Mathematik lear implant users with ipsilateral residual Biologie u. Umweltwissenschaften consulting the editorial staff. DOMINIK TRAPHAN, Thema: „Unsteady acoustic hearing: Development, application, HENNING SCHEPKER, Thema: „Robust feed- The source must be cited. rotor blade aerodynamics in wind turbines“ evaluation“ Physik back suppression algorithms for single- and Physik Physik multi-microphone hearing aids” Paper: PEFC certified (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes)

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