History 21/European Studies 19

FRANCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Prof. Kathryn Edwards Tues & Thurs 2-3:30 [email protected] Chapin 204 203b Morgan Hall Office Hours: Wed 2-4 or by appointment

Course Description This course will examine the major events and themes of twentieth-century French history, framed by the two World Wars, decolonization, May 1968, and the fractured politics of the 1980s. It will engage with critical issues of war and society, empire, gender, citizenship and immigration, beginning with an examination of the impact of the First World War on French society. We will explore the political and social crises of the interwar period, with a particular focus on political instability, the radicalization of the extreme right, and the rise of the Popular Front, as well as the rise of the first wave of French feminism and anxieties surrounding gender roles in postwar society. Our attention will then shift to the fall of France in 1940 and the subsequent Nazi occupation, with a particular emphasis on collaboration and resistance.

The postwar era brought about further disruption, both domestically and in the greater French empire. The optimism of postwar reconstruction was overshadowed by demands for independence from several colonies, which culminated first in the Indochina war and later in the Algerian war. Student and worker protests in the spring of 1968 caused social and political upheaval, ultimately contributing to the government’s downfall. Our discussion of the post-68 period will centre on issues of immigration and citizenship, which became particularly prominent in the 1980s. Topics will include the rise of the National Front, the activism of second-generation French citizens of Maghrebi descent (beurs), and debates such as the numerous headscarf affairs. Finally, we will address the question of public, or collective, memory by looking at how the French have dealt with the traumatic periods of their past, such as colonialism, the Occupation and the wars of decolonization.

Course Books: The primary text for the course is France and its Empire Since 1870 by Alice Conklin, Sarah Fishman and Robert Zaretsky (Oxford UP, 2010). All of the articles listed in the reading schedule are available in the course reader (C) or e-reserves (E). The two-part course reader is available in the History Department office, 11 Chapin Hall, and the textbook is available for purchase at Amherst Books.

Course Requirements: We will meet twice a week. Classes will be divided into roughly 45 min of lecture and 30 min of discussion, which will focus heavily, though not exclusively, on the readings. Lectures are intended to provide a basic framework for the course material, but not as a one-sided delivery of information; you are encouraged to ask questions and make comments. Attendance and participation: 25% Midterm quiz: 10% Response papers (3 x 2 pages each): 15% Research paper (10-12 pages): 30% Take-home final exam: 20%

Response Papers Students are responsible for writing three 2-page response papers over the course of the semester, each addressing the readings from a single week. The aim is to analyze the documents individually, particularly the arguments of the authors, and to draw out the links between the pieces. Each is worth 5%.

Research Paper You will produce one major research paper on a topic of your choice; the only requirements with respect to the subject are that it be relevant to the course. You must submit a one-page proposal on Thursday, October 7th, as well as a bibliography of 5-6 sources. Your proposal should outline the topic you wish to address, the questions that are guiding your research, and potential approaches to the subject matter and research methodology. We will discuss possible topics early in the semester; please feel free to contact me if you would like to discuss your topic prior to submitting the proposal. The paper is due on Thursday, December 9th.

There will be a late penalty of 3% per day for all written work, including weekends. If your work is late and you wish to submit over the weekend, you may submit an email copy of the assignment, but it must be followed by a hard copy on the following Monday. Assignments that are more than 10 days late will receive a zero.

Final Exam There is a take-home final exam, which will be distributed to you in the last class (December 14th). It is due December 21st by 5pm, and may be submitted as an email attachment.

Film Screenings Film screenings will be held outside of class hours; attendance is not mandatory, but is strongly encouraged.

The following films will be shown this term; the dates are listed in the schedule: Louis Malle, Goodbye Children (Au revoir les enfants, 1987) Régis Wargnier, Indochine (1992) Matthieu Kassovitz, Hate (La Haine, 1995) Weekly Reading Schedule

WEEK 1 Tues. Sept. 7th ~ Introduction Introduction to the course, as well as a short lecture covering the Third Republic, the colonial project, and the Dreyfus affair

Background Reading Conklin et al: Chapter 4

Thurs. Sept. 9th ~ French Society at the Turn of the Century; The Road to War Conklin et al: Chapter 5

WEEK 2 Tues. Sept. 14th ~ World War I: The Front Lines and the Home Front Conklin et al: Chapter 6 C Roland Doregelès, “That Fabulous Day,” in Marvin Perry et al (eds), Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 60-62. C Jean-Jacques Becker, “Chp 2: The Dissemination of News,” The Great War and the French People (New Hampshire: Berg, 1985), trans. Arnold Pomerans, 29- 63.. C Jean-Jacques Becker, “Chp 14: The Strikes of the Spring of 1917,” The Great War and the French People (New Hampshire: Berg, 1985), trans. Arnold Pomerans, 205-216. C Margaret Darrow, “Chp 6: French Women in the War Economy,” French Women and the First World War (New York: Berg, 2000), 169-228.

Thurs. Sept. 16th ~ The Colonial Dimension of War; Postwar Settlements C Richard Fogarty, “Race and Sex, Fear and Loathing in France During the Great War,” Historical Reflections 34 no. 1 (2008), 50-72. C Tyler Stovall, “The Color Line Behind the Lines: Racial Violence in France During the Great War,” American Historical Review (June 1998) C Georges Clemenceau, “French Demands for Security and Revenge,” in Marvin Perry et al (eds), Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 79-81.

WEEK 3 Tues. Sept. 21st ~ Interwar Anxieties I: Economic, Social and Political Changes Conklin et al: Chapter 7 E Jackie Clarke, “Imagined Productive Communities: Industrial Rationalization and Cultural Crisis in 1930s France,” Modern and Contemporary France, 8 no.3 (Aug. 2000) C James McMillan, “Chp 10: The Depression and its Consequences,” Twentieth Century France: Politics and Society 1898-1991 (London and New York: E. Arnold, 1992), 101-111. Thurs. Sept. 23rd ~ Interwar Anxieties II: Gender, Natalism and Race E Tyler Stovall, “National Identity and Shifting Imperial Frontiers: Whiteness and the Exclusion of Colonial Labor After World War I,” Representations 84 (Autumn 2003), 52-72. E Marie-Monique Huss, “Pronatalism in the Inter-war Period in France,” Journal of Contemporary History 25 no.1 (Jan 1990), 39-68. C Mary Louise Roberts, “Samson and Delilah Revisited: The Politics of Women’s Fashion in 1920s France, American Historical Review 98 no.3 (June 1993), 657-684.

WEEK 4 Tues. Sept. 28th ~ Political Instability and the Radicalization of the Right Conklin et al: Chapter 8 E Bill Irvine, “Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu,” Journal of Modern History 63, 2 (June 1991), 271-295. C Brian Jenkins, “Introduction: Contextualising the Immunity Thesis,” France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right, 1-21.

Thurs. Sept. 30th ~ New Political Experiments: The Rise of the Popular Front C Julian Jackson, “Introduction: The Popular Front, a Narrative,” The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38, 1-16 C Maurice Larkin, “Chp 3: The Popular Front: Legend and Legacy,” France Since the Popular Front: Government and People, 1926-1986 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 45-62.

WEEK 5 Tues. Oct. 5th ~ The Outbreak of World War II and the Fall of France Conklin et al, Chapter 9 (208-215) C Peter Jackson, “French Intelligence and Hitler’s Rise to Power,” The Historical Journal 41, 3 (1998), 795-824. C Julian Jackson, “Chp 5: Causes and Counterfactuals,” The Fall of France (Oxford UP, 2003), 185-227. C Hanna Diamond, “Chp 2: On the Road,” Fleeing Hitler: France 1940 (New York, Oxford UP, 2007), 51-85.

Thurs. Oct. 7th ~ The Vichy Regime Conklin et al, Chapter 9 (215-230) C Roger Bourderon, “Was the Vichy Regime Fascist?” in John Cairns, ed., Contemporary France: Illusion, Conflict and Regeneration (1978), 200-227. E Robert Paxton, “The Five Stages of Fascism,” Journal of Modern History 70 (1998), 1-23. C Julian Jackson, “Chp 15: Vichy and the Jews,” in France: The Dark Years 1940- 1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Research Proposal Due WEEK 6 Tues. Oct. 12th ~ Fall Break – No class

Thurs. Oct. 14th ~ The Dark Years I: Collaboration C Rod Kedward, “Chp 11: Occupied France (1). Vichy and Collaboration, 1940- 1944,” in La Vie en bleue. France and the French Since 1900 (London: Allen Lane, 2005), 245-271. C Fabian Lemmes, “Collaboration in Wartime France, 1940-1944,” European Review of History 15 no. 2 (2008), 157-177. C Bertram Gordon, “Introduction: Fascism and Fragmentation in France,” Collaborationism in France during the Second World War (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1980), 17-42.

Film: Goodbye Children

WEEK 7 Tues. Oct. 19th ~ The Dark Years II: The Resistance Conklin et al, Chapter 9 (230-236) C Rod Kedward, “Chp 12: Occupied France (1). Resistance and Liberation, 1940- 1944,” in La Vie en bleue. France and the French Since 1900 (London: Allen Lane, 2005), 272-301. C Dominique Veillon, “The Resistance and Vichy,” in Sarah Fishman et al, eds., France at War: Vichy and the Historians (New York: Berg, 2000). C Paula Schwartz, “Partisanes and Gender Politics in Vichy France,” French Historical Studies 16 no.1 (1989)

Thurs. Oct. 21st ~ Midterm Quiz (45 min); discussion of Goodbye Children

WEEK 8 Tues. Oct. 26th ~ Everyday Life under the Occupation C Sarah Fishman, “The Messiness of Everyday Life Under the Occupation,” Proceedings of the Western Society for French History 30 (2002), 64-70. With commentary by J. Robert Janes. C Philippe Burrin, “Chp 13: The French and the Germans,” Living With Defeat: France Under the German Occupation, 1940-1944 (London: Arnold, 1996), trans. by Janet Lloyd, 191-209. C Philippe Burrin, “Chp 19: Sprechen Sie deutsch?,” Living With Defeat: France Under the German Occupation, 1940-1944 (London: Arnold, 1996), trans. by Janet Lloyd, 291-305. C Janet Flanner, “Paris, Germany,” in Irving Drutman, ed., Janet Flanner’s World: Uncollected Writings 1932-1975 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 50-60. Thurs. Oct. 28th ~ Postwar Retribution Conklin et al, Chapter 9 (236-241) C Megan Koreman, “Chp 3: Legal Justice and the Purge of Collaborators,” in The Expectation of Justice: France 1944-1946 (Durham and London: Duke UP, 1999), 92-147. C Fabrice Virgili, “Introduction and Chp 1: Sexual Collaboration,” Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (New York: Berg, 2002), trans. by John Flower, 1-39.

WEEK 9 Tues. Nov. 2nd ~ Postwar Reconstruction and Fears of Americanization Conklin et al, Chapter 10 (242-265) C Michael Kelly, Elizabeth Fallaize and Anna Ridehalgh, “Crises of Modernization,” in Jill Forbes and Michael Kelly, eds., French Cultural Studies: An Introduction (New York: Oxford UP, 1995), 99-134. C Richard Kuisel, “Chp 1: Anti-Americanism and National Identity,” Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley and LA: University of California Press), 1-14. C Richard Kuisel, “Chp 5: The American Temptation,” Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley and LA: University of California Press), 103-130.

Thurs. Nov. 4th ~ The Beginning of the End of Empire: The Indochina War (1946-1954) Conklin et al, Chapter 10 (265-274) C “Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Vietnam, September 2, 1945,” Marvin Perry et al (eds), Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe, 326-28. C Mark Philip Bradley, “Chp 2: The French War,” in Vietnam at War, 41-74.

Film: Indochine

WEEK 10 Tues. Nov. 9th ~ Charles de Gaulle, The Fifth Republic and the Algerian War (1954-1962) Conklin et al, Chapter 11 (275-294) C Ferhat Abbas, “The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic Demands Independence,” Marvin Perry et al (eds), Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe, 328-331. C Testimony of General Alain Bizard (excerpt of Ch 15 “Officer Corps Veterans”) and of André Mandouze (excerpt of Ch 16 “Anti-War Activists”), in Martin Alexander, Martin Evans and J.F.V. Keiger (eds), The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-1962. Experiences, Images, Testimonies. C “Algeria’s Violent Struggle for Independence,” in Martin Thomas et al, eds, Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe’s Imperial States, 1918-1975 (London: Hodder Education, 2001), 228-251. Thurs. Nov. 11th ~ Protest Politics and Mass Dissent: May 68 Conklin et al, Chapter 11 (294-305) C Daniel Cohn-Bendit, “The French Student Revolt,” Marvin Perry et al (eds), Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe, 378-382. C Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, “Chp 1: Revolting Students,” French Revolution 1968 (Middlesex, England: William Heinemann Ltd, 1968), 19-36. C Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, “Chp 4: Winning the Street Battle,” French Revolution 1968 (Middlesex, England: William Heinemann Ltd, 1968), 71-93. C Michael Seidman, “Conclusion: A Modest or Mythical May?” In The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968 (New York: Berghahn, 2004), 272-285.

WEEK 11 Tues. Nov. 16th ~ France After de Gaulle (1969-1981) Conklin et al, Chapter 12 C Maurice Larkin, “Chp 18: Reform and Recession: The Giscardian Era, 1974- 1981,” France Since the Popular Front: Government and People, 1936-1986 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990), 337-355.

Thurs. Nov. 18th ~ Postcolonial Immigration C Alec Hargreaves, “Chp 1: Overview,” Multi-ethnic France: Immigration, Politics, Culture and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2007), 8-39. C Françoise Gaspard, “Chp 2: Crucible and Crisis,” A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neofascism (Cambridge, Harvard UP, 1995), trans. by Arthur Goldhammer, 51-99. C Richard Derderian, “Chp 1: Ethnic Minority Struggles for Recognition,” North Africans in Contemporary France: Becoming Visible (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 21-45.

WEEK 12 ~ Thanksgiving Break – No class

WEEK 13 Tues. Nov. 30th ~ The Government Shifts Left; The Rise of the Extreme Right Conklin et al, Chapters 13 C James McMillan, “Chp 20: France Under Mitterrand 1981-1991,” Twentieth Century France: Politics and Society, 1898-1991 (London and New York: E. Arnold, 1992), 204-228. C J.G. Shields, “Chp 8: Electoral Breakthrough and Consolidation: The Front National 1981-88,” The Extreme Right in France From Pétain to Le Pen (London and New York: Routledge, 2007), 192-231.

Thurs. Dec. 2nd ~ Integration in Multicultural France and the Politics of Exclusion Conklin et al, Chapters 14 E Franklin Adler, “Racism, ‘Difference’ and the Right in France,” Modern and Contemporary France 3 no. 4 (1995), 439-451.

C Clare Humberstone, “The Policy of ZEP: Strengthening or Weakening the Frontiers of Exclusion?” in Yvette Rocheron and Christopher Rolfe, eds, Shifting Frontiers of France and Francophonie (Bern and New York: Peter Lang, 182- 201. C Alec Hargreaves, “A Deviant Construction: The French Media and the Banlieues,” New Community 22 no. 4 (Oct. 1996), 607-618.

Film: La Haine

WEEK 14 Tues. Dec. 7th ~ Laïcité (Secularism) and French National Identity C Inès Brulard, “Laïcité and Islam,” in Sheila Perry, ed., Aspects of Contemporary France (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 175-190. C Joan Scott, “Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in French Public Schools,” French Politics, Culture and Society 23 no.3 (Winter 2005), 106-127. C Patrick Weil, “Lifting the Veil,” French Politics, Culture and Society 22 no.3 (Fall 2004), 142-149. E Caitlin Killian, “The Other Side of the Veil: North African Women in France Respond to the Headscarf Affair,” Gender and Society 17 no. 4 (August 2003), 567-590.

Thurs. Dec. 9th ~ France, Europe and the World C Philip Gordon and Sophie Meunier, “Globalization and French Cultural Identity,” French Politics, Culture and Society19 no.1 (Spring 2001), 22-41. C John Ardagh, “Chp 9: France, Europe and the World,” France in the New Century: Portrait of a Changing Society (London and New York: Viking/Penguin, 1999), 678-714.

Research Paper Due

WEEK 15 Tues. Dec. 14th ~ Memory Troubles E Kim Munholland, “Wartime France: Remembering Vichy,” French Historical Studies 18, 3 (Spring 1994), 801-820. C Mary Louise Roberts, “Wartime Flânerie: The Zucca Controversy,” French Politics, Culture and Society 27 no.1 (Spring 2009), 102-110. C Richard Golsan, Chp 9 “Memory’s Time Bombs: The Trial of Maurice Papon and the Algerian War,” in Vichy’s Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France, 156-180. C Antoine Prost, “The Algerian War in French Collective Memory,” in Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan, eds, War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, 161- 176. Take-home exam due Dec. 21st by 5pm