#: ___ Scientist’s Name: ______Competency 2f-2g
Describe the biochemical basis of life and explain how energy flows within and between the living systems. f. Describe the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in making energy available to cells. (DOK 1) ATP structure ATP function g. Analyze and explain the biochemical process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and draw conclusions about the roles of the reactants and products in each. (DOK 3) Photosynthesis and respiration (reactants and products) Light-dependent reactions and light independent reactions in photosynthesis, including requirements & products of each Aerobic and anaerobic processes in cellular respiration, including products of each and energy differences
Biology Textbook - Chapter 9 DaBook – Section 8
1 ADP, ATP, & Cellular Respiration PowerPoint Question Guide
1. ______is the energy used by all cells.
2. ATP stands for ______.
3. ATP is an ______molecule containing high-energy ______bonds.
4. The sugar in ATP is ______, while the nitrogen base is ______.
5. How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?
6. How do we get energy from ATP?
7. Make a simple sketch of ATP and show the high-energy bond that is broken.
8. To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, ______must be added.
9. The process is called ______.
10. What enzyme is used to help weaken & break the last phosphate bond in ATP?
11. Can ATP be remade?
12. When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, ______and a free ______form.
13. What enzyme can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP?
14. Using ATP's energy and then remaking it is called the ______cycle.
15. In the body, ATP is made during the process of ______.
16. Cellular respiration takes place in both ______and ______.
17. Cellular respiration requires the gas ______.
18. In cellular respiration, ______is oxidized (loses electrons) and ______is reduced (gains electrons).
19. The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in ______to ______ATP molecules of energy.
20. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.
21. Cellular respiration is an example of a ______reaction.
2 22. REDOX stands for ______-______reactions.
23. What are the products of cellular respiration?
24. What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration?
25. NAD+_ is a ______that forms ______when it is reduced (picks up electrons).
26. What does NAD+ stand for?
27. Name a second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration.
28. What does FAD+ stand for?
29. FAD+ becomes ______whenever it is reduced.
30. Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a ______because it involves many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates.
31. Cellular respiration is an ______reaction because it releases energy from glucose.
32. Glucose is broken down into ______and ______.
33. Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? Explain why.
34. Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration.
35. ______takes place in the cytoplasm of cells. while the ____ cycle and ETC take place in the ______.
36. Sketch and label the parts of a mitochondrion.
37. Describe the outer surface of the mitochondria.
38. The inner membrane of the mitochondria is ______.
39. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ______.
40. The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the ______.
41. Using the PowerPoint diagram, answer the following:
a. Glycolysis occurs where?
b. Glycolysis produces what energy molecule?
c. The products of glycolysis enter what other part of a cell?
d. What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle?
3 e. Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what?
f. The ETC occurs across what?
g. What is the product at the end of the ETC?
h. What gas is added at the end of the ETC?
i. The Krebs cycle occurs where?
j. What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle?
k. Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?
l. Is ATP in the ETC?
42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Explain why.
43. Glycolysis requires how much ATP to get started?
44. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of ______or pyruvic ______.
45. Is any CO2 produced during glycolysis?
46. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces ______ATP.
47. How much NADH (energy carrier) is made during glycolysis?
48. Glycolysis does ______require oxygen but may occur if ______is present.
49. If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called ______.
50. Fermentation is an ______process because no ______is needed.
51. Name the 2 types of fermentation.
52. Which fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells?
53. ______acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired.
54. ______fermentation in yeasts produces an alcohol called ______.
55. Fermentation only nets ______molecules of ATP.
56. Why did Hans Krebs receive the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953?
57. Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII?
58. Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?
4 59. Processes needing oxygen are said to be ______.
60. How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to burn one molecule of glucose?
61. What gas is made during the Krebs Cycle?
62. Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
63. TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces
____ CO2 molecules, ____ NADH, ___FADH, & ___ ATP molecules.
64. Label the parts of the Krebs Cycle.
65. The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the _____ and produces _____ as an end product.
66. The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes __ & __ to make 34 ATP's of energy.
67. Each NADH makes ______ATP's, while each FADH makes only ______ATP's.
5 Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Plant cells and some Algae contain an organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast allows plants to harvest energy from sunlight to carry on a process known as Photosynthesis. Specialized pigments in the chloroplast (including the common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb sunlight and use this energy to combine carbon dioxide and water and make GLUCOSE and OXYGEN. The complete the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis is:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 RAW MATERIALS ENERGY PRODUCTS
In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates that they can store for later use. Photosynthetic cells found mainly in the leaves may have thousands of chloroplasts.
QUESTIONS:
1. What type of cells contains chloroplasts?
2. What is the energy autotrophs use to make their own food?
3. The food making process is called ______.
4. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
5. What simple sugar is produced?
6. What gas is USED? ______RELEASED? ______
7. Where are most photosynthetic cells in plants found?
8. About how many chloroplasts can be found in photosynthetic cells?
6 Chloroplasts are double membrane organelles with a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids. Color and label the outer membrane light green. Thylakoids, containing chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (red, orange, yellow, brown), are in stacks called granum (grana, plural). Color and label the grana (STACK) dark green in Figure 1. Grana are connected to each other by structures called lamellae, and they are surrounded by a gel-like material called stroma. Color and label the lamellae brown in figure 1. Color and label the stroma light blue in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1-CHLOROPLAST
9. How many membranes surround a chloroplast?
10. The outer membrane is S______.
11. The INDIVIDUAL SACS formed by the inner membrane are called ______and are arranged in ______like pancakes. 12. What pigment is found inside a thylakoid? What color will it be?
13. Other pigments that trap sunlight are called A______pigments. What colors are these pigments? 14. STACKS of thylakoids are called G______(plural) or GRANUM (singular). 15. Stacks or grana are connected to each other by ______.
Light-capturing pigments in the grana are organized into photosystems. On Figure 2,
7 color and label a single thylakoid (SINGLE DISK) dark green. In figure 2, color and label a granum (STACK) red.
FIGURE 2-THYLAKOID
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell because they “burn” or break the chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in a cell. Remember that this energy originally came from the sun and was stored in chemical bonds by plants during photosynthesis. Glucose and other carbohydrates made by plants during photosynthesis are broken down by the process of aerobic cellular respiration (requires oxygen) in the mitochondria of the cell. This releases energy (ATP) for the cell. The more active a cell (such as a muscle cell), the more mitochondria it will have. The mitochondria are bout the size of a bacterial cell and are often peanut-shaped. Mitochondria have their own DNA and a double membrane like the nucleus and chloroplast. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is convoluted into folds called cristae in order to increase the surface area.
16. Why are mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?
17. What cell process occurs in the mitochondria?
18. Why do some cells have MORE mitochondria? Give an example.
19. What simple sugar is broken down in the mitochondria?
20. Where does the energy in glucose come from ORIGINALLY?
21. Where is this energy stored in glucose?
22. Why is cellular respiration an aerobic process?
8 23. What energy is released when the chemical bonds of glucose are broken?
24. Name two other organelles besides the mitochondria that contain DNA and have a double membrane. 25. Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
26. Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded?
27. What are the folds called?
Color and label the outer membrane pink and the cristae red on figure 3. This greatly increases the surface area of the membrane so that carbohydrates (simple sugars) can combine with oxygen to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate (the energy molecule of the cell). The electron transport chain takes place across the membranes of the cristae (crista, singular). Inside the folds or cristae is a space called the matrix that contains enzymes needed for the Kreb's Cycle? Color and label the matrix yellow on figure 3.
FIGURE 3 - MITOCHONDRIA Mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine), a 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. ATP
9 is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. The LAST TWO phosphate groups (PO4), are joined by HIGH-ENERGY bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released for cells to use and ADP forms. Enzymes help to break and reform these high-energy bonds. 28. What does ATP stand for?
29. What three main things make up an ATP molecule?
30. How many high-energy bonds does ATP contain?
31. Where are these high-energy bonds found in ATP?
32. What helps weaken these bonds so energy can be released and then later help reform them? 33. When ATP loses a phosphate group ______is released for cells and a molecule of ______forms.
In Figure 4, COLOR the 5-carbon sugar RED and LABEL it RIBOSE. COLOR and LABEL the nitrogen-base DARK BLUE. COLOR and LABEL the 3 phosphate groups YELLOW, and COLOR & LABEL the 2 high-energy bonds GREEN.
FIGURE 4 – ATP MOLECULE
Questions: 34. What is the energy molecule of the cell called?
35. What macromolecule made by plants is "burned" in the mitochondria?
36. Where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?
37. In which part of a plant would you expect to find the most chloroplasts and why? 10 38. How would the number of mitochondria in an insect's wing compare to the amount found in other cells in an insect's body? Explain your answer.
39. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
40. What product of photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration?
41. What is the advantage of having a folded inner membrane in the mitochondria?
42. What is the energy for photosynthesis?
43. Besides chlorophyll, what other pigments are found in the chloroplasts?
LABEL THE PARTS THAT MAKE UP THIS MOLECULE:
A= ______
B= ______
C=______
WHAT DOES ATP STAND FOR?
A______T______
HOW MANY PHOSPHATES ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF ADP? ______
HOW IS ATP MADE FROM ADP?
______
USE the words: ENERGY STORING and ENERGY RELEASING to label what is happening in the reactions shown below:
______Name 3 cellular activities that use the energy stored in ATP:
______
11 ______
______
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Write the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols instead of words:
______+ ______+ ______
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used to make 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) ?
1 2 3 6 12
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, what two things are required for photosynthesis to happen?
______and ______Name 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. 1. ______2. ______3. ______
USE THE LETTERS IN THE DIAGRAM AT THE LEFT TO IDENTIFY:
______stroma
______thylakoid
______granum
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
12 COLOR THE DIAGRAM AS DESCRIBED: Color the energy from sunlight YELLOW Color the two places where light energy enters the reactions ORANGE Color the hydrogen ions RED Color the electrons GREEN Color the thylakoid membrane BLUE
On which side of the membrane would you find the STROMA? A or B (Hint: look to see where NADPH is being made)
On which side of the membrane is the INNER THYLAKOID SPACE? A or B (Hint: look to see where water molecules are being split)
Where does ATP formation happen?
Stroma inner thylakoid space
Add an equation to the diagram in the correct location that shows the formation of ATP from ADP.
USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANK TO FILL IN THE CHART COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS AND THE CALVIN CYCLE: (You can use them more than once!)
in stroma in thylakoid membrane O2 ATP CO2 H2O NADPH Requires light Doesn’t require light SUGARS (glucose) LIGHT-DEPENDENT CALVIN CYCLE REACTIONS LOCATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS LIGHT?
13 Which of these graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? ______
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ______
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE)
______MATRIX
______INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
______CYTOPLASM
______OUTER MEMBRANE
______INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE)
______Place GLYCOLYSIS happens
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM ABOVE WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE or NOT AT ALL) ______Place where glycolysis happens ______Place where enzymes for the Electron Transport Chain are located ______Place that fills with H+ ions as electrons move down the Electron transport chain ______Place where ADP and P join to make ATP ______Place where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor to make water
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION FOLDABLE
14
NADH + FADH2 From Krebs ENTER FOLD DIRECTIONS:
1. Fold a sheet of paper in half horizontally (hamburger) so that one side is one inch longer than the other side. 2. Cut the shorter side in half, up towards the fold (mountain top) to create two flaps.
LABEL FRONT OF FLAPS
1. Label the LEFT flap, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, and sketch, label, and color the CHLOROPLAST. 2. Label the RIGHT flap, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, and color, label, and sketch the MITOCHONDRIA. 3. Label the BOTTOM flap, METABOLISM – ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS.
LABEL BACK OF FLAPS
1. On the LEFT BACK flap include the following: a. Equation for photosynthesis? b. What occurs in the light-dependent reactions? c. What occurs in the light-independent reactions? 2. On the RIGHT BACK flap include the following: a. Equation for cellular respiration? b. What is glycolysis & where in the cell does it occur? c. What’s the Kreb’s cycle and where does it take place in the cell?
CENTER UN-CUT SECTION
1. Sketch and color the photorespiration diagram below. Explain how these two processes are related. (HINT: WHAT IMPORTANT ELEMENT IS BEING RECYCLED?)
15