Canola Plant Yield As Influenced By Treated Rock Phosphate With Different Amendments

**Ali, M.E. *; Fathi, A.E.I. **; El-Hussieny, O.H.M.* and Abd-Allah,Y.M.E .Soil and Water Dept. Faculty of Agric. Benha Univ * .Soil ,Water and Environ.Res. Agric. Res. Center, Giza Egypt **

Abstract Two field experiments were conducted at Ismailia Agriculture Research Station to study the integrated effect of bio, inorganic and organic fertilizers on the productivity of canola plant (Brassica napus L.) (cv serw 4). The experiments include, dual inoculation with (N-fixing bacteria) at two rates (no seed inoculation) and (seed inoculation), compost application at rates (0, 5 and 10 ton/ fed) and mineral N- fertilizer in the form of ammonium nitrate at rates of 0,40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed. The individual application of bio-fertilizer , compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed. and N-fertilizer at rate of 80 kg N/fed yielded 5.30 and 5.20 % , 22.80 and 23.0 % , 66.0 and 67.40 % in seed yield of canola plant as compared to control treatment during two seasons, respectively. The combined application of 40 kg N/fed. plus 10 ton compost/fed and inoculation with N-fixing bacteria gave more yield of canola seed and straw over those plants fertilized with 80 kg N/fed. alone. This mean that inoculated seed of canola plant with N-fixing bacteria plus addition of compost at a rate of 10 ton/ fed, substitute half of the recommended dose from the used mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Protein content, oil and protein yields / fed. were significantly increased due to application of bio ,organic and inorganic-N fertilizers particularly in the combined treatment of 40 kg mineral N/fed. and compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed plus dual inoculation with (Azotobacter Chroococcum + Azospirillum Lipoferum) which gave results better than using of 80 kg N/fed. solely. However, oil content was significantly decreased by increasing the rate of applied N alone up to 80 kg N/fed) it was increased with the addition of bio and organic .fertilizer

Introduction Among other technological innovation, the use synthetic chemical fertilizers were a revolution in agriculture since crop yield could be substantially increased. However, the use of chemical fertilizers in semiarid regions may not be effective and even negative because the increase in yield is limited or irregular. In addition, synthetic chemical fertilizers can pollute soils and water resources when they are not fully absorbed by plants, therefore to maintoin soil heath and to supply plant nutrient in balanced proportion for higher crop yields, it is imperative to practice integrated nutrient supply system through .the combined use of organic, biological and chemical sources of plant nutrients Organic manure and bio-fertilizers being less expensive, easily available and eco-friendly, expensive to improve soil fertility, crop yield and quality. Organic manure is a good source of nutrients and contribute toward build – up of organic matter in soil. Organic manure can be also provide substantial amount of nutrient to field crops [1]. Biological fertilization plays an important role in enhancing crop productivity through nitrogen fixation, phosphate solublization, plant hormones production and stimulation of diseases resistance mechanisms. Usually, biofertilizers contain one or more of the fallowing, symbiotic or non symbiotic N2- fixing, dissolving bacteria which solubilize phosphate through the production of organic acids and subsequent reduction in soil pH. Besides, micro- organisms such as Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Mycorrhizae can secrete growth .[promoting substances, e.g. indole acetic acid, giblerllins, cytokinins like substances and auxins [2 The present investigation was conducted to find out the effectiveness of bio-fertilizers and organic manure, in combination with chemical fertilizers on growth, yield components, chemical constituents and yield of canola plant grown under reclaimed soil conditions Moreover, the use of bio-fertilizer and organic manure is an attempt to substitute part of mineral fertilizer which in turn could reduce .environmental pollution caused by repeated application of mineral fertilizer

Materials and Methods Two field experiments were conducted at Ismalilia Agricaitural Research Station, Egypt during seasons 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to study the effect of dual inoculation of canola seeds with mixture of nitrogen fixing bacteria namely (Azotabcter Chroococcum + Azospirillum Lipoferum ), organic manure and inorganic-N fertilizer on canola plant. Seeds of canola were sown at 23 November, 2008 in the first season and 27 Novmber 2009 in the second one. Area of each experimental plots was 10.5 m2 (3 x 3.5 = 1/400 fed., each plot included 5 ridgs (3.5 m in length and 30 cm in width). Plants were thinned to two plants/hill after 21 days from planting, and the plants were harvested as soon as their color turned yellowish (150 days after planting). Nitrogen fertilizer was added as ammonium nitrate (33.5 % N).

Phosphorus fertilizer was applied to the soil at sowing as ca- superphosphate at a rate of 60 kg P2O5/fed .(and potassium fertilizer was applied at a rate of 48 kg K2O /fed as potassium sulphate (48% K2O

Analyses Particle size distribution was determined using the international pipette method according to Piper [3]. Bulk density was determined according to Singh [4]. Soil Chemical properties were determined according to Jakson [5]. Oil contents were estimated following the method of A.O.A.C. [6]. Crude protein content in seeds was calculated through multiplying nitrogen content by 6.25.The obtained data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis and the means were compared using L.S.D at 0.05 .[level Snedecor and Cochron [7

Results and Discussion Effect of bio, organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on dry weight of canola Data presented in Table (3) show the main effect of bio-fertilizer, compost and inorganic N-fertilizer and their interaction on plant growth characters during the both seasons of study. The increases in plant growth characters due to bio-fertilization were 5.4 and 5.2 % for dry weight in the first and second seasons, respectively. Fertilization of canola plant with 10 ton/fed compost significantly increased the dry weight of canola plant by 28.1 and 26.6% in season 2008/09 and season 2009/10, respectively as compared with the control. These increases could be attributed to the improvement of soil physical properties, chemical properties and nutritional status of the available P and K caused by compost application. These results are in the same line with those obtained by Kazemeini et al., (2008) and Sabahi et al., (2010).The beneficial effect of inoculation with (Azotobacter + Asospirillum) was mainly due to the improvement of atmospheric nitrogen fixation and producing growth promoting substances. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Hayat [8] who found that dual inoculation with .(Azt.+Azs.) significantly increased plant growth characters Comparing the effect of different N rates on plant growth characters, increasing mineral-N fertilizer from 0 up to 80 kg N/fed induced a significant increases of 66.0 and 66.1% for dry weight in the two studied seasons, respectively. The positive effect of mineral- N fertilizer on growth characters of canola plant may be due to the role of nitrogen in protoplasm formation and all proteins, e.g, amino acids, nucleic acid, many enzymes and energy transfer materials ADP and ATP. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Malhi [9] who reported that nitrogen fertilization increased growth .characters of canola plant at 90 days from planting

Yield and Yield components Data presented in Table (4) generally, show that inoculation of canola seeds with bio-fertilizer significantly increased the straw and seed yield as compared with un-inoculated seeds. These values were 5.3 and 5.2 % for seed, 5.0 and 5.2 % for straw yield for the studied seasons ,respectively. Also, application of compost at a rate of 10 ton/fed. significantly increased the above mentioned characters as compared with the control treatment. These increases were 22.8 and 22.9% for seed yield and 23.1 and 21.3% for straw yield for the studied seasons, respectively. Variations in the response of canola plants to the different rates of applied compost could be attributed to the favorable impact of compost on soil hydrophysical, chemical and nutritional properties as well as improvement of the microbial activity of the treated soils. Application of mineral N-fertilization has a significant and positive effect on yield and yield components of canola plant. Application of N-fertilizer at a rate of 80 kg N/fed. without bio- organic fertilizers resulted in a higher values of yield components, these values were 66.28 and 67.40 % for seed yield and 55.63 and 55.18 % for straw yield as compared with the control for the studied .[seasons, respectively. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Balint and Rengel [10

Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of the studied soil Season 2 Season 1 Soil characteristics 75.30 76.01 Coarse sand 12.53 11.60 Fine sand 3.97 4.61 Silt 8.20 7.78 Clay Sand Sand Texture class 0.21 0.19 % Calcium carbonate 0.43 0.39 % Organic matter 3.20 3.31 (CEC (c molc/kg soil 7.84 7.38 pH 1: 2.5 soil water suspension 0.47 0.43 (EC dSm-1 (soil paste extract (Available nutrients(mg kg-1 soil 18.7 17.5 N 8.92 8.33 P 38.20 37.50 K

.Table 2. Some physical and chemical analyses of compost (Season (2 (Season (1 Characteristics 0.49 0.54 (Density (g cm-3 47.03 44.64 % Organic matter 27.28 25.89 % Organic carbon 2.35 2.23 % Total N 0.85 0.82 % Total P 0.63 0.61 % Total K 11,61 11.61 C/N Ratio 2.6 2.4 (EC dSm-1 ( extract 1:5 7.65 7.66 pH (1 : 5) suspension

Table 3. Effect of bio, organic and inorganic- N fertilizers on canola plants .dry weight of the two studied seasons (Canola plants dry weight (g Treatments Season 2 Season1 141.9 138.9 BN0 Bio- fertilizer 148.4 146.5 BN1

1.32 1.01 L.S.D 0.05

127.5 124.8 C0 Compost

145.4 143.4 C1

161.5 159.9 C2

1.25 1.13 L.S.D 0.05 104.4 102.8 N0 Inorganic-N 138.6 136.6 N1 162.8 160.7 N2 173.4 170.7 N3

10.05 8.66 L.S.D 0.05

Table: 4. Effect of bio, organic and inorganic-N fertilizers on straw and seed yield of canola plant of .the two studied seasons .Seed yield kg/fed Straw yield .kg/fed Treatments Season 2 Season 1 Season 2 Season 1 395.3 390.2 487.4 484.8 BN0 Bio-fertilizer 415.9 411.1 513.0 509.0 BN1

3.68 2.59 4.01 3.42 L.S.D 0.05

363.4 359.3 447.9 443.9 C0

406.0 401.4 507.3 500.3 C1 Compost

446.9 441.3 543.6 546.6 C2

4.30 4.15 8.86 7.98 L.S.D 0.05 289.0 287.7 385.8 382.3 N0 395.5 394.3 472.4 469.6 N1 Inorganic-N 454.4 449.8 543.9 540.9 N2 483.8 477.7 598.7 595.0 N3

4.81 4.45 9.06 8.08 L.S.D 0.05

Seed quality Results in Table (5) show that inoculation of canola seeds with (Azotobacter + Azospirillum) increased the seed oil content and oil yield per/fed in the two studied seasons, as compared with the control. Seed oil content increased by about 0.38 % and 0.45% whereas oil yield increased by about 5.5 and 5.4 % in the first and the second seasons, respectively. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Akbari [11] who found that application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum as biofertilizer .could enhance the seed oil content and oil yield Also, the obtained results show that biofertilization with N-fixing bacteria significantly increased both seed protein content and protein yield. These increases over the control treatment reached to 3.36 and 4.6 % for protein content and 13.0 and 12.3% for protein yield , for the studied seasons. respectively. Concerning the main effect of applied compost on oil and protein contents and yields of canola plant seeds, results reveal that the oil and protein contents and yields were responded to application of compost particularly at a rate of 10 ton/fed. The percentages of increase were 2.0 and 2.3% for oil content, 21.5 and 23.4 % for protein content, 25.5 and 25.6 % for oil yield and 50.6 and 49.0 % for protein yield as compared with the control under the two studied seasons, respectively. The beneficial effect of applied compost at the highest rate (10 ton/fed) reflect the high nitrogen content of compost which enhanced N absorption and in turn increased protein content beside its increase of the .(yield. These results are in the same line with those obtained by Kazemeini et al., (2010 Regarding the main effect of N-fertilizer in absence of bio-organic fertilizers, data in Table (5) reveal that there is a significant increase in seed protein content and protein yield with increasing the application rate of nitrogen. The maximum protein content (58.0 and 57.%) was obtained as compared with the control at a rate of 80 kg N/fed., respectively in both seasons. These results are similar to those of Akbari [11] who stated that the high N-rate application increased the amino acids synthesis in the leaves and this stimulates the accumulation of protein in the seed rather than oil content. The obtained results indicate that the decrease in seed oil content reached to 5% in the first season and 4.5% in the second at the highest rate of N- application which reflect the inverse relationship between protein content and oil content. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Karamzadeh [12] who found that nitrogen fertilizer often reduces seed oil content through an inverse relationship between .seed N protein and oil content

Table: 5. Effect of bio, organic and inorganic- N fertilizers on seed quality of canola plant .in the two studied seasons

Protein yield kg/fed % Protein content Oil yield kg/fed % Oil content Treatments

S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1

76.80 74.0 18.70 18.40 174.90 171.90 44.33 44.13 BN0 Bio-fertilizer

84.20 80.90 19.60 19.04 184.50 181.50 44.50 44.30 BN1

1.86 1.46 0.41 0.26 1.50 1.17 0.02 0.01 L.S.D 0.05

65.10 62.40 17.26 16.70 159.30 156.60 43.90 43.70 C0 Compost

79.20 75.70 18.90 18.30 179.60 176.90 44.40 44.20 C1

97.2 94.00 21.30 20.30 200.2 196.50 44.90 44.60 C2

9.60 6.86 1.68 1.39 4.23 6.37 0.23 0.21 L.S.D 0.05

43.10 41.30 14.70 14.30 132.60 130.00 45.70 45.5 N0 Inorganic-N

72.2 69.6 18.00 17.60 176.90 174.10 44.80 44.50 N1

94.60 90.10 20.70 19.90 199.70 196.40 43.90 43.60 N2

112.20 108.50 23.10 22.60 209.8 206.40 43.60 43.20 N3

14.62 12.47 1.77 1.45 5.25 3.55 0.29 0.26 L.S.D 0.05

S= season

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