Article Title: The functional trophic role of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the northern Mexican Caribbean: network analysis and ecosystem development
Journal name: Hydrobiologia
Author names: Esmeralda C. Ibarra-García, Marco Ortiz, Amílcar L. Cupul-Magaña, Eduardo Ríos-Jara, Álvaro Hernández-Flores, Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza*
*Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] (F.A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza). Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos y Acuicultura (LEMA), Departamento de Ecología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, Km. 15.5 Las Agujas de Nextipac, Zapopan 45110, Jalisco, Mexico. e-mail address: [email protected].
Appendix B Table B1. Functional groups and their corresponding species. Functional groups Species Large pelagic fish (LPF) Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1973) Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) Dolphin (Do) Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850) Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) Seabirds (SB) Seabirds Snook (Sk) Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) Shark (Sh) Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839) Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson, 1836) Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) Large piscivorous fish (LPisF) Carangoides bartholomaei (Cuvier, 1833) Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793) Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860) Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833 Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) Snappers (Sn) Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792) Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828) Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Groupers (Gp) Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) Large carnivorous reef fish (LCRF) Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758 Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829) Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean, 1879) Mycteroperca phenax Jordan & Swain, 1884haemu Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) Grunt (Gr) Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830 Haemulon carbonarium Poey, 1860 Haemulon chrysargyreum Günther, 1859 Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823) Haemulon parra (Desmarest, 1823) Haemulon plumierii (Lacepède, 1801) Haemulon sciurus (Shaw, 1803) Octopus (Oc) Octopus maya (Voss & Solis, 1966) Table B1 (Continue). Functional groups and their corresponding species.. Functional groups Species Hogfish (Ho) Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792) Rhincodon typus (Rt) Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 Small carnivorous reef fish (SCRF) Gramma loreto Poey, 1868 Serranus tigrinus (Bloch, 1790) Spotted seatrout (SS) Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830) Medium carnivorous reef fish 1 (MCRF1) Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Calamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830) Calamus pennatula Guichenot, 1868 Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853) Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani, 1842) Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepède, 1802) Clepticus parrae (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860 Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766) Gerres cinereus (Walbaum, 1792) Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Holacanthus bermudensis Goode, 1876 Holocentrus sp [rufus (Walbaum, 1792), adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)] Myripristis jacobus Cuvier, 1829 Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787) Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758) Urobatis jamaicensis (Cuvier, 1816) Manta birostris (Mb) Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) Schooling fish (SF) Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) Atherinomorus stipes (Müller & Troschel, 1848) Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann & Marsh, 1900) Medium carnivorous reef fish 2 (MCRF2) Calamus bajonado (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Haemulon album Cuvier, 1830 Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791) Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lobster (Lo) Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) Sea turtles (ST) Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Omnivorous fish (OF) Stegastes adustus (Troschel, 1865) Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868) Large benthic epifauna (LBE) Asteroids Holothurians Ophiuroids Squids Small benthic epifauna (SBE) Amphipods Barnacles Bivalves Bryozoans Crabs Chitons Gastropods Hermit crabs Table B1 (Continue). Functional groups and their corresponding species. Functional groups Species Isopods Polychaetes Scaphopods Sea anemones Shrimps Sipunculid worms Sea urchins (SU) Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck) Diadema antillarum (Philippi 1845) Stony corals (StC) Stony corals Manatee (Ma) Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 Sponges (Spo) Sponges Zooplankton (Zoo) Zooplankton Herbivorous fish small-medium (HFSM) Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855 Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787) Aluterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792) Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792) Scarus coeruleus (Edwards, 1771) Scarus iseri (Bloch, 1789) Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840) Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788) Soft corals (SoC) Sea fans Large herbivorous fish (LHF) Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829 Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Benthic autotrophs (BA) Macroalgae Thalassia testudinum König Syringodium filiforme Kützing Phytoplankton (Phy) Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae (SA) Symbiotic algae Detritus (De) Detritus- microfauna Table B2. Data sources used to build the Ecopath model. Functional groups Biomass P/B Q/B Diet LPF Visual census; Bustos (2012) Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Calculated from Bustos (2012); Opitz (1991); Claro calculated with (1994) data fromClaro (1994) Do Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) SB Calculated from Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) Calculated with Harrison et al. data from Polovina (1983) (1984) Sk Calculated from Bustos (2012) Bustos (2013) Sierra et al. (1994) SAGARPA data and fishing mortality obtained from Caballero- Chávez (2012) Sh Arreguín-Sánchez Bustos (2012) and Bustos (2012); Opitz (1991); et al. (1993) and calcuated with data calculated with Cortés (1999) calculated from from Márquez- data fromMárquez- SAGARPA data Farias and Castillo- Farias and Castillo- and fishing Geniz (1998) Geniz (1998) mortality from Worm et al. (2013) LPisF Visual census; Opitz (1991) and Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991) and calculated with García and Duarte Sierra et al. (1994); calculated from data from Cervigón (2002); calculated Gómez-Canchong SAGARPA and et al. (1992) with data from et al. (2004) fishing mortality Opitz (1991) from Abow and Davies (2009) Sn Visual census Opitz (1991); Calculado con Opitz (1991) Arias-González datos de Opitz (1998); calculated (1991); with data from Smith (1997); Smith (1997); Burton ( 2002) Burton (2002) Gp Visual census calculated with Calculated with Randall (1967); data from Cervigón data from Cervigón Opitz (1991) et al. (1992); et al. (1992); Humann and Humann and Deloach (1993) Deloach (1993) Table B2 (Continue). Data sources used to build the Ecopath model. Functional groups Biomass P/B Q/B Diet LCRF Visual census Calculated with Calculated with Randall (1967); data from Smith data from Smith Adams (1976); (1978); Compagno (1978); Compagno Opitz (1991); (1984); Robins et (1984); Robins et Bowman et al. al. (1986); Hayse al. (1986); Hayse (2000) (1990); Opitz (1990); Opitz (1991) (1991) Gr Visual census Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991) calculated with Calculated with data Opitz (1991) data Opitz (1991) Oc Calculated from Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) SAGARPA and fishing mortality from Arreguín- Sánchez (2000) Ho Visual census Calculated with Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) data from Opitz (1991) Rt Calculated from de Calculated with Calculated with Calculated with la Parra et al. data fromPauly data from Pauly data from Cortés (2011) (1997); Chen et al. (1997); Chen et al. (1999); Heyman et (1999) (1999) al. (2001); Cárdenas-Palomo et al. (2009) SCRF Visual census Opitz (1991); Calculated with Randall (1967); Arias-González data from Opitz Opitz (1991) (1998) (1991) SS Calculated from Calculated with Calculated with Minello et al. SAGARPA data data fromAguilar- data from Aguilar- (1989) and fishing Salazar et al. Salazar et al. mortality from (1993) (1993) Aguilar-Salazar et al. (1993) MCRF1 Visual census From Opitz, Opitz (1991); Randall (1967); (1991); Arias- Bustos (2012); Opitz (1991); Pitts González (1998); calculated with (1991); Michael Calculated with data from Robins (1993); Pattengill data from Opitz and Ray (1986); et al. (1997); (1991); Cervigón et Opitz (1991); Claro Gómez-Canchong al. (1992); Claro (1994); Lieske and et al. (2004) (1994); Lieske and Myers (1994) Myers (1994) Mb Calculated from Calculated with Calculated with Calculated with Hinojosa (2009) data fromWhite et data from White et data from Hinojosa al. (2006) al. (2006) (2009) Table B2 (Continue). Data sources used to build the Ecopath model. Functional groups Biomass P/B Q/B Diet SF Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) MCRF2 Visual census Opitz (1991); Calculated with Opitz (1991) Calculated with data from Opitz data fromOpitz (1991) (1991) Lo Calculated from Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) fishing data and based on ST Márquez (1996); Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Caso et al. (2005); Nielsen and Quesada (2006) OF Visual census Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991); Claro Randall (1967) Arias-González (1994) (1998) LBE Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991); Opitz (1991) Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) Zetina (2004) SBE Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) SU Visual census Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) StC Visual census Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Ma Morales and Castelblanco- Castelblanco- Castelblanco- Olivera (1997) Martínez et al. Martínez et al. Martínez et al. (2012) (2012) (2012) Spo Visual census Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Zoo Criales-Hernández Criales-Hernández Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) et al. (2006) et al. (2006) HFSM Visual census Opitz (1991); Calculado con Randall (1967); Arias-González datos de Robins Opitz (1991); (1998); Bustos and Ray (1986); Castillo-Rivera (2012); Calculated Opitz (1991); Claro (2007) with data (1994); Lieske and fromRobins and Myers (1994) Ray (1986) SoC Visual census Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) Opitz (1991) LHF Visual census Calculated with Calculated with Opitz (1991) data fromOpitz data from Opitz (1991) (1991) BA Visual census Opitz (1991) Phy Arreguín-Sánchez Criales-Hernández (2000) et al. (2006) SA Visual census Opitz (1991) De Ortiz and Wolff (2002) References
Abow, J. F. N. & O. A. Davies, 2009. Aspects of Sphyraena Barracuda (Wallbaum, 1992) Population
Dynamics from the Fresh Water Reaches of Lower Nun River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of
Biological Sciences 1 (1): 21-27.
Adams, S. M., 1976. Feeding ecology of eelgrass fish communities. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 105(4): 514-519. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org,
version (02/2014).
Aguilar-Salazar, F. A., F. Arreguín-Sánchez, J. A. Sánchez & J. D. Martínez-Aguilar, 1993. Mortalidad por
pesca y tamaño de la población de la corvina pinta Cynoscion nebulosus (CUVIER) de Holbox,
Quintana Roo, México. Ciencias marinas 19(3): 307-319.
Arias-González, J. E., 1998. Trophic models of protected and unprotected coral reef ecosystems in the South
of the Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53: 236-255.
Arreguín-Sánchez, F., 2000. Octopus–red grouper interaction in the exploited ecosystem of the northern
continental shelf of Yucatan, Mexico. Ecological Modelling 129: 119-129.
Arreguín-Sánchez, F., E. Valero- Pacheco & E. A. Chávez, 1993. A Trophic Box Model of the Coastal Fish
Communities of the Southwestern Gulf of México, 197-205. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.)
Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 26, 390.
Bowman, R. E., C. E. Stillwell, W. L. Michaels & M. D. Grosslein, 2000. Food of northwest Atlantic fishes
and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138.
Burton, M. L., 2002. Age, growth and mortality of mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis, from the east coast of
Florida, with a brief discussion of management implications. Fisheries Research 59: 31-41.
Bustos, D. M. M., 2012. Modelación trófica del golfo de Morrosquillo: aporte para un manejo pesquero.
Manuscrito de Tesis para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Biología. Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, 92.
Caballero-Chávez, V., 2012. Evaluación de la pesquería de robalo blanco Centropomus undecimalis en
Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. Ciencia Pesquera 20(2): 35-42. Cárdenas-Palomo, N., J. Herrera-Silveira & O. Reyes, 2009. Distribución espacio-temporal de variables
fisicoquímicas y biológicas en el hábitat del tiburón ballena Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes:
Rhincodontidae) al norte del Caribe Mexicano. Revista de Biología Tropical 58 (1): 399-412.
Caso, M., I. Pisanty & E. Ezcurra, 2005. Diagnóstico ambiental del Golfo de México. Instituto Nacional de
Ecología (INE-SEMARNAT), 627.
Castelblanco-Martínez, D. N., E. Barba, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, H. A. Hernández-Arana & B. Morales Vela,
2012. The Trophic Role of the Endangered Caribbean Manatee Trichechus manatus in an Estuary
with low Abundance of Seagrass. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35:60-77.
Castillo-Rivera, M., R. Zárate-Hernámdez & I. Salgado-Ugarte, 2007. Hábitos de alimento de juveniles y
adultos de Archosargus probatocephalus (Teleostei: Sparidae) en un estuario tropical de Veracruz.
Hidrobiológica 17 (2): 119-126.
Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers,
G. Robaina & B. Rodriguez, 1992. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la
pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa
septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome, 513. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase.
www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Chen, C. T., K. W. Liu & S. J. Young, 1999. Preliminary report on Taiwan's whale shark fishery, 162-167. In
S.L. Fowler, T. Reid & F.A. Dipper (eds.) Elasmobranch biodiversity, conservation and management.
Proc. Int. Seminar and Workshop in Sabah, Malaysia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Froese, R. and D.
Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Claro, R., 1994. Características generales de la ictiofauna, 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces
marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de
Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
Compagno, L. J. V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated
catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish.
Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome: FAO. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase.
www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014). Cortés, E., 1999. Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES Journal of Marine
Science 56: 707-717.
Criales-Hernández, M. I., B. C. García & M. Wolff, 2006. Flujos de biomasa y estructura de un ecosistema de
surgencia tropical en La Guajira, Caribe colombiano. Revista de Biología Tropical 54(4): 1257-1282. de la Parra, V. R., R. Hunter, C. J. González, J. Tyminski, J. G. Remolina, M. Maslanka, A. Ormos, L. Weigt,
B. Carlson & A. Dove, 2011. An Unprecedented Aggregation of Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus, in
Mexican Coastal waters of the Caribbean sea. PLoSONE 6(4): 1-8.
García, C. B. & L. O. Duarte, 2002. Consumption to Biomass (Q/B) Ratio and Estimates of Q/B-predictor
Parameters for Caribbean Fishes. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly 25 (2).
Gómez-Canchong, P., L. M. Manjarrés, L. O. Duarte & J. Altamar, 2004. Atlas pesquero del área norte del
Mar Caribe de Colombia. Universidad del Magadalena, Santa Marta, 230. Froese, R. and D. Pauly.
Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Harrison, C. S., T. S. Hida & M. P. Seki, 1983. Hawaiian seabird feeding ecology. Wildl Monogr, 85.
Hayse, J. W., 1990. Feeding habits, age, growth, and reproduction of Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus
faber (Pisces: Ephippidae) in South Carolina. Fishery Bulletin 88(1): 67-83. Froese, R. and D. Pauly.
Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Heyman, W. D., R. T. Graham, B. Kjeríve & R. E. Johannes, 2001. Whale sharks Rhincodon typus aggregate
to feed on fish spawn in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215: 275-282.
Hinojosa, A. S. A., 2009. Ecología trófica de la Manta gigante (Manta birostris, Dondorff 1798) mediante el
análisis de isótopos estables de δ15N y δ13C en las áreas naturales protegidas de Yum Balam e Isla
Contoy, Quintana Roo. Manuscrito de Tesis para obtener el grado de Maestra en Ciencias. UNAM,
68.
Humann, P. & N. Deloach, 1993. Reef fish identification. Galápagos. New World Publications, Inc., Florida,
267. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Lieske, E. & R. Myers, 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the
Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase.
www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Márquez, R., 1996. Las tortugas marinas y nuestro tiempo. Fondo de cultura económica, 104. Márquez-Farias, J. F. & J. L. Castillo-Geniz, 1998. Fishery biology and demography of the Atlantic sharpnose
shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Research 39: 183-198.
Michael, S. W., 1993. Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and
ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California, 107. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014.
FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Minello, T. J., R. J. Zimmerman & T. E. Czapla, 1989. Habitat-related differences in diets of small fishes in
Lavaca Bay, Texas, 1985-1986. NOAA Tech. Memo. SEFC-NMFS-236:1-16. Froese, R. and D.
Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Morales, B. V. & L. D. G. Olivera, 1997. Distribución del manatí (Trichechus manathus) en la costa norte y
centro- norte del estado de Quintana Roo, México. Anales Instituto de biología Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 68(1): 153-164.
Nielsen, V. M. & M. A. A. Quesada, 2006. Ambientes Marino Costeros de Costa Rica. Informe técnico, 221.
Opitz, S., 1991. Quantitative models of trophic interactions in Caribbean Coral Reefs. Dissertation for doctor
degree of Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty of the University Christian-Albrechts, 470.
Ortiz, M. & M. Wolff, 2002. Trophic models of four benthic communities in Tongoy Bay (Chile):
comparative analysis and preliminary assessment of management strategies. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 268: 205- 235.
Pattengill, C. V., B. X. Semmens & S. R. Gittings, 1997. Reef fish trophic structure at the Flower Gardens
and Stetson Bank, NW Gulf of Mexico. Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Sym. 1: 1023-1028. Froese, R. and
D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Pauly, D., 1997. Growth and mortality of basking shark Cethorhinus maximus, and their implications for
whale shark Rhincodon typus. MS, presented at the International Seminar on Shark and Ray
Biodiversity, Conservation and Management, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 7-10 July 1997.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Pitts, P. A., 1991. Comparative use of food and space by three Bahamian butterflyfishes. Bulletin of Marine
Science 48(3): 749-756. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version
(02/2014). Polovina, J. J., 1984. Model of a Coral Reef Ecosystem I. The ECOPATH Model And Its Application to
French Frigate Shoals. Coral Reefs 3: 1-11.
Randall, J. E., 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography 5: 665-
847.
Robins, C. R. & G. C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin
Company, Boston, U.S.A., 354. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org,
version (02/2014).
Sierra, L. M., R. Claro & O. A. Popova, 1994. Alimentación y relaciones tróficas, 263-284. In Rodolfo Claro
(ed.) Ecología de los Peces Marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de
Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo, México.
Smith, C. L., 1978. Serranidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes.
West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014.
FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Smith, C. L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf
of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 720. Froese, R.
and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
White, W. T., P. R. Last, J. D. Stevens, G. K. Yearsley, Fahmi & Dharmadi, 2006. Economically important
sharks and rays of Indonesia. [Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia]. Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.
2014. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, version (02/2014).
Worm, B., B. Davis, L. Kettener, V. A. Ward-Paige, D. Chapman, M. R. Heithaus, S. T. Kessel & S. H.
Gruber, 2013. Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Mar. Policy
40:194-204.
Zetina, M. J. R., 2004. “Efectos de la pesca en ecosistemas inter-dependientes: Laguna de Términos y Sonda
de Campeche, México”. Manuscrito de Tesis para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Marinas.
Instituto Politécnico Nacional CICIMAR, 111.