Skeletal System Review Sheet

Skeletal System Flashcards

1. Name the 4 SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. Structural support to the body FUNCTIONS 2. Protection of various regions of the body 3. Mineral storage, especially calcium 4. Formation of blood cells in the marrow 2. What do all types of cartilage have in A. Dense Extracellular matrix common? B. Avascular C. CHONDROCYTES within spaces called LACUNAE D. Surrounded by dense irregular fibrous connective tissue called PERICHONDRIUM. 3. Name the spaces that Chrondrocytes are LACUNAE within 4. Name the 3 types of cartilage 1. Hyaline Cartilage: joints 2. Elastic Cartilage: ear  Where in the body is each type found? 3. Fibrocartilage: vertebral discs

5. Which cartilage has many elastin fibers? ELASTIC CARTILAGE 6. What is an immature cartilage cell called? An immature cartilage cell is called a chondroblast 7. What is a mature cartilage cell called? A mature cartilage cell is called a chondrocyte 8. How does fibrocartilage differ from other Fibrocartilage has more collagen fibers than other cartilage? cartilages 9. How does cartilage grow? Appositional = (growth in diameter) 1. Increased activity of the chondroblasts 2. extracellular matrix is added on the sides. Interstitial = (growth in length) 1. Increased activity of the chondrocytes 2. Extracellular matrix is added between the cells 10. What gives bone flexibility? Collagen fibers 11. What gives bone strength? Minerals 12. Name the 3 bone cells and their function Osteoblasts: lay down new bone Osteocytes: mature bone cell; found in lacunae Osteoclasts: break down bone; take the calcium out of the bone and put it into the blood, especially when blood calcium levels are too low. 13. What is bone’s Extracellular matrix made Mineral salts with lots of phosphate. up of? 14. What is calcification? The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue. 15. What is ossification? the process of laying down new bone by osteoblasts. It occurs in bone, cartilage or fibrous connective tissue. Skeletal System Flashcards

16. What is osteogenesis? Formation of new bone; aka ossification 17. What is osteolysis? destruction on bone by osteoclasts 18. What is the functional unit of Compact OSTEON. bone? 19. What is the end of the long bone called? proximal and distal EPIPHYSIS (where spongy bone is) 20. What is the shaft of a long bone called? DIAPHYSIS 21. What is in the center of the bone? MEDULLARY CANAL 22. What is the MEDULLARY (“middle”)  yellow marrow (adipose tissue) CANAL filled with? 23. What is the function of yellow marrow?  function is to store fat. 24. Where does RBC production take place?  Red marrow (spongy bone) 25. What is the name of the growth plate in Children: epiphyseal plate children, and what is this structure called in Adults: epiphyseal line adults? 26. What tissue surrounds the whole bone, and PERIOSTEUM: serves as the attachment site what is its function? for tendons and ligaments 27. What is the periosteum made of? The periosteum is osteogenic and mainly consists of osteocytes and osteoblasts 28. Where are bone marrow transplants taken  Flat bones (sternum), but also the iliac crest from? and vertebrae bodies 29. What is a SESAMOID BONE? a specialized short bone that occurs within a tendon, such as the patella (kneecap). 30. What is the name of the process of new  Ossification bone formation? 31. What is endochondral ossification? When the hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. (Common in long bones). This process begins in fetal development when the skeleton is hyaline cartilage. 32. What processes occur during endochondral 1) Osteoblasts differentiate within hyaline ossification? cartilage 2) Osteoblasts lay down the organic component of the matrix 3) Blood vessels enter the nutrient foramen to supply the growing tissues 4) The bone grows in length 33. What are the two types of endochondral - Primary Ossification ossification (where cartilage turns into - Secondary Ossification bone, as in a fetus)? 34. Where does primary ossification occur? In the diaphysis 35. Where does secondary ossification occur? In the epiphysis 36. What is INTRAMEMBRANOUS  Fibrous connective tissue (dense regular ct) OSSIFICATION, and turns into bone.  where does it occur?  Occurs in the skull bones 37. What is BONE REMODELING, and how Change in shape and size in bone with time; does it occur? due to forces. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are Skeletal System Flashcards

sensitive to pressure. Increase pressure, osteoblasts increases bone. No pressure, osteoclast decreases bone 38. What does exercise do to bone? Exercise increases bone. 39. What happens if you don’t have enough The body’s calcium needs will come out of the calcium in the blood? bone by an increase in osteoclast activity. The osteoclasts will dissolve some bone material and release it into the blood. 40. What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a condition where there is less 41. What causes OSTEOPOROSIS? mineralization in the extracellular matrix. Caused by increased activity of osteoclasts 42. What’s the best way to prevent (more so than osteoblasts).The spongy bone is osteoporosis? affected more than compact bone.  Prevent it by exercise! 43. What is the most common bone used for a the iliac bone of the hip. bone graft? 44. What are the stages of healing after a Bleeding, then hematoma (blood clot) BONE FRACTURE? Then a fibrocartilage callus forms Then a bony callus forms. Osteoclasts then finish remodeling the bone. 45. Which type of cell divides readily after osteoprogenitor cell a bone is damaged? 46. What is the function of an Produce new osteoblasts osteoprogenitor cell? 47. What is a lateral curve in the spine? SCOLIOSIS 48. What is a hunchback curve? KYPHOSIS 49. What is a swayback in the lower LORDOSIS region? 50. What is severe arthritis in the spine, ANKYLOSIS causing the vertebrae to fuse?