7Th Grade Study Social Studies Study Guide for Midterm

1 7th Grade Study Social Studies Study Guide for Midterm Mr. Mizell & Mr. Tubbs

Unit 1: Introduction to Social Studies

Summary: The introduction to social studies focuses on what it takes to make a civilization [PERSIA – Politics, Economic, Religions, Social, Ideas, and Area]. To understand how social studies and history works you also need to understand the types of governments: democratic, monarchy, theocracy, anarchy, and autocracy. This unit focuses on the types of economies as well – Market Economy, Command Economy, Mixed Economy, and Traditional Economy. Lastly, you should understand the differences between primary and secondary sources.

Unit 1 Vocabulary:

Government – a political system that rules or governs a nation Economy - the production and consumption of goods/resources and services within a country Democratic – Where a government is elected by voting in elections by the people Theocracy – Government is controlled by religious leaders and laws. Autocracy – Government by a single person having unlimited power and domination; dictator Oligarchy – A government were only a few people have power and control the country Monarchy – Having a king or queen as head of the country. Passed down by family. Anarchy – When there is no government. Chaos happens. Market Economy – businesses and individuals make the decisions; competition (Capitalism) Command Economy – government controls the economy and what is produced (Socialism) Traditional Economy – Based on tradition, centers on the family, farming and hunting Mixed Economy – an economy with a mix of Command and Market Primary Source – A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time being studied. These include diaries, photos, letters, pottery, etc… Secondary Source – interprets primary sources. These include textbooks, magazines, Encyclopedias, documentaries 2

What is a civilization? – A group of people that take part in certain things (art, religion, government, laws) and work together to create an organized society.

What features should be considered when trying to understand a civilization? – PERSIA

Political, Economic, Religious, Social, Ideas, and Area/Geographic influences

Politics – type of government, leaders, laws, war

Economics – money system, technology, industry, business

Religions – Holy books, gods, beliefs, religious practices

Social – role of men and women, entertainment (music, movies, sports), social classes

Ideas – art, music, literature, education

Area/Geography – location, resources, movement

More Examples of Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary: Diary by Thomas Jefferson, Letter from a soldier in WWII, suit worn by JFK

Secondary: World History Textbook, Documentary on the Cold War, article on causes of WWII

Essential Question: How would you describe and explain American civilization using PERSIA?

The United States is democratic where people vote and control the government. Its leader, Barack Obama, is the President of the United States. America is the most industrialized and economically powerful country in the world, which means that it normally leads the world in technology innovation. In terms of religion, the U.S. is primarily a Christian-nation with large numbers of Protestants and Catholics. Entertainment in the U.S. revolves around tv shows, sports such as baseball and football, and movies such as Iron Man. Popular literature in this country includes books such as The Hunger Games and Lord of the Rings. Overall, the U.S. is located in a temperate climate zone, though each region in the U.S. has a distinctive climate. In terms of resources, the U.S. is rich in coal, timber, and iron.

Unit 2: Renaissance and Reformation (1300s – 1600s)

Summary: The Renaissance was a period in Europe which witnessed a rebirth in the classics and arts, primarily Greek and Roman culture. People became more secular and less religious as they devoted themselves to the concept of individualism and doing what makes you happy. Many of the great 3 sculptures, paintings, and poems that you are aware of were created during this time. The Reformation took place in the 1500s as people such as Martin Luther disagreed with certain aspects of the Catholic Church, such as indulgences, and broke away to form the Protestants. The printing press helped to spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe which was no longer unified under Catholicism.

Unit 2 Vocabulary:

Renaissance – a rebirth in the arts and culture (architecture, art, music, writing)

Patrons – someone who supports artists, usually financially

Secular – concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters (opposite of religious)

Indulgence – a pardon for a sin which releases someone from punishment

Realism – showing life how it actually is

Vernacular – everyday language of a people

Feudalism – system in Europe which helped to divide society into classes

Doctrine – policies taught or advocated

Humanism – focuses on human potential and achievement

Reform – the improvement of what is wrong, corrupt, or unsatisfactory

Nepotism – showing favoritism toward family/friends

Excommunication – to exclude from the Church, prayers, etc…

Divine Right – belief that a monarch derives his/her power from God

EQ: Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Trade, Greek and Roman classics, wealthy merchants, peace, the Bubonic Plague,

The Renaissance was a period of “rebirth” in Europe. It was a time of revival for classical (Greek and Roman) art, literature, music, and ideas. Trade helped the Renaissance start in Italy because much of the people who traded came through the Middle East/Turkey and up Italy to get to the rest of Europe; therefore, Italy is not only getting resources but also new ideas/beliefs from around the world. The trading of valuable goods caused a wealthy merchant class to arise. These people used their money to invest in artists and culture. There was also a period of peace throughout Italy which bring stability and people can concentrate on other things instead of war. Lastly, the Bubonic Plague which wiped out millions was over and people felt they should live their life to the fullest. Many people began to question some of the teachings of the Church, since it was helpless against the Plague. 4

EQ: How did the Renaissance differ from past time periods such as the Middle Ages? (Note the changes)

Middle Ages The Renaissance

Cities are being consolidated (created) Cities are growing because of trade The Catholic Church is all powerful as this is a very The Catholic Church is losing some power as people religious time period. Kings and Queens feel they must begin to question it. Kings and Queens see their power obey the Church. The Church is trying to expand by and influence increase. People become more secular. carrying our crusades against Muslims. Wealthy families get more power in cities such as the Medici. Kings begin to tax subjects to build roads and expand cities. Most people work on a manor (land) for a lord and they More and more people are moving to the cities because harvest crops. of trade. Feudalism – society is divided based on land/wealth A middle class/merchant class begins to arise in the cities because of trade. Get the growth of banks. Wealth becomes less about land and more about trade. Art focuses on the Church and the Christian religion Art begins to focus more on humanity and individualism. Many artists paint pictures of regular, everyday things such as a person eating soup, which is known as realism. For those that do paint or sculpt religious people, they portray them as more human-like and less god-like. Entertainment revolves around the Church and religious Entertainment becomes more secular as well. With the activities (dinners, singing, etc…) increase in ideas, the Renaissance produces inventors who are willing to try out new innovations. Not many innovations because trade/ideas have not Gunpowder, trade along the Silk Road, Castles, guns, spread canons, the printing press, etc… These innovations prove that the flow of ideas and trade can spur technological advances.

Scholars, painters, sculptors, and writers of the Renaissance: Thomas Moore and his book Utopia, Niccolo Machiavelli and his book The Prince which asked was it better to be feared or loved, Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Erasmus, Petrarch. Many of these men were humanists who focused on human achievement and potential.

What events led to the Reformation?

With the rise of secularism and education, people began to doubt the Church or at least its political power. Innovations such as the printing press meant that more Bibles were produced for people to read on their own instead of having someone read it to them. Now, regular people could read the Bible and form their own opinions which sometimes contradicted the Church. Also, kings felt that they should be in control of their country and not some pope hundreds of miles away. The Church and many of its officials had become corrupt over the years as they spent lavishly on dinners and luxuries. Lastly, there was an issue over the sale of indulgences which were pardons for sins people committed, which is not found in the Bible and many people had issues with this notion that one could buy his/her way into heaven.

Who was Martin Luther and what role did he play in the Reformation? 5

Martin Luther was a monk who wrote the 95 Theses which attacked the corruption of the Church, indulgences, and non-Biblical church teachings. He believed that people can win salvation (go to heaven) through faith in God and not simply good works as the Church taught. He also thought that people should be able to read the Bible on their own and come to their opinions. Lastly, he believed that people can go directly to God to ask forgiveness instead of using indulgences or Catholic priests to get forgiveness.

The Church begins to split.

How did King Henry VIII of England influence the Reformation and how did his actions change England?

King Henry needed a son so he could inherit the throne when Henry passed away; however, his wife gives birth to a daughter. The Catholic Church, which England and King Henry were subject to at the time, did not allow for divorce, but Henry desires a son to ensure stability in England. Henry and parliament pass the Supremacy Act which makes Henry the Head of the Church of England; thereby, breaking away from the Catholic Church so he can obtain a divorce.

 King is head of secular and religious affairs so power increases (Church’s power decreases)

 Protestant Reformation spreads to England (will become the most powerful Protestant nation)

Because Martin Luther and fellow Protestants believed that people should have the freedom to interpret the Bible and develop their own opinions, the Protestants will split into different groups with differing opinions. This helps to show how diversity can come about when freedom is given to people.

What is the overall legacy of the Renaissance and Reformation? – Kings and Queens (monarchies) gain power, while the Pope and Church lose some power. Catholicism no longer unites all of Europe; instead, Europe is now divided between Protestants (various groups) and Catholics. Rise in secularism and individualism.

How are we affected today by the Renaissance and Reformation? 6 We are affected by the Renaissance and Reformation in several ways. Consider the architecture in Washington D.C. and of many buildings in our country. The architecture dates back to the Renaissance. The Statue of Liberty is a perfect example of humanism today. There are also numerous denominations of Christianity in our country because of the Reformation and Luther telling people to worship God in their own way. Many people over time had differing opinions on how to worship and this is one reason there are so many different denominations. Lastly, the Renaissance placed greater focus on getting an education, which is something valued by our society today.

Unit 3: Age of Exploration and Global Exchange (1450s – 1750s)

Summary: The Age of Exploration came about during the end of the Renaissance as people became more curious about the world and desired to explore. Trade had shown that people could get rich off of the goods in the East (Asia and India); however, it was expensive and time consuming to travel by land so explorers such as Christopher Columbus began looking for a sea route to get there. By this time, they had the new technologies to do this; however, the explorers discovered North and South America instead of finding a passage to Asia/India. From that moment on, European and American goods, people, and ideas would mix and create a more global economy. Since most of the populations of the Americas were killed off by diseases brought over by the Europeans, the Europeans had to find people to work in the mines and fields to get the resources which began the Slave Trade and Triangle Trade.

Unit 3 Vocabulary:

Dynasty – a sequence of rulers from same family

Epidemic – when a disease affects many people in a specific area

Exploit – to use something for profit or selfish needs

Colony – a land/people controlled by a distant nation

Innovation – something newly introduced

Exploration – to travel through an unknown area to learn about it

Immune – being able to resist certain diseases or toxins

Mercantilism – economic belief that bases a nation’s wealth on the amount of gold/silver it has. Belief that it is good to trade and that a nation should sell more than it buys to get more revenue (money)

Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants, and animals. Goods from around the world (mainly Europe) went to America and American goods went out into the world. 7 EQ: Why would countries want to explore? 1. Curiosity/Renaissance 2. Wealth 3. Religion 4. Technology 5. Powerful Monarchs

After the Renaissance, there was this new spirit of adventure and curiosity. People had learned about Marco Polo’s adventure to China and the Far East. When he returned, Marco Polo brought back various foods, silks, and other items. This sparked curiosity among the countries of Europe as to what else is beyond the seas. Many knew some of the luxuries that were out there such as ginger, silk, and sugar; however, these goods traveled along roads in the Middle East to get to Europe and took years to get there which meant they were even more expensive. Europeans wanted to bypass the land and go by sea to obtain large quantities of these goods. Religion was another reason why Europeans wanted to explore as they believed it was their duty to Christianize and convert other people; plus, the Catholic Church needed to converts since the Protestant Reformation had split many of them. Thanks to trade with other regions, Europeans had developed better ships, maps, and the compass which they wanted to use to go explore. Lastly, monarchies (kings and queens who run the country) became more powerful after the Renaissance/Reformation as the Church lost power, and they desired to expand their country’s power; therefore, they were interested in exploring for land and resources.

Overall, the reasons to explore can be summarized by “God, Gold, and Glory.”

Here are some the first explorers: Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, and John Cabot.

Many of these explorers were looking for passage routes to China and India where they hoped to find valuable resources. In the process of doing this, they stumbled across two continents: North and South America.

These men only explored along the coast; however, the next group of explorers was more like conquerors and they would penetrate into the new world.

EQ: Why and how did the Conquistadors conquer Latin America?

The Conquistadors are Spanish and Portuguese conquerors/explorers who Spain and Portugal sent to the New World to expand their empires and get resources (gold and silver). Again, this is very important to note how exploration and the discovering of new land caused competition between the European nations who were all trying to compete to get land and resources to benefit their own country.

There are four main factors that explain how a small group of Conquistadors conquered millions in Latin America: (1) they had superior weapons such as guns, swords, and armor made of steel, (2) they used the smart strategy of working with smaller tribes to defeat the Aztec, (3) disease – the Europeans brought measles, smallpox, and typhus from Europe which the Aztec were not immune to. In the end, disease wiped out 90-95% of the Latin American population. By doing this, disease had eliminated much of the indigenous army, hurt the local economy, and the government lost support.

EQ: How did the Columbian Exchange affect the New World and the Old World and who benefitted most? 8

EQ: How did the Triangle Trade affect the Americas, Europe, and Africa? 9 Here is how the Triangle Trade worked:

(1) Europeans would buy slaves in Africa from the money they received for their goods (textiles, food, weapons). (2) Slaves would be sold to plantations in the New World to work in the fields and mines to produce sugar, coffee, tobacco, and other goods. (3) Those goods produced on the plantations by the slaves would then be brought back to Europe

(4) Once in Europe, those goods could be sold or made into other items to be sold to other parts of the world for profit.

For the New World this meant that slavery became a very common and important institution since Europeans relied on slaves on the plantations to produce the commodities. For Africa, it meant that Europeans were selling them things in return for slaves. Obviously, Europe benefited the most as they were getting new resources and goods and were then able to sell them to the rest of the world even though Europeans did not make them. Because of the wealth in resources that Europe had and the amount of profit the goods brought it, a vibrant and larger middle class began to emerge in Europe.

Unit 4: Enlightenment and Revolution (1500s – 1800s)

Summary: The Enlightenment laid the foundation for the various types of revolutions that would later spring up as people began to question authority and tradition. Enlightenment thinkers questioned why the king should have the right to rule over everyone, they decided that people are born with certain rights that governments must protect, they preached tolerance, and desired to give more power and rights to the common people. These ideas helped in causing the English Civil War/Revolution as Cromwell overthrew the absolute monarchy of England, they helped cause the American Revolution as the American colonies broke away from Britain to form their own country, and they played an influential role in the French Revolution. We continue to be influenced by these ideas today in our government and laws – democratic, rights for felons/convicts, tolerance, and equality.

Unit 4 Vocabulary:

Enlightenment - movement that supported the power of individuals to solve problems using reason

Revolution – a drastic change in the political and social organization of a country

Conservative – those who want to preserve traditional power of monarchies 10 Liberal – those who want to give more power to elected officials

Tolerance – being fair and objective to differing views or people

Constitution – political principles that govern a nation

Natural Laws – patterns and explanations of the world discovered through reason

Contract – agreement between two or more groups

Inalienable – not able to be taken away (such as inalienable rights – life, liberty, property)

Deism – belief in a Supreme Being that created the world but is not involved

Rights – guarantees based on moral principles

Absolutism – belief that all power rests with a monarch who has a divine right to rule by God.

Constitutional Monarchy – a monarchy where the ruler’s power is limited by law

Scientific Method – a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Democracy – type of democratic government where citizens vote on all the laws

Republic – type of democratic government where power is in the hands of representatives elected by the people

Laissez-Faire - governments do not get involved in the economy/businesses; “hands off”

EQ: How did the Scientific Revolution change the way people viewed the world, and how did some authorities respond to scientists who challenges accepted beliefs?

People began to think of the world and what does on it using mathematics, formulas, and astronomy as opposed to philosophy. For instance, scientists proved that the Earth was not at the center of the universe. This belief of the Earth being at the center is known as Geocentric Theory. Instead, they proved that the sun was at the center of our solar system and we rotate around it. This theory and now proven fact is known as Heliocentric Theory. Now, this contradicted what the Church had said which was that God had put the Earth at the center. Many scientists adopted the Scientific Method because they believed it was not enough to think about something. You needed to experiment as well and run tests. Many people were punished or tortured by authorities for contradicting Biblical teachings.

Scientists What they studied/discovered How it contradicted religious beliefs Copernicus Said Earth revolved around the sun and was not Church believed that the Earth was the the center of the universe (Heliocentric Theory) center because God believed it was the most important planet. Galileo Galilei Discovered moons of Jupiter. Stated the sun and Church denounces him because they moon have dark and rough spots on them. believed God’s planets/moons were Experimented with gravity. perfect like him and had not rough spots Isaac Newton Puts forth universal gravitation theory where all Church accepts this since Newton based objects have mass and attract other objects. Said the orderly universe theory off of God. universe is linked by Natural Laws and that God was the creator of the orderly universe. EQ: What is the Enlightenment and why did it come about? 11

The Enlightenment is the belief that political, social, and economic problems can be solved by reason. Enlightenment thinkers believed that we could use basic reason to create fair laws that govern people. The following are some reasons why it came about: (1) the Renaissance and Reformation had spurred the concept of individualism and people did not want to take all orders from absolute monarchs, so they wanted more freedom, (2) they questioned monarch’s divine right to rule by God since people were becoming more secular and scientific, (3) Because of the Age of Exploration, a middle class was growing in Europe. The middle class had economic power and freedom because of trade and resources, and now they wanted political power in their government which meant not having a powerful king, (4) People did not like the corruption and huge debt that the monarchies were causing from war and the inability to run the country.

Study the major concepts and beliefs that came about during this time to get an understanding of the Enlightenment.

Enlightenment Thinker Term/Concept Ideas and Beliefs Thomas Hobbes Social Contract People agree to a Social Contract – where the Man is born equal government protects your rights and in return you give up some of your freedom in living in an organized society with laws John Locke Life, Liberty, and Property Believed that people are born with and have a right to life, liberty, and property. People give up some rights to be protected by the government Montesquieu Separation of Powers Wants a Democracy (where common people can vote) Wants Separation of Powers in government so it cannot be too strong Voltaire Freedom of Religion and “While I may totally disagree with what you say, I Speech will defend with my life your right to say it.” – meaning that people should be able to say what they want. Adam Smith Capitalism Government should not get involved in the Laissez-Faire economy. Business should be based on private Freedom in Economics ownership – where people can start and own their business.

EQ: Why did the English Revolution/Civil War occur and how did the events after it change England?

England was ruled by a king who wanted to be an absolute monarch with all the power. He refused to give parliament and the people any rights, continued to raise taxes, and even married a Catholic. When Parliament tried to limit the king’s power, the king dissolves parliament and a civil war breaks out. The king and his royalist army are defeated by Oliver Cromwell and the parliamentarians. When parliament becomes corrupt after executing the king, Cromwell dissolves parliament and rules as a dictator. 12 After Cromwell dies, Charles II becomes king and decides to work with parliament. This time period is known as the Restoration. Parliament with the support of the king passes Habeas Corpus which is where people have the right to trial after an arrest and cannot be arrested/jailed with reason.

When James II becomes king, many in England fear him because he is Catholic. Parliament works with William and Mary to overthrow him. They establish the English Bill of Rights which gives parliament more power to make laws such as taxing, and England becomes a constitutional monarchy meaning more freedom/power to the people.

EQ: Why did the American Revolution come about?

At the time, the American colonies were owned by Britain. Great Britain tried to control the trade of the colonies which many in America did not like, and because of Britain’s wars, they forced the American colonists to pay heavy taxes on stamps, tea, and imports. The colonists argued that the taxes were unfair because they did not have any power in the British government/parliament. Many used the catchy slogan of “No taxation without representation” to get their point across. After a boycott of British goods, the Boston Tea Party, and the writing of the Declaration of Independence (saying that the American colonies were separating themselves from Britain and are going to form their own country), the American Revolution broke out.

EQ: How were leaders of the American Revolution who wrote the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, inspired by influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and ideas?

Take a look at some of the words/phrases found in the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Bill of Rights

American Leader Document Words/Phrases Relation to Enlightenment Thomas Jefferson Declaration of “We hold these truths to be self-evident John Locke said people are “Father of the Independence that all men are created equal; that they born with the rights of life, Declaration of are endowed by their Creator with certain liberty, and property. Independence” unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Thomas Hobbes said all men are born equal James Madison U.S. Bill of Rights Amendment 1: “Congress shall make no Voltaire believed that “Father of the law respecting an establishment of people should have the Constitution” religion, or prohibiting the free exercise freedom to say and believe thereof; or abridging the freedom of what they want. speech”

EQ: What were the major issues in France before the Revolution that caused the king to call the Estates General?

The king was an absolute monarch with all the power in France; however, it was difficult to govern such a large country. King Louis XVI was a weak leader and felt very insecure. Beginning in the 1780s, France experienced crop problems with bad harvests, and the government had a huge debt from the wars that it need to pay off. Therefore, crop prices increased and so did people’s taxes, which meant the economy suffered and people were discontent. 13 To make the situation worse, France was divided into three estates (social classes): the Clergy, Nobility, and then the 3rd estate which was everyone else (primarily peasants). The 3rd estate represented 98% of France but controlled almost none of the wealth, and it was taxed while the others were not.

To fix these problems and especially the tax/debt issue, Louis calls the Estates General (representatives from all of the estates) together; however, Louis proves an ineffective leader so the representatives look for leadership among themselves. Eventually, the new leaders began to demand more freedom, rights, proper representation for the 3rd estate, a fair tax system, equality, and a constitutional monarchy. These are the ideas and goals of the French Revolution at the beginning.

EQ: Why did radical Jacobins assume leadership in the Revolution and why did the Reign of Terror come about?

Jacobins, a radical group of Frenchmen who did not want a king but a democracy, take control of the Revolution by using the people’s fear and paranoia; plus, the fact that the king had tried to escape and link up with the Austrians. Overall, they rise to power because people lose faith in the king after he tries to escape. After executing the king, people are quick to jump to conclusions about who is an “enemy.” Many are put to death during the Reign of Terror because people’s paranoia and fear reaches new heights. During this time, Robespierre will govern France as a dictator and he kills off fellow revolutionaries who could challenge his power. [This is a perfect example of how the French Revolution moved away from Enlightenment Thinking].

EQ: Did Napoleon Bonaparte live up to the ideas and goals of the French Revolution?

When Napoleon came to power, he issued a series of reforms known as the Napoleonic Code. He created a fair tax system where everyone pays their fair share and set up the National Bank to oversee this. He fires corrupt officials in the government to make it more effective at dealing with the nation’s issues. He implemented a system of meritocracy which is where people get jobs based on their merit and achievement and not because they are friends with someone. Lastly, he recognized Catholicism as the faith of Frenchmen. Napoleon works to limit the freedom of speech to ensure that law and order rule the day. Later, he will crown himself Emperor of France and lead Franc in a series of military victories over numerous enemies; however, he makes the mistake of invading Russia where he loses most of his army to the harsh winter and is forced to abdicate from France by the European countries. Overall, Napoleon chose law and order over the freedoms and rights of the French Revolution, though he issued sweeping reforms of French Society. Napoleon crowned himself emperor and ruled as a dictator which means the average person did not have a influential voice in the government.

Unit 5: Industrialization (1800s – 1900s)

Summary: The period of industrialization began in the 1800s in places such as Britain, Germany, the United States, and France. These countries used their vast resources to create factories and products to sell to the rest of the world. In the process of doing so, many people migrated to the cities to find work which caused problems such as unsanitary conditions, poor working conditions, dangerous living conditions. There were few restrictions on businesses under capitalism and many took advantage of the workers who began striking and pushing for more government regulation (socialism) such as minimum wage, etc… However, there were benefits to capitalism such as having competition and the freedom to develop new technologies such as the steam engine and the locomotive. Overall, the Industrial Revolution created a 14 very powerful Europe and United States that used their own resources and raw materials from other lands to industrialize.

Vocabulary:

Industrialization – the development of industries for the machine production of goods

Tenement – overcrowded, run-down, and low cost apartment housing in cities

Socialism – economic system where the economy is controlled by the government

Labor Union – group of workers that try to improve working conditions/wages

Proletariat – those who do manual labor and work for wages; working class

Bourgeoisie – educated middle class

Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership of business to make profit

Entrepreneur – a person who manages and takes on the risks of a business

Urbanization – growth of cities and migration of people into them

Textile – any cloth or fabric produced by weaving or knitting

Monopoly – when one company has total control of a product/service

Strike – to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest

Agricultural Revolution

EQ: What changes in agriculture created the Agricultural Revolution and what were the results?

Changes in Agriculture:

(1) There was the need to feed the growing population in Europe

(2) Food prices were high so there is the desire to produce more

(3) New ideas about farming begin to take hold such as selective breeding which is where farmers only allow the best livestock to mate in order to create top quality livestock (chickens, cows, pigs). There are new inventions such as the mechanical reaper which could harvest crops and the cotton gin which took the seeds out of the cotton. Farmers also begin to use the idea of crop rotation where farmers would change the type of crops they plant each season to help put nutrients back into the ground which in turn produces better crops.

Results of Agriculture Revolution: (1) increase in food supply, (2) larger farms, (3) mechanization of farming (meaning you do not have to farm by hand), and (4) population growth because of food being better and more available.

Industrial Revolution 15 EQ: What did nations need to industrialize?

1. Natural Resources - such as oil, timber, coal, iron, rivers. Rivers can transport materials around the country. Coal was used to power machinery and iron was used to create metal and build large buildings.

2. Political Stability – a nation’s government needs to be stable and effective. A nation cannot have revolutions all the time and expect to industrialize and it cannot have a corrupt government. The government should help pass laws to support industrialization.

3. Capital – countries need plenty of capital (money) so they can invest and buy resources to spur inventions and industry.

4. Entrepreneurs – countries need people who will invest and create businesses and products. These type of people are called entrepreneurs. These people help create new ideas to spur innovation.

5. Labor – a country needs lots of people (labor) to be workers and produce goods which will bring in more money.

EQ: What new inventions/innovations improved life and changed society?

Invention/Innovation Definition/Explanation Improvement on Life or Change in Society Factory System System of producing products Workers would work 12-14 hours each day. This system in mass quantity. allowed for the mass production of various products such as clothes or certain types of food. Spinners and Inventions that could weave Mass production of clothing. Helped to provide clothes Weavers yarn/cotton into clothing to everyone and created jobs for women. Steam Engine A heat engine that performs Changed factories as people would now be working with mechanical work using steam machines. Could build factories anywhere if one had a steam engine (not need a river to generate power) Did not have to rely solely on man-power. This will help lead to other inventions such as the steamboat and locomotives. Locomotives Commonly referred to as Could ship goods, resources, and people faster and trains, locomotives were large cheaper. This will help boost other industries. Now, carts that use steam engines to people in the cities could get fresh milk, food, etc… travel on railroads. Steel Created from iron using the Steel was used to construct bridges, build trains, Bessemer Process. It was skyscrapers, and other pieces of machinery. stronger and more malleable Created jobs and helped other industries to grow. than iron. Electricity Electrical power harvested Can light streets, homes, and most of all, factories, which within a light bulb. means they can stay open at night.

*Push vs Pull Factors

Push Factors – something that “pushes” you out of your own country or area. What would make you leave? 16 Religious persecution, famine, war, political turmoil

Pull Factors – something that “pulls” you to a country/area or city. What would attract you here?

Jobs, money, freedom, security, entertainment

Read: While the Industrial Revolution brought with it many positive changes for people’s lives and society, there were negative effects as well especially for the working class.

Directions: Study the flow chart below to better understand the negative effects the Industrial Revolution had.

EQ: How did societies, and especially the working class (labor), respond to the negatives of industrialization?

Negative Effects of Industrialization Response by labor and society Unsanitary and unsafe jobs. Low Strikes – try to improve working conditions/wages by refusing to work paying jobs. until demands are met Minimum Wage Laws Regulation of factories such as the meat packing plants (make sure rats and other harmful things are not in food) Child Labor Child Labor Laws – children cannot work Extreme Capitalism (all about profit) Push for more socialism where the government can help control business and make sure they “play fair” 17 Some people push for communism – where everyone would share everything and there would be no private property and only equality.