AP U.S. History Review (2017)

1. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo extend the nation?

 Added the American Southwest & created Manifest Destiny

 It confirmed the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

 The U.S. gained New Mexico & California

 Mexico received $15 million

 Allowed for settlers to move west for economic opportunities. Example the Gold Rush.

2. What is popular sovereignty? How did it contribute to sectional tension?

 Settlers determine whether a territory would be slave or free

 Pro & Anti-slavery groups competed for control over the territories

3. What was the significance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

 Senator Stephen Douglas set up the Kansas & Nebraska territories based on popular sovereignty

 He repealed the Missouri Compromise to gain Southern support

 It was a catastrophe for sectional harmony. The division between slave & free supporters deepened

 It strengthened the Republican Party’s position on slavery in the territories.

4. How was “Bleeding Kansas” a prelude to the Civil War?

 Pro & Anti-slavery groups competed for control over the territory

5. What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?

 Determined that slaves were not citizens

 Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional & that the federal government had no right to exclude slavery in the territories.

 A victory for pro-slave supporters that further divided the nation.

6. What did the Lincoln-Douglas debates do for slavery & Abraham Lincoln?

 Brought the slavery debate national  Lincoln took a radical position on slavery in the territories & he became a legitimate Republican candidate for President in 1860.

7. What impact did John Brown’s raid & the Election of 1860 have on the South?

 Increased southern fears of northern hostility

 Southerners felt Lincoln’s election signaled the end of slavery. Seven states decided to secede as a result.

8. What was the major cause of the Civil War? What was Lincoln’s original goal of the war?

 Difference in Lifestyles

 To preserve the Union

9. What attack started the Civil War?

 The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, which united northern opinion against the rebelling Southern states.

10. What were the advantages for each side in the war?

 North

o More population & states

o More manufacturing capacity

o Better transportation/Railroad system

o Naval supremacy

 South

o Home Field Advantage

o More capable army officers

o Stronger Patriotism

o More likely to receive foreign support

11. What was the result & significance of the 1st Battle of Bull Run?

 A Confederate victory & proof that the war would be a long monumental struggle rather than the short war that many expected.

12. The bloodiest battle of the Civil War was?  The Union victory at the Battle of Antietam

13. What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

 Issued after the Union victory at Antietam

 It freed only the slaves of the rebelling states

 It added to the goal of the Civil War. Not only a war to preserve the Union, but a war to end slavery.

14. What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

 A Union victory & a turning point of the war in their favor

 Lincoln dedicated a cemetery at the battlefield & gave his famous Gettysburg Address

15. What strategy did General William T. Sherman making famous during the Civil War?

 Scorched earth policy on his “March to the Sea”

16. What was the result of the Civil War?

 An enormous human & economic cost, yet it resulted in the preservation of the Union & an end to slavery

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1. What is Reconstruction?

 The period immediately following the Civil War.

 Bringing the Southern states back to the Union.

 The rebuilding of the South physically, economically, & spiritually after their defeat.

2. What was the purpose of the “black codes” in the South?

 Southern laws passed during Reconstruction designed to restrict the rights of freedman (newly freed slaves)

 Designed to return to freedman to a position of slavery.

3. What did the 14th Amendment establish?

 Provided for citizenship rights regardless of race, color, or past servitude.

 Aimed specifically at providing a federal guarantee of citizenship rights for the freedman.

4. What did the 15th Amendment establish? What group felt it did not do enough?  Provided that the right to vote could not be denied based upon race, color, or past servitude.

 The amendment did not include the right to vote for women, so they were those that felt it did not do enough.

5. Why did the House of Representatives impeach President Andrew Johnson?

 Johnson’s presidential term included a bitter political feud between him & the radical republicans.

 Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives as a result of his refusal to obey the Tenure of Office Act. Although trial was held, Johnson was not removed from office.

6. What group represented the “white backlash” of the Southern whites?

 Secret Societies represented the “white backlash” against freedman & those that supported their civil rights.

 The best example of a secret society was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

7. What was the legacy of Reconstruction for African-Americans?

 The legacy of Reconstruction for African-Americans is poverty & discrimination.

 Most freedman faced a restriction on the rights gained as a result of the Civil War including black codes & Jim Crow laws.

8. What occupation did most former slaves take up after gaining their freedom?

 Although free, most freedman lacked the money & education to find other jobs. Most ended up attached to the land (plantations) as they were before, but this time not as slaves but as sharecroppers & tenant farmers.

9. In the early 19th century, how did most Americans perceive the west?

 Most Americans viewed the land as uninhabitable or infertile (unable to be farmed successfully).

10. For what major reason did people choose to move to the west?

 Most people moved west at this time to improve their economic situation & establish a better way of life for themselves.

11. What obstacles did people face when moving west?  Native attacks

 Long & arduous journey

 Severe weather & rough terrain

12. For what reasons did conflict exist between settlers & natives?

 Disputes over land.

 Revenge on both sides

13. What is considered to be the greatest victory for the Native Americans against the U.S.?

 Battle at the Bighorn; Custer’s Last Stand

 Although a major victory for the Natives it simply delayed the inevitable truth that the U.S. Government was too powerful for them to be successful in their resistance.

14. During the 19th century, what was the government policy towards the natives?

 Concentration or Reservation Policy

 Lands were set aside for Native tribes/nations.

15. What was the impact of the Bessemer process?

 The process allowed for a more efficient way to produce durable steel.

 The steal business boomed leading to improvement in railroads & the rise of big cities.

16. What was the result of the Haymarket Riot? How did this hurt the labor movement of the late 1800s?

 The result of the Haymarket Riot was that it contributed to the perceived violent nature of unions.

 It hurt the labor movement in that it painted labor unions as violent & slowed its attempt to gain recognition from businesses & the federal government.

17. What are corporations? What are its benefits?

 Corporations are businesses that sell shares of stocks to the public for the purpose of investment & capital to operate the business.

18. What are labor unions & what is their purpose? What did they set out to achieve?

 Labor unions developed to protect the interests of workers collectively.

 Labor unions set out to achieve an increase in wages, improved working conditions, & most importantly federal recognition of the right to collective bargain. 19. What is social Darwinism? How was it used by American industrialists? Industrialists were called “Robber Barons”. Why?

 Social Darwinism is “survival of the fittest” within our capitalistic system.

 American industrialists used this as justification for amassing great wealth at the expense of workers & other businesses.

 American industrialists were often referred to as “Robber Barons” because they amassed their great wealth on the backs of their workers & through cutthroat business practices.

20. What difficulties faced labor unions as they tried to organize & gain recognition in the late 1800s?

 Lack of recognition by businesses & the government.

 Perceived as troublemakers & violent.

 Combining immigrant workers in unions that did not speak the same language was difficult.

 Discrimination against women, African-Americans, & other ethnic backgrounds made combing workers was difficult.

21. What obstacles did female workers face in the late 1800s? How did this compare to male workers?

 Many unions would not include within their membership. As a result women were relegated to traditional “feminine” jobs.

22. What was the impact of the Homestead Strike?

 The violence that resulted at the Homestead Iron Works between Pinkerton Agents (hired by management) & locked out workers showed the division between labor & management as well as added to the perception that labor unions were violent.

23. When does a company or corporation have a monopoly?

 A company or corporation has a monopoly when they have complete control over a market or dominates an industry.

24. What group made up the majority of those that could vote before 1900?

 White & African-American males

 Women were not included.

25. What was the goal of the Farmers Alliance & Grange movement?

 The goal of the Farmers Alliance & Grange movement was to organize & politicize the American farmer. Farmers were having difficulties making profits. 26. How did most cultural & political leaders feel about the U.S. expanding beyond our borders?

 Most cultural & political leaders felt U.S. expansion would mean the triumph of American civilization around the world.

 Opponents believed adopting a policy of imperialism that would lead to the subjugation of people in foreign lands went against the American ideals of life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness.

27. What U.S. President fought in the Spanish-American War?

 Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer cavalry unit nicknamed the “Rough Riders” during the Spanish-American War. It is here that he became a war hero, which he used to advance politically in the United States.

28. What events led to the U.S. declaring war on Spain at the end of the 19th Century?

 American sympathy for Cuban revolutionaries

 Yellow Journalism – exaggerated atrocities by the Spanish against Cubans

 De Lome Letter – Critical letter of President McKinley by the Spanish

 Explosion of the USS Maine – U.S. blamed the Spanish for the explosion.

29. How did yellow journalism contribute to the outbreak of war against Spain?

 New York newspapers the New York World & New York Herald used yellow journalism to sell newspapers. The exaggerated stories created sympathy amongst the American public for the Cuban revolutionaries, which led to a cry for the United States to declare war.

30. How were immigrants received upon arrival in the U.S.?

 Most were resented as a result of the language barrier as well as the immigrant’s willingness to work for low pay & in unsafe conditions. To the native born worker these immigrants were competition for jobs & were compromising the labor movement’s goals.

31. What did the 18th Amendment establish in the U.S.? Was it successful?

 The 18th Amendment established prohibition; prohibiting the production & distribution of alcoholic beverages.

 Although a noble experiment, prohibition created more problems than it solved (i.e. bootlegging, organized crime, speakeasies). Prohibition showed the difficulty in trying to legislate morality. 32. What role did President Theodore Roosevelt play in the Great Coal Strike of 1902?

 President Theodore Roosevelt served as a mediator between labor & management in which he got both sides to agree to arbitration to settle the strike.

33. Who were the Muckrakers & how did they contribute to the Progressive Movement?

 The muckrakers exposed the evils of society (political & business corruption) through their writing & art.

 The muckrakers served as the fuel of the Progressive Movement that allowed legislation to correct the abuses of society.

34. How did Upton Sinclair contribute to the Progressive Movement?

 Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle. Sinclair intended to support a move from capitalism to socialism but the novel became well-known instead for exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry. His novel led to the creation of the Meat Inspection Act as well as the Pure Food & Drug Act.

35. What was the purpose of W. E. B. DuBois’ Niagara Movement?

 The purpose of the Niagara Movement was to improve African-American rights. DuBois’ called for full equality immediately.

36. What type of equality was favored by Booker T. Washington?

 Booker T. Washington favored gradualism – gradual rights for African-Americans.

 Washington established his Tuskegee Institute to train African-Americans in job skills. He believed economic equality must be gained by African-Americans first before full equality could be realized.

37. What did the 19th Amendment establish?

 The 19th Amendment in 1920 gained for women the right to vote a right they had been fighting for since the mid-1800s.

38. What was the purpose of settlement work as part of the Progressive Movement?

 The purpose of settlement work was to provide shelter, food, & education to immigrants struggling to adapt to American life.

 The progressive era sought progress in American society. Led by women like Jane Addams, settlement homes provided assistance to the thousands of immigrants entering the United States during the late 1800s & early 1900s. 39. What were the causes of World War I?

 M.A.I.N.

o Militarism – European countries built up their militaries to acquire territories & for protection.

o Alliances – European countries allied with each other for the purpose of mutual protection.

o Imperialism – European countries adopted policies of territorial acquisition.

o Nationalism – Extreme patriotism led countries to spread their influence to other territories.

40. What policy did the United States adopt at the outset of World War I? What caused that policy to change?

 The United States adopted a policy of isolationism at the outset of World War I.

 Germany’s policy of unrestricted warfare & the interception of the Zimmerman telegram brought the United States into the war on the side of the Allied Powers.

41. What role did the U.S. military play after entering WWI?

 The entrance of the United States military into World War I tipped the scales of the war for the Allies & allowed them to break the stalemate along the Western Front.

42. What is propaganda? What role did it play during WWI?

 Propaganda can come in many forms (posters, speeches, etc.). It seeks to gain support for a cause by appealing to one’s emotion.

43. What role did the Committee of Public Information play on the home front during WWI?

 The Committee of Public Information (CPI) was a government agency that sought to gain support for the war at home by encouraging common citizens to get involved & launching a vitriolic campaign against Germany.

44. What was the “Great Migration”? Why did it occur?

 The “Great Migration” was the movement of African-Americans from the South to the large Northern cities for jobs.

 The migration occurred because African-Americans were pulled to the North for jobs & pushed from the South as a result of poverty, racism, segregation & discrimination.

45. What were President Wilson’s “14 Points of Peace”? What point was most important & put into place?  President Woodrow Wilson’s “14 Points of Peace” were his peace plan to “end the causes of modern war”.

 The most important point was Wilson’s League of Nations. A general association of nations to promote peace & cooperation. The United States did not join, which at least partly caused a breakdown of the league prior to World War II.

46. Why were the 1920s considered “Roaring”?

 Business was booming, people were making & spending money with ease & as a result many were willing to be indulgent.

47. What caused the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

 Excessive buying on margin (credit) led to overinflated stock prices that did not reflect companies’ actual worth.

48. What were the causes of the Great Depression? Who was blamed for the Great Depression?

 Overproduction, excessive buying on credit, & a lack of foreign investment contributed to the Great Depression.

 President Herbert Hoover was blamed as a result of his unwillingness to use the federal government to provide direct relief to citizens struggling with the Great Depression.

49. How did President Herbert Hoover believe the U.S. government should respond to people suffering as a result of the Depression?

 President Hoover felt relief should be provided by local governments & charities not by the federal government.

50. How did the “Bonus Army” impact Hoover’s re-election bid?

 The “Bonus Army”, a group of WWI veterans that went to Washington D.C. to lobby for WWI bonuses to be paid early as a result of the Great Depression, were driven from the capital by Hoover’s order by General Douglas MacArthur.

 Hoover’s re-election bid was damaged beyond repair as a result of the treatment of the “Bonus Army”.

51. What was the “New Deal”? What were its goals?

 President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised the American people a “New Deal”, which became synonymous with his plan to combat the effects of the Great Depression.

 Roosevelt sought to “take action” through the three R’s (Relief, Reform, & Recovery) 52. What were the “Hundred Days”? What was the goal of the “alphabet agencies” such as the SEC & FDIC?

 The “Hundred Days” refers to FDR’s first 100 days in office in which a flurry of legislation created “alphabet agencies” to provide relief to the needy, reform to banks & the stock market, as well as recovery to the economy as a whole.

53. What was the result of the Wagner Act of 1935?

 The Wagner Act established as law a labor union’s right to form & be recognized, as well as the right for it to collectively bargain. It also created the National Labor Relations Board & the Department of Labor as part of the executive branch.

54. What is the lasting result of the “New Deal”? Did the “New Deal” end the Great Depression?

 The lasting result of the “New Deal” was that the federal government set the precedent that it would get involved in its citizen’s lives in times of need.

 The “New Deal” did not end the Great Depression. It is more likely that the entry of the United States into World War II accelerated the nation’s economy as a result of wartime production.

55. What were the causes of WWII?

 Failure to punish effectively at the end of World War I.

 Rise of Dictatorships – Hitler & Mussolini

 Lebensraum – includes militarism, imperialism, & nationalism.

 Policy of Appeasement.

56. At the outset of WWII, what policy did the U.S. adopt?

 Similar to World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism prior to World War II.

57. What was the Lend-Lease Act?

 Passed by Congress prior to U.S. entry into World War II, it allowed the U.S. to loan war materials to nations whose defense was vital to the United States.

 Critics of the act believed it violated our neutrality/isolationism.

58. What major players were part of the Allied & Axis Powers during WWII?

 Allies – United States, Great Britain, France, Russia

 Axis – Germany, Italy, Japan 59. How were dictators able to gain the support of their people?

 Dictators pointed to unemployment & the ruins of their countries to gain support of its people. These dictators delivered on their promises to improve their countries economy & place in the world.

60. What precedent was established as a result of the Nuremberg War Trials?

 The precedent established by the Nuremberg War Trials was that national leaders could be held responsible for crimes committed during wartime.

61. What is the turning point of WWII on the Western Front in Europe?

 The turning point of WWII on the Western Front was the successful allied invasion of Nazi- occupied Normandy/D-Day.

62. Within the U.S., what group was relocated to internment camps & why?

 Japanese-Americans were relocated to internment camps by Executive Order 9066. These Japanese-Americans were forced to leave behind their homes & businesses due to a fear that they would assist Japan in its war against the United States through espionage.

63. How did women & African-Americans support the war effort?

 Both women & African-Americans supported the war effort by taking war-time factory jobs. They filled in for the men off fighting in the war. This led to an increased call by both groups for equal rights.

64. Why did President Truman decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan?

 Japan refused to surrender.

 Truman wanted to end the war as quick as possible & an invasion of the Japanese mainland would have resulted in excessive casualties on both sides.

 In order for an invasion of Japan to be successful, the Allied powers would likely need assistance from Russia. That would have allowed Russia to further extend its control into Asia & spread communism into those areas, which we were against.

65. What were the results of WWII?

 An Allied victory but a new conflict between the world superpowers (United States vs. Soviet Union) called the Cold War.

66. What was the fundamental issue that led to the Cold War?

 Ideological differences between the U.S. & the Soviet Union; Democracy vs. Communism

67. What was the goal of “containment”, the Marshall Plan, & NATO?  The goal of “containment” was very simply to contain communism where it was & not allow it to spread to other countries.

68. How did the Soviet Union respond to “containment” in Berlin?

 The Soviet Union attempted to block all routes to Allied-controlled Berlin. The Allies responded not militarily but through an airlift of supplies to the area. The Soviet Union eventually backed down allowed the Allies to contain communism in West Berlin.

69. Who were Julius & Ethel Rosenberg? Who was Joseph McCarthy?

 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were spies that were part of passing along atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. They were executed as a result.

 Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin was a United States politician who ruthlessly accused many citizens and U.S. Government employees of being Communists for his own political gain.

70. What were the causes & results of the Korean War?

 A war to contain communism

 North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea (non-communist) in an attempt to unify Korea under communist rule.

 U.S. led United Nations force “contained”

Open-Ended Topics

1. The contribution of Manifest Destiny on sectionalism that led to the Civil War.

2. “Bleeding Kansas” as a prelude to the Civil War.

3. Advantages & disadvantages of the South & North in the Civil War.

4. Life & the obstacles faced by freedman after the Civil War.

5. Obstacles faced by workers & reason to join a Labor Union.

6. Arguments for & against the U.S. policy of imperialism.

7. U.S. territorial expansion in the late 1800s & early 1900s.

8. Propaganda & its use during World War I.

9. Responses to the Great Depression by Hoover & Roosevelt.

10. The legacy of the New Deal. 11. The causes of World War II.

12. Reasons that Truman dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki.

13. U.S. policy of “containment” during the Cold War.