Technical Report RHUL–ISG–2021–3 10 March 2021

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Technical Report RHUL–ISG–2021–3 10 March 2021 Testing Antivirus in Linux: An Investigation on the Effectiveness of Solutions Available for Desktop Computers Giuseppe Raffa Technical Report RHUL–ISG–2021–3 10 March 2021 Information Security Group Royal Holloway University of London Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX United Kingdom Student Number: 100907703 Giuseppe Raffa Testing Antivirus in Linux: An Investigation on the Effectiveness of Solutions Available for Desktop Computers Supervisor: Daniele Sgandurra Submitted as part of the requirements for the award of the MSc in Information Security at Royal Holloway, University of London. I declare that this assignment is all my own work and that I have acknowledged all quotations from published or unpublished work of other people. I also declare that I have read the statements on plagiarism in Section 1 of the Regulations Governing Examination and Assessment Offences, and in accordance with these regulations I submit this project report as my own work. Signature: Giuseppe Raffa Date: 24th August 2020 Table of Contents 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................7 1.1 Motivation.......................................................................................................................................7 1.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................................8 1.3 Methodology...................................................................................................................................8 1.4 Outline.............................................................................................................................................9 2 Background....................................................................................................................10 2.1 The Linux Operating System.........................................................................................................10 2.1.1 Brief History..........................................................................................................................10 2.1.2 Linux Desktop Environments................................................................................................10 2.1.3 The Linux Security Model.....................................................................................................11 2.2 What Is an Anti-virus Software?...................................................................................................14 2.3 Anti-virus Software Evasion Techniques......................................................................................16 2.4 Virtualization Fundamentals..........................................................................................................17 2.5 Related Work.................................................................................................................................19 3 Anti-virus Testing within a Virtualized Environment...............................................24 3.1 Test Environment Configuration...................................................................................................24 3.1.1 Virtualization Software..........................................................................................................24 3.1.2 Guest Systems........................................................................................................................25 3.2 Tested Anti-virus Programs...........................................................................................................26 3.2.1 ClamAV.................................................................................................................................26 3.2.2 Comodo.................................................................................................................................26 3.2.3 Dr Web...................................................................................................................................27 3.2.4 ESET NOD32........................................................................................................................27 2 3.3 Excluded Anti-virus Programs......................................................................................................27 3.3.1 AVG for Linux.......................................................................................................................27 3.3.2 Avast AV for Linux................................................................................................................28 3.3.3 Bitdefender Anti-virus Scanner for Unices............................................................................28 3.3.4 Chkrootkit..............................................................................................................................28 3.3.5 ClamTK.................................................................................................................................28 3.3.6 F-Prot AV for Linux...............................................................................................................29 3.3.7 Rootkit Hunter.......................................................................................................................29 3.3.8 Sophos Anti-virus for Linux..................................................................................................29 3.3.9 Zoner......................................................................................................................................29 3.4 Test Methodology..........................................................................................................................29 3.4.1 theZoo....................................................................................................................................30 3.4.2 VirusShare..............................................................................................................................30 3.5 Test Conditions..............................................................................................................................30 3.6 Test Results....................................................................................................................................32 3.6.1 Detection Rate.......................................................................................................................32 3.6.2 Regression Effects.................................................................................................................35 4 Anti-virus Testing with VirusTotal..............................................................................36 4.1 On-line Malware Scanning Services.............................................................................................36 4.1.1 Jotti........................................................................................................................................36 4.1.2 VirusTotal...............................................................................................................................36 4.2 Bulk Scanning Methodology.........................................................................................................37 4.2.1 Preliminary Experiment.........................................................................................................37 4.2.2 VirusTotal API-based Python Scanner...................................................................................37 3 4.2.3 VirusTotal API Limitations....................................................................................................40 4.3 Test Results....................................................................................................................................41 4.3.1 VirusTotal AVs Performances................................................................................................41 4.3.2 File-level Analysis.................................................................................................................43 4.3.3 Comparison with Locally-installed AVs................................................................................44 5 Anti-virus Testing with Metasploit..............................................................................47 5.1 What Is Metasploit?.......................................................................................................................47 5.1.1 Payloads.................................................................................................................................47 5.1.2 Encoders................................................................................................................................48 5.2 Test Environment Configuration...................................................................................................49 5.2.1 Kali Linux Virtual Machine...................................................................................................50 5.2.2 VirtualBox Internal Network.................................................................................................50 5.3 Test Methodology..........................................................................................................................51 5.3.1 Malware Samples Generation................................................................................................51 5.3.2 Malware Samples Validation.................................................................................................52
Recommended publications
  • Android Euskaraz Windows Euskaraz Android Erderaz Windows Erderaz GNU/LINUX Sistema Eragilea Euskeraz Ubuntu Euskaraz We
    Oharra: Android euskaraz Windows euskaraz Android erderaz Windows erderaz GNU/LINUX Sistema Eragilea euskeraz Ubuntu euskaraz Web euskaraz Ubuntu erderaz Web erderaz GNU/LINUX Sistema Eragilea erderaz APLIKAZIOA Bulegotika Adimen-mapak 1 c maps tools 2 free mind 3 mindmeister free 4 mindomo 5 plan 6 xmind Aurkezpenak 7 google slides 8 pow toon 9 prezi 10 sway Bulegotika-aplikazioak 11 andropen office 12 google docs 13 google drawing 14 google forms 15 google sheets 16 libreoffice 17 lyx 18 office online 19 office 2003 LIP 20 office 2007 LIP 21 office 2010 LIP 22 office 2013 LIP 23 office 2016 LIP 24 officesuite 25 wps office 26 writer plus 1/20 Harrobi Plaza, 4 Bilbo 48003 CAD 27 draftsight 28 librecad 29 qcad 30 sweet home 31 timkercad Datu-baseak 32 appserv 33 dbdesigner 34 emma 35 firebird 36 grubba 37 kexi 38 mysql server 39 mysql workbench 40 postgresql 41 tora Diagramak 42 dia 43 smartdraw Galdetegiak 44 kahoot Maketazioa 45 scribus PDF editoreak 46 master pdf editor 47 pdfedit pdf escape 48 xournal PDF irakurgailuak 49 adobe reader 50 evince 51 foxit reader 52 sumatraPDF 2/20 Harrobi Plaza, 4 Bilbo 48003 Hezkuntza Aditzak lantzeko 53 aditzariketak.wordpress 54 aditz laguntzailea 55 aditzak 56 aditzak.com 57 aditzapp 58 adizkitegia 59 deklinabidea 60 euskaljakintza 61 euskera! 62 hitano 63 ikusi eta ikasi 64 ikusi eta ikasi bi! Apunteak partekatu 65 flashcard machine 66 goconqr 67 quizlet 68 rincon del vago Diktaketak 69 dictation Entziklopediak 70 auñamendi eusko entziklopedia 71 elhuyar zth hiztegi entziklopedikoa 72 harluxet 73 lur entziklopedia tematikoa 74 lur hiztegi entziklopedikoa 75 wikipedia Esamoldeak 76 AEK euskara praktikoa 77 esamoldeapp 78 Ikapp-zaharrak berri Estatistikak 79 pspp 80 r 3/20 Harrobi Plaza, 4 Bilbo 48003 Euskara azterketak 81 ega app 82 egabai 83 euskal jakintza 84 euskara ikasiz 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Anti-Virus in Linux: How Effective Are the Solutions Available for Desktop Computers?
    Royal Holloway University of London ISG MSc Information Security thesis series 2021 Testing anti-virus in Linux: How effective are the solutions available for desktop computers? Authors Giuseppe Raffa, MSc (Royal Holloway, 2020) Daniele Sgandurra, Huawei, Munich Research Center. (Formerly ISG, Royal Holloway.) Abstract Anti-virus (AV) programs are widely recognized as one of the most important defensive tools available for desktop computers. Regardless of this, several Linux users consider AVs unnec- essary, arguing that this operating system (OS) is “malware-free”. While Windows platforms are undoubtedly more affected by malicious software, there exist documented cases of Linux- specific malware. In addition, even though the estimated market share of Linux desktop sys- tems is currently only at 2%, it is certainly possible that it will increase in the near future. Considering all this, and the lack of up-to-date information about Linux-compatible AV solutions, we evaluated the effectiveness of some anti-virus products by using local installations, a well- known on-line malware scanning service (VirusTotal) and a renowned penetration testing tool (Metasploit). Interestingly, in our tests, the average detection rate of the locally-installed AV programs was always above 80%. However, when we extended our analysis to the wider set of anti-virus solutions available on VirusTotal, we found out that the average detection rate barely reached 60%. Finally, when evaluating malicious files created with Metasploit, we verified that the AVs’ heuristic detection mechanisms performed very poorly, with detection rates as low as 8.3%.a aThis article is published online by Computer Weekly as part of the 2021 Royal Holloway informa- tion security thesis series https://www.computerweekly.com/ehandbook/Royal-Holloway-Testing-antivirus- efficacy-in-Linux.
    [Show full text]
  • Hostscan 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts
    HostScan 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts 10/1/19 © 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco public. Page 1 of 76 Contents HostScan Version 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts ............................................................................... 3 Antimalware and Firewall Attributes Supported by HostScan .................................................................................................. 3 OPSWAT Version Information ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.890.0 for Windows .................................................. 5 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.890.0 for Windows ........................................................ 44 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.824.0 for macos .................................................... 65 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.824.0 for macOS ........................................................... 71 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.730.0 for Linux ...................................................... 73 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.730.0 for Linux .............................................................. 76 ©201 9 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 3 Virustotal
    VirusTotal - Free Online Virus, Malware and URL Scanner Page 1 of 3 VT Community Sign in ▼ Languages ▼ Virustotal is a service that analyzes suspicious files and URLs and facilitates the quick detection of viruses, worms, trojans, and all kinds of malware detected by antivirus engines. More information... 0 VT Community user(s) with a total of 0 reputation credit(s) say(s) this sample is goodware. 0 VT Community VT Community user(s) with a total of 0 reputation credit(s) say(s) this sample is malware. File name: wsusoffline71.zip Submission date: 2011-11-01 08:16:44 (UTC) Current status: finished not reviewed Result: 0 /40 (0.0%) Safety score: - Compact Print results Antivirus Version Last Update Result AhnLab-V3 2011.10.31.00 2011.10.31 - AntiVir 7.11.16.225 2011.10.31 - Antiy-AVL 2.0.3.7 2011.11.01 - Avast 6.0.1289.0 2011.11.01 - AVG 10.0.0.1190 2011.11.01 - BitDefender 7.2 2011.11.01 - CAT-QuickHeal 11.00 2011.11.01 - ClamAV 0.97.3.0 2011.11.01 - Commtouch 5.3.2.6 2011.11.01 - Comodo 10625 2011.11.01 - Emsisoft 5.1.0.11 2011.11.01 - eSafe 7.0.17.0 2011.10.30 - eTrust-Vet 36.1.8650 2011.11.01 - F-Prot 4.6.5.141 2011.11.01 - F-Secure 9.0.16440.0 2011.11.01 - Fortinet 4.3.370.0 2011.11.01 - GData 22 2011.11.01 - Ikarus T3.1.1.107.0 2011.11.01 - Jiangmin 13.0.900 2011.10.31 - K7AntiVirus 9.116.5364 2011.10.31 - Kaspersky 9.0.0.837 2011.11.01 - McAfee 5.400.0.1158 2011.11.01 - McAfee-GW-Edition 2010.1D 2011.10.31 - Microsoft 1.7801 2011.11.01 - NOD32 6591 2011.11.01 - Norman 6.07.13 2011.10.31 - nProtect 2011-10-31.01 2011.10.31 - http://www.virustotal.com/file -scan/report.html?id=874d6968eaf6eeade19179712d53 ..
    [Show full text]
  • Eset Endpoint Security
    ESET ENDPOINT SECURITY User Guide Microsoft® Windows® 8 / 7 / Vista / XP / 2000 / Home Server Click here to download the most recent version of this document ESET ENDPOINT SECURITY Copyright ©2013 by ESET, spol. s r. o. ESET Endpoint Security was developed by ESET, spol. s r. o. For more information visit www.eset.com. All rights reserved. No part of this documentation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise without permission in writing from the author. ESET, spol. s r. o. reserves the right to change any of the described application software without prior notice. Worldwide Customer Support: www.eset.com/support REV. 17. 4. 2013 Contents 4.2.1 Filt..e..r.i.n...g.. m....o..d..e..s............................................................44 1. ES.E..T. .E..n.d..p..o.i.n..t. .S.e..c.u..r.i.t.y.......................5 4.2.2 Fir.e..w...a..l.l. .p..r.o...f.i.l.e..s...........................................................45 4.2.3 Co.n..f..i.g..u..r.i.n...g.. a..n...d.. .u..s..i.n..g.. .r.u..l.e..s........................................46 1.1 Syste.m... .r.e..q.u..i.r.e..m...e.n..t.s..................................................5 4.2.3.1 Rules.. .s.e..t..u..p...................................................................47 1.2 Preve.n..t.i.o..n.................................................................5 4.2.3.2 Editin...g.. r..u..l.e..s.................................................................47 4.2.4 Co.n..f..i.g..u..r.i.n...g.
    [Show full text]
  • Virustotal Scan on 2020.08.21 for Pbidesktopsetup 2
    VirusTotal https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/423139def3dbbdf0f5682fdd88921ea... 423139def3dbbdf0f5682fdd88921eaface84ff48ef2e2a8d20e4341ca4a4364 Patch My PC No engines detected this file 423139def3dbbdf0f5682fdd88921eaface84ff48ef2e2a8d20e4341ca4a4364 269.49 MB 2020-08-21 11:39:09 UTC setup Size 1 minute ago invalid-rich-pe-linker-version overlay peexe signed Community Score DETECTION DETAILS COMMUNITY Acronis Undetected Ad-Aware Undetected AegisLab Undetected AhnLab-V3 Undetected Alibaba Undetected ALYac Undetected Antiy-AVL Undetected SecureAge APEX Undetected Arcabit Undetected Avast Undetected AVG Undetected Avira (no cloud) Undetected Baidu Undetected BitDefender Undetected BitDefenderTheta Undetected Bkav Undetected CAT-QuickHeal Undetected ClamAV Undetected CMC Undetected Comodo Undetected CrowdStrike Falcon Undetected Cybereason Undetected Cyren Undetected eScan Undetected F-Secure Undetected FireEye Undetected Fortinet Undetected GData Undetected Ikarus Undetected Jiangmin Undetected K7AntiVirus Undetected K7GW Undetected Kaspersky Undetected Kingsoft Undetected Malwarebytes Undetected MAX Undetected MaxSecure Undetected McAfee Undetected Microsoft Undetected NANO-Antivirus Undetected Palo Alto Networks Undetected Panda Undetected Qihoo-360 Undetected Rising Undetected Sangfor Engine Zero Undetected SentinelOne (Static ML) Undetected Sophos AV Undetected Sophos ML Undetected SUPERAntiSpyware Undetected Symantec Undetected TACHYON Undetected Tencent Undetected TrendMicro Undetected TrendMicro-HouseCall Undetected VBA32 Undetected
    [Show full text]
  • Antivirus Software Before It Can Detect Them
    Computer virus A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the owner. The term "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.[1][2] The term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware, crimeware, and other malicious and unwanted software), including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has a hidden agenda. Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to either a computer system's hosted data, functional performance, or networking throughput, when they are executed. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Domain Classification Services
    Mis-shapes, Mistakes, Misfits: An Analysis of Domain Classification Services Pelayo Vallina Victor Le Pochat Álvaro Feal IMDEA Networks Institute / imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven IMDEA Networks Institute / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Marius Paraschiv Julien Gamba Tim Burke IMDEA Networks Institute IMDEA Networks Institute / imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Oliver Hohlfeld Juan Tapiador Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez Brandenburg University of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid IMDEA Networks Institute/ICSI Technology ABSTRACT ACM Reference Format: Domain classification services have applications in multiple areas, Pelayo Vallina, Victor Le Pochat, Álvaro Feal, Marius Paraschiv, Julien including cybersecurity, content blocking, and targeted advertising. Gamba, Tim Burke, Oliver Hohlfeld, Juan Tapiador, and Narseo Vallina- Rodriguez. 2020. Mis-shapes, Mistakes, Misfits: An Analysis of Domain Yet, these services are often a black box in terms of their method- Classification Services. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’20), ology to classifying domains, which makes it difficult to assess October 27ś29, 2020, Virtual Event, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 21 pages. their strengths, aptness for specific applications, and limitations. In https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423660 this work, we perform a large-scale analysis of 13 popular domain classification services on more than 4.4M hostnames. Our study empirically explores their methodologies, scalability limitations, 1 INTRODUCTION label constellations, and their suitability to academic research as The need to classify websites became apparent in the early days well as other practical applications such as content filtering. We of the Web. The first generation of domain classification services find that the coverage varies enormously across providers, ranging appeared in the late 1990s in the form of web directories.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
    Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring and Modeling the Label Dynamics of Online Anti-Malware Engines
    Measuring and Modeling the Label Dynamics of Online Anti-Malware Engines Shuofei Zhu1, Jianjun Shi1,2, Limin Yang3 Boqin Qin1,4, Ziyi Zhang1,5, Linhai Song1, Gang Wang3 1The Pennsylvania State University 2Beijing Institute of Technology 3University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications 5University of Science and Technology of China 1 VirusTotal • The largest online anti-malware scanning service – Applies 70+ anti-malware engines – Provides analysis reports and rich metadata • Widely used by researchers in the security community report API scan API Metadata Submitter Sample Reports 2 Challenges of Using VirusTotal • Q1: When VirusTotal labels are trustworthy? McAfee ✔️ ⚠️ ⚠️ ✔️ ✔️ Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time Sample 3 Challenges of Using VirusTotal • Q1: When VirusTotal labels are trustworthy? • Q2: How to aggregate labels from different engines? • Q3: Are different engines equally trustworthy? Engines Results McAfee ⚠️ ⚠️ Microsoft ✔️ ✔️ Kaspersky ✔️ Avast ⚠️ … 3 Challenges of Using VirusTotal • Q1: When VirusTotal labels are trustworthy? • Q2: How to aggregate labels from different engines? • Q3: Are different engines equally trustworthy? Equally trustworthy? 3 Literature Survey on VirusTotal Usages • Surveyed 115 top-tier conference papers that use VirusTotal • Our findings: – Q1: rarely consider label changes – Q2: commonly use threshold-based aggregation methods – Q3: often treat different VirusTotal engines equally Consider Label Changes Threshold-Based Method Reputable Engines Yes Yes No Yes
    [Show full text]
  • ESET THREAT REPORT Q3 2020 | 2 ESET Researchers Reveal That Bugs Similar to Krøøk Affect More Chip Brands Than Previously Thought
    THREAT REPORT Q3 2020 WeLiveSecurity.com @ESETresearch ESET GitHub Contents Foreword Welcome to the Q3 2020 issue of the ESET Threat Report! 3 FEATURED STORY As the world braces for a pandemic-ridden winter, COVID-19 appears to be losing steam at least in the cybercrime arena. With coronavirus-related lures played out, crooks seem to 5 NEWS FROM THE LAB have gone “back to basics” in Q3 2020. An area where the effects of the pandemic persist, however, is remote work with its many security challenges. 9 APT GROUP ACTIVITY This is especially true for attacks targeting Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), which grew throughout all H1. In Q3, RDP attack attempts climbed by a further 37% in terms of unique 13 STATISTICS & TRENDS clients targeted — likely a result of the growing number of poorly secured systems connected to the internet during the pandemic, and possibly other criminals taking inspiration from 14 Top 10 malware detections ransomware gangs in targeting RDP. 15 Downloaders The ransomware scene, closely tracked by ESET specialists, saw a first this quarter — an attack investigated as a homicide after the death of a patient at a ransomware-struck 17 Banking malware hospital. Another surprising twist was the revival of cryptominers, which had been declining for seven consecutive quarters. There was a lot more happening in Q3: Emotet returning 18 Ransomware to the scene, Android banking malware surging, new waves of emails impersonating major delivery and logistics companies…. 20 Cryptominers This quarter’s research findings were equally as rich, with ESET researchers: uncovering 21 Spyware & backdoors more Wi-Fi chips vulnerable to KrØØk-like bugs, exposing Mac malware bundled with a cryptocurrency trading application, discovering CDRThief targeting Linux VoIP softswitches, 22 Exploits and delving into KryptoCibule, a triple threat in regard to cryptocurrencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Security Review 2015
    Linux Security Review 2015 www.av-comparatives.org AV-Comparatives Linux Security Review Language: English May 2015 Last revision: 26 th May 2015 www.av-comparatives.org -1- Linux Security Review 2015 www.av-comparatives.org Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3 Reviewed products ............................................................................................................... 4 Malware for Linux systems ..................................................................................................... 5 Linux security advice ............................................................................................................ 6 Items covered in the review .................................................................................................. 7 Avast File Server Security ...................................................................................................... 8 AVG Free Edition for Linux.................................................................................................... 11 Bitdefender Antivirus Scanner for Unices ................................................................................ 13 Clam Antivirus for Linux ....................................................................................................... 17 Comodo Antivirus for Linux .................................................................................................. 20 Dr.Web Anti-virus for
    [Show full text]