Exam 2 Study Guide

NUFS 106A Exam 3 Study Guide

Adolescent: What is the age range for adolescents? How do the psychosocial changes of adolescence influence nutrition? Define puberty. What are the biological changes of puberty? How do the biological changes of adolescence influence nutritional needs? Understand the use of the Sexual Maturation Rating (Tanner Stage) to determine energy and nutrient need vs. using chronological age. Describe how the evolution of self in this age group can impact dietary habits. What are the pitfalls of a vegetarian diet for adolescents? Describe the food groups that cause deficiencies and excesses of nutrients for adolescents. What advice would you give parents in order to positively influence eating- related behaviors in their adolescent? Based on the RDA, what are the protein & kcal needs of a 17 y.o. male weighing 165 lbs who is 75 inches tall and is “low active”? 17 y.o. female weighing 123 lbs and 63 in tall who is “active”? How much fiber does an adolescent need each day? When delivering nutrition messages to adolescents, describe ways to better ensure your message is being heard. Describe the nutritional issues for exercising adolescents. Understand the eating continuum and how one might move from normal eating to eating disorder. Define normal eating. Why is body acceptance a good mitigator for the development of disordered eating? Describe anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and disordered eating. Describe the difference between an eating disorder and disordered eating. How does dieting predispose one to developing an eating disorder? What sets an adolescent up for developing an eating disorder? Describe the many influences in addition to dieting.

Adult: What is the age span of an “adult”? Describe the roles of food for this age group. There is a fundamental shift in use of nutrients for all age groups before adulthood when compared to adulthood, what is it? Describe the physiological and social changes for both men and women for early, middle and older adulthood. What are the nutritional implications of these changes? Understand hormonal changes that occur in both men and women. Why do one’s lifestyle habits influence health and longevity to such a great extent for this age group? Use the Continuum of Nutritional Status for guidance. List some chronic diseases associated with nutrition and lifestyle. Identify the behaviors that would improve the disease progression or treatment. Be able to determine energy and protein needs for this population using Mifflin and the RDA, respectively. Be able to calculate appropriate body weight with the Hamwi formula. Be able to calculate how long it will take to lose 1 pound of fat if willing to cut 250 kcals/day. What are some health implications for ETOH consumption in adults? In general, which nutrients are of issue for adults? What contributes to the overconsumption of calories in this age group? As established by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), how much and how often should exercise be done? Who needs medical clearance before beginning an exercise program? List at least 10 benefits of exercise for people of any age. What are the 7 principles of exercise? When recommending exercise, be able to specify types of exercise, duration, frequency, and intensity and the broad benefits of those particular types of exercise. Be able to give examples and/or describe the 6 health-related components of physical activity. Define physical activity, physical fitness and wellness. What are the ways physical activity can decrease CAD and stroke? Describe the health concerns associated with overweight and obesity. Be able to describe the intervention approached for these conditions. All fat is not created equal (think storage location). Understand the definition and health issues associated with VAT and SCAT storage. Understand the CAD terms discussed in class. How does atherosclerosis develop and how should it be treated? How is CAD prevented? Describe metabolic syndrome, it’s identifying features and it’s treatment. Why is type 2 diabetes as prevalent as it is? How is it defined? What can one do to decrease chances of developing T2DM or manage it once it develops?

Older Adult: What is the age range for this population? How might the struggle for autonomy and independence negatively influence nutrition status? Describe life expectancy, longevity and the four broad categories that influence longevity. For each nutrition-related change that happens in this age group, give an example of why it is of potential concern. What are the benefits of exercise in this age group? Why might exercise be an avenue for prolonged autonomy and independence? Which components of fitness are particularly important for older adults to participate in and why? Understand sarcopenia and what can be done about it. Consider protein needs; how and why they differ from earlier stages. What range of protein grams is needed for a 160 lb, 82 y.o.? Considering the nutrition risk factors for older adults and the screening tools to identify risk. How can health influence nutrition status and nutrition status influence health? Dietary recommendations are slightly different for this age group compared to prior ones. What are the differences? Use the Tufts University Modified MyPlate, U of Florida and MyPlate to identify differences. Nutrition-related issues can be due to low intake or metabolic changes. Know the issues and causes. Why is hydration such an issue for this population (think etiology & effect)? How much fluid does an older adult need daily? Relate this to constipation. Some micronutrients are of special concern. Understand the issues around vitamins A, D, E, folate, and B12, and the minerals calcium, iron and magnesium. Strokes are an issue for older adults (as is heart disease). What are the nutrition-related issues for etiology, prevention and treatment? How is HTN tied to risk for stroke? Describe the etiology, treatment and prevention as they relate to nutrition. Feelings of loss/bereavement are common in older adults, how might the feeling of loss impact eating habits and nutritional health? In what instances may dehydration be “a friend” to the very old?