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Safe Work Australia

WORK-RELATED TRAUMATIC INJURY FATALITIES, AUSTRALIA 2008–09

May 2011 Creative Commons

ISBN 978-0-642-33234-9 (pdf) 978-0-642-33235-6 (doc) With the exception of the Safe Work Australia logo, this report is licensed by Safe Work Australia under a Creative Commons 3.0 Australia Licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit Link to creative commons licences In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the work to Safe Work Australia and abide by the other licensing terms. The report should be attributed as Work-related Traumatic Injury Fatalities Australia 2008-09. Enquiries regarding the licence and any use of the report are welcome at: Copyright Officer Communications, IT and Knowledge Management Safe Work Australia GPO Box 641 Canberra ACT 2601 Email: Safe Work Australia Acknowledgement

Information on work-related deaths in this report has been compiled with assistance from the National Coroners Information System (NCIS), maintained by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM). The authors would like to thank VIFM for allowing access to the data presented in this report. The authors, and not VIFM, are responsible for the use of the data in this report. Disclaimer

The information provided in this document can only assist you in the most general way. This document does not replace any statutory requirements under any relevant State and Territory legislation. Safe Work Australia accepts no liability arising from the use of or reliance on the material contained on this document, which is provided on the basis that Safe Work Australia is not thereby engaged in rendering professional advice. Before relying on the material, users should carefully make their own assessment as to its accuracy, currency, completeness and relevance for their purposes, and should obtain any appropriate professional advice relevant to their particular circumstances. To the extent that the material in this document includes views or recommendations of third parties, such views or recommendations do not necessarily reflect the views of Safe Work Australia nor do they indicate a commitment to a particular course of action. Foreword

The aim of this report is to determine the number of people killed each year due to work-related activity. Because there is no single national data collection system that identifies all work-related injury fatalities, the exact number of people who die in any year as a result of work-related injuries in Australia is difficult to establish. To achieve the best estimate, Safe Work Australia examines a number of datasets that contain information on work-related fatalities. The National Data Set for Compensation-based Statistics (NDS) includes work-related deaths of employees (that is, excluding self-employed workers) for which liability for compensation has been accepted. The NDS includes compensated commuting-related fatalities, but these fatalities are not compensable in all jurisdictions and hence coverage is incomplete. People who die as a result of another person’s work activity (bystanders) are not included in the NDS. The Notified Fatalities Collection (NFC) includes notifications of fatalities in accordance with the work health and safety legislation in each jurisdiction and generally excludes incidents occurring on public roads. Jurisdictions also do not generally notify commuting fatalities and notification of bystander deaths is not comprehensive. The National Coroners Information System (NCIS) contains all deaths notified to any Australian coroner. Although all fatalities from work-related injuries are likely to be notifiable, they are not uniformly coded as work-related, particularly for commuting and bystander deaths or deaths of workers involved in vehicle incidents. Open cases are included where sufficient information is available to determine a death as work-related. Investigations of rail, marine and aviation incidents by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau are also used as a source to identify work-related fatalities. In addition to these datasets, media reports sometimes alert the project to deaths not identified elsewhere. All such cases were matched with information in the NCIS to determine work-relatedness. For further details on these data sources, please see the Explanatory notes. Definition of work-related injury

This report covers fatalities resulting from an injury sustained in the course of work activity, commuting to and from work, and as a result of someone else’s work activity. Injury is defined as a condition coded to ‘External Causes of morbidity and mortality’ and ‘Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes’ in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM). Within scope of this collection are all persons:  who were fatally injured, and  whose injuries resulted from work activity or exposures, and  whose injuries occurred in an incident that took place in Australia, Australian territories or territorial waters. They include all persons killed:  while working (including unpaid volunteers and family workers, persons undertaking work experience and defence force personnel killed within Australia, Australian territories or territorial waters) or travelling for work (Working fatalities)  travelling to or from work (Commuting fatalities), or  as a result of someone else’s work activity (Bystander fatalities). The collection specifically excludes those who die:  of iatrogenic injuries — those where the worker died due to medical intervention  due to natural causes such as heart attacks and strokes, except where a work-related injury was the direct cause of the heart attack or stroke  as a result of diseases, such as cancers  while working overseas (defence personnel and civilians)  by self-inflicted injuries (suicide). Methodology

All cases within scope as described were extracted from each dataset and compared to identify and remove duplicate cases. On the basis of available information each individual case was classified as:  a Working fatality  a Commuting fatality, or  a Bystander fatality. People who die of injuries resulting from someone else’s work activity while themselves at work or commuting are classified as Working or Commuting, respectively, rather than as Bystanders. This publication covers fatalities that occurred over the period from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2009. Changes may be evident from previous years’ reports due to the availability of additional information as coroners finalise their reports. Contents

Foreword iii Summary of findings vii 1 Total fatalities 1 2 Working fatalities 3 2.1 Occupation 3 2.2 Industry 6 2.3 Traffic incidents 9 2.4 State/territory of death 10 2.5 Age and sex 12 2.6 Mechanism of incident 14 3 Commuting fatalities 17 3.1 Occupation 17 3.2 Industry of employer 18 3.3 Age and sex 19 4 Bystander fatalities 21 4.1 Age 21 4.2 Location of incident 21 4.3 Mechanism of incident 22 Explanatory Notes 23 Glossary 33 References 35 Summary of findings This study identified a total of 444 work-related traumatic injury fatalities in Australia during 2008–09, of which, 286 (65%) were injured at work (Working fatalities); 117 (26%) while travelling to or from work (Commuting fatalities) and 41 (9%) as a Bystander to someone else’s work activity (Bystander fatalities). Working fatalities

The 286 Worker fatalities equates to a fatality rate for 2008–09 was 2.6 deaths per 100 000 workers. This is the lowest rate since the series began (and equal to the fatality rate in 2004–05) due to higher employment.

Occupation One in five of those fatally injured while working in 2008–09 worked as a Truck driver (59 deaths) with Truck drivers recording a fatality rate fourteen times the all occupations rate. Another one in five deaths involved Labourers (59) of which 21 worked as Farm, forestry & garden workers. There were also 20 deaths involving Farmers & farm managers. An additional 54 of those killed worked as Technicians & trades workers of which 20 were Automotive & engineering trades workers and 16 were Construction trades workers.

Industry of employer Over half (54%) of those fatally injured while working in 2008–09 were employed in four industries: Construction (44 deaths); Road freight transport (44); Agriculture (41) and Manufacturing (25). In the Road freight transport industry, there were 25.0 deaths per 100 000 workers in 2008–09, lower than the 2006–07 peak of 38.2 but still ten times the all industries average. In Agriculture, the rate was 12.9 deaths per 100 000 workers, one of the lowest rates in this industry since the series began. Also above the all industries average were fatality rates in the Mining and Construction industries: 7.2 and 4.5 deaths per 100 000 workers respectively.

Mechanism of incident Traffic incidents on public roads resulted in 100 Working fatalities in 2008–09, 35% of all Working fatalities. Vehicle incidents, including non-public road incidents, killed 129 workers (45% of all Working fatalities) while 46 workers were killed from Being hit by moving objects (including vehicles), 33 from Falls from a height, 21 from Being hit by falling objects and 17 from Drowning/ immersion.

Sex and age Of the 286 Working fatalities in 2008–09, 23 (8%) were of women, who experienced a fatality rate of 0.5 deaths per 100 000 workers, just over one-tenth the rate of 4.4 deaths per 100 000 workers for men. Workers aged 65 years and over experienced a fatality rate of 11.5 deaths per 100 000 workers, more than four times the rate for all workers in 2008–09. This is the lowest fatality rate recorded by this age group since the series began and is partly due to a large increase in the number of workers in this age group. Workers aged under 25 years experienced the lowest fatality rate of all age groups, however this age group recorded its highest rate in the six years of the series, 1.9 deaths per 100 000 workers. Commuting fatalities

There were 117 Commuting fatalities identified in 2008–09: 31 women and 86 men died of injuries sustained on the journey to or from work. Limitations of the available data mean commuting deaths identified in this report are a known undercount. All deaths were incurred in a traffic incident, including five pedestrians struck by vehicles. Bystander fatalities

In 2008–09, 16 of the 41 identified Bystander deaths were of women and girls and 25 were of men and boys. Four in 10 of the Bystanders were fatally injured in incidents involving working vehicles or mobile plant and machinery. 1 Total fatalities

This study identified a total of 444 work-related traumatic injury fatalities in Australia during 2008–09. This comprised 286 (65%) workers who were killed while at work (Working fatalities); 117 (26%) workers who were killed while travelling to or from work (Commuting fatalities) and 41 (9%) people who were killed as a Bystander to someone else’s work activity (Bystander fatalities). Over half (236) of all work-related injury fatalities resulted from traffic incidents. As Figure 1 shows, the number of Working fatalities has remained fairly stable over the past four years. While the number of Commuting fatalities has ranged from 98 in 2007–08 to 126 in 2005–06, these numbers are considered to be an undercount of the true number of workers killed while journeying to or from work. The 41 Bystander fatalities identified in 2008–09 is the lowest number identified in the six years of the series but should not be interpreted as indicating a fall in these incidences due to the difficulty in capturing information on bystanders. The highest number of Bystander fatalities, 59, was identified in 2006–07.

Figure 1 Work-related injury fatalities: number of deaths by type of fatality by year, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

As Figure 2 shows five times as many males are killed as females. This ratio has not changed over the six years of the series. In 2008–09, 374 males and 70 females died due to work activity. Figure 2 Work-related injury fatalities: number of deaths by sex by year, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008– 09 2 Working fatalities

Analysis of the data derived from workers’ compensation claims, fatality notifications and coronial records identified 286 fatalities in 2008–09 due to injuries sustained while working. As Figure 3 shows, the number of Working fatalities has remained fairly consistent over the last four years of this data series. Over the six years the number of Working fatalities ranged from 252 in 2004–05 to 300 in 2006–07.

Figure 3 Working fatalities: number of deaths, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Figure 4 shows that the fatality rate for Working fatalities varied between 2.6 and 2.9 deaths per 100 000 workers over the six years of the series. The fatality rate for 2008–09 was 2.6 deaths per 100 000 workers, the lowest rate since the series began (and equal to the fatality rate in 2004–05) due to higher employment.

Figure 4 Working fatalities: fatality rate (deaths per 100 000 workers), Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

2.1 Occupation

Figure 5 shows that in 2008–09, 33% of the Working fatalities (94 deaths) were workers employed as Machinery operators & drivers. Labourers accounted for 21% of Working fatalities (59 deaths) followed by Technicians & trades workers at 19% (54 deaths). The lowest numbers of Working fatalities were recorded by Sales workers and Clerical & administrative workers, both recording 8 deaths in 2008–09. Table 1 shows the pattern in 2008–09 is similar to previous years with the three occupation groups mentioned above accounting for around 70% of Working fatalities in each year. Figure 5 Working fatalities: Proportion of deaths by occupation, Australia, 2008–09

Table 1 Working fatalities: number and fatality rates by occupation, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Occupation 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Number of fatalities Machinery operators & drivers 85 78 87 107 111 94 Truck drivers 58 49 50 71 71 59 Labourers 62 48 57 45 58 59 Farm, forestry & garden workers 26 22 17 17 26 21 Technicians & trades workers 38 39 46 58 39 54 Automotive & engineering trades workers 10 12 12 9 10 20 Construction trades workers 10 7 9 25 11 16 Managers 44 46 51 43 37 31 Farmers & farm managers 35 34 28 29 30 20 Professionals 22 18 27 25 27 21 Community & personal service workers 7 18 9 11 6 11 Clerical & administrative workers 1 3 4 5 6 8 Sales workers 8 2 7 5 9 8 Total* 267 252 288 300 293 286 Fatality rate (deaths per 100 000 workers) Machinery operators & drivers 13.4 12.0 13.4 15.3 15.4 13.1 Labourers 5.7 4.3 5.1 3.9 5.0 5.1 Technicians & trades workers 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.7 2.4 3.3 Managers 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.3 2.7 2.2 Professionals 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.9 Community & personal service workers 0.9 2.2 1.0 1.2 0.7 1.1 Clerical & administrative workers 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 Sales workers 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 All occupations 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.6 * Includes fatalities where occupation was not stated. Table 1 also shows that while the number of Working fatalities among Machinery operators & drivers was the highest of all occupations in 2008–09, the number has shown improvement from the previous two years. However, the fatality rate of 13.1 deaths per 100 000 workers in 2008–09 was still five times the overall rate. In 2008–09, the Labourers occupation group recorded its second highest number of fatalities in the six year time series, with the highest, 62, recorded in 2003–04. This resulted in a rate of 5.1 fatalities per 100 000 workers. Managers recorded the lowest number of fatalities (31) in 2008–09 over the six year time series, corresponding also to the lowest fatality rate of 2.2 in the series. Automotive & engineering trades workers recorded the highest number of fatalities (20) across the six year time series in 2008–09, while Construction trades workers recorded the second highest (16). Farm, forestry & garden workers recorded the second lowest number of deaths (21) across the six year series in 2008–09. The following sections provide a more detailed analysis of occupations that had high numbers of fatalities.

Truck drivers Within the Machinery operators & drivers occupation group, one occupation stands out — Truck drivers. In 2008–09, 59 Truck drivers died of work-related injuries, 21% of all Working fatalities identified in that year. Over the six years of this series, 358 Truck driver fatalities have been identified — 21% of all workers dying of injuries sustained while at work. Of the Truck drivers who died in 2008–09, 68% died from injuries received in traffic incidents, comprising 40% of all workers killed in traffic incidents that year. All but 3 of the recorded traffic incident fatalities were injured in a Vehicle Incident; 1 worker drowned when their truck veered off a bridge and into a river, another worker was struck by a passing vehicle while they were checking their load, and another worker was crushed between their own vehicle and a pole when the truck unexpectedly moved while undertaking maintenance. There were also 19 Truck drivers who died in non-traffic incidents, 3 of whom died following falls from their vehicles. Seven of the non-traffic incident deaths involved Being hit by moving objects, 5 of which involved being hit by vehicles, 1 involved a tanker explosion and 1 involved a fatal shooting. Two of the Truck drivers who died of work injuries during 2008–09 were women. Over the six years of the series, 7 female truck drivers have died. Of the male truck drivers who were killed while working 17 were in the 35–44 years age group and 13 were in the 45–54 years age group. Expressed as a rate, 38 out every 100 000 Truck drivers died of work injuries in 2008–09, three times the rate for Machinery operators & drivers generally and nearly fifteen times the overall rate for all occupations.

Farm workers In 2008–09, 20 of the 31 Managers who died of injuries received while working were Farmers & farm managers. This represents a 33% decrease from the previous year, and is the lowest number of fatalities for this occupation group for the past six years of this series. The inclusion of Farmers & farm managers within the Managers occupation group inflates the fatality rate for the major group. While the fatality rate for Managers was 2.2 deaths per 100 000 workers in 2008–09, the fatality rate for the group excluding Farmers & farm managers was 0.9 deaths per 100 000 workers. Farmers & farm managers on their own had a fatality rate of 9.6 deaths per 100 000 workers in 2008–09, nearly four times the rate for all occupations. Two of the 20 Farmers & farm managers killed were women, the smallest number in the past three years. Nearly half (9 deaths) of the Farmers & farm managers killed were aged 65 years and over. This equates to more than one quarter of workers aged 65 years and over who died of work injuries in 2008–09. Traffic incidents were responsible for 9 deaths among Farmers & farm managers. Of the 11 incidents not a public road, 5 involved tractors. In addition to the Farmers & farm managers, there were 21 Farm workers who died during the same period. Four of these workers were women, 3 of which were aged under 24 years and 1 aged over 55 years. Of the men, 10 were aged under 35 years. Of the Farm worker fatalities, 9 involved vehicle incidents on rural properties; 4 involved an ATV and 2 involved a tractor rollover.

Pilots In 2008–09, 14 of the 21 Professionals killed were involved in aircraft crashes, involving both industrial and passenger aircraft. These workers were employed as Air transport professionals, specifically, pilots and flying instructors, 1 of whom was a woman. More than half (8) of these workers were employed in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry, 7 of which were employed in the Other Agriculture & fishing support services industry sector, which includes aerial crop dusting and mustering. Over the six years of the series, an average of 10 Air transport professionals have died each year, 42% of all Working fatalities among Professionals. 2.2 Industry

Figure 6 shows that the highest number of fatalities in 2008–09 was among workers in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry followed by Transport, postal & warehousing, together accounting for nearly half of all Working fatalities in that year. Figure 6 Working fatalities: number by industry of employer, Australia, 2008–09

Table 2 shows that the highest fatality rates in 2008–09 were also in these industries. The fatality rate in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry of 20.4 deaths per 100 000 workers is nearly eight times the overall fatality rate of 2.7 deaths per 100 000 workers, and is the highest rate recorded in the industry since 2003–04. The fatality rate in the Transport, postal & warehousing industry of 11.2 was four times the overall rate, but was the lowest rate recorded for this industry since 2004–05. Table 2 Working fatalities: number and fatality rate by industry of employer, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Industry of employer 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Number of fatalities Agriculture, forestry & fishing 76 66 58 48 64 73 Agriculture 61 43 43 35 48 41 Transport, postal & warehousing 66 51 58 77 77 66 Road Freight Transport 43 36 41 58 56 44 Construction 36 27 43 50 40 44 Manufacturing 17 22 24 32 25 25 Public administration & safety 8 16 12 15 6 13 Mining 5 8 14 10 8 12 Other services 6 8 7 8 3 10 Wholesale trade 13 10 7 8 11 8 Administrative & support services 6 10 12 12 11 8 Financial & insurance services 0 0 1 0 0 5 Retail trade 5 6 9 13 10 4 Rental, hiring & real estate services 3 3 8 2 10 4 Electricity, gas, water & waste services 7 7 9 4 4 3 Education & training 2 1 8 4 4 3 Health care & social assistance 5 1 3 1 1 3 Professional, scientific & technical services 4 4 5 5 8 2 Arts & recreation services 3 8 3 5 6 2 Accommodation & food services 3 4 6 5 3 1 Information media & telecommunications 2 0 1 1 2 0 All industries 267 252 288 300 293 286 Fatality rate (deaths per 100 000 workers) Agriculture, forestry & fishing 20.7 18.5 16.7 13.7 18.2 20.4 Agriculture 19.3 14.0 14.3 11.4 16.0 12.9 Transport, postal & warehousing 13.8 10.2 11.5 14.8 14.0 11.2 Road Freight Transport 27.2 26.5 28.7 38.2 34.4 25.0 Construction 4.7 3.2 4.9 5.3 4.1 4.5 Manufacturing 1.6 2.1 2.3 3.1 2.4 2.5 Public administration & safety 1.3 2.4 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.8 Mining 5.2 7.6 10.9 7.4 5.5 7.2 Other services 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.9 0.6 2.2 Wholesale trade 3.4 2.6 1.9 2.0 2.8 2.0 Administrative & support services 1.7 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.2 2.3 Financial & insurance services 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 Retail trade 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.3 Rental, hiring & real estate services 1.7 1.7 4.2 1.0 5.0 2.1 Electricity, gas, water & waste services 7.7 7.3 8.5 3.8 3.5 2.2 Education & training 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 Health care & social assistance 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 Professional, scientific & technical services 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.3 Arts & recreation services 2.0 4.9 1.7 2.8 3.1 1.0 Accommodation & food services 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 Information media & telecommunications 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.0 All industries 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.6 * Fatality rates in industries where 5 or fewer deaths occurred in most years should be viewed with caution. Of the 66 workers employed in the Transport, postal & warehousing industry who died of injuries sustained while at work in 2008–09, 44 (67%) worked in the Road freight transport industry, resulting in a fatality rate of 25.0 deaths per 100 000 workers. Within the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry, two sectors recorded high numbers of fatalities in 2008–09. In the Fishing sector, 13 workers died of work injuries, 12 of which involved drowning, while the Other agriculture & fishing support services sector recorded 14 deaths, 8 of which involved aircraft crashes. Despite the Mining industry ranking seventh among the industries in number of deaths with 12 Working fatalities, the fatality rate of 7.2 deaths per 100 000 workers was third highest of all industries. Because fatality rates are sensitive to the number employed in each industry, they are liable to show volatility in those industries that employ the fewest workers. For example, in the Electricity, gas, water & waste services industry, which employed 135 000 workers in 2008–09, an increase or decrease of a single death will be reflected in a change in the fatality rate of more than 1 death per 100 000 workers. This is important to consider when examining the data in Table 2. Figure 7 shows the fatality rates for the industry sectors with the highest numbers of deaths over the six years of the series. There were 44 deaths in the Construction industry (15%) 44 in the Road freight transport sector (15%); 41 in the Agriculture sector (14%); and 25 in the Manufacturing industry (9%). Over the six years of the time series, 55% of all those who died of work injuries worked in these four industries (934 deaths).

Figure 7 Working fatalities: fatality rate, selected industries, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Although the number of Working fatalities in the Construction industry consistently ranked third highest, because the industry employs a much larger workforce than the Agriculture or Road freight transport industries, fatality rates are lower and less volatile than those observed in the other industries. This is also the case in the Manufacturing industry. The most notable observation is the spike in the Road freight transport industry in 2006–07. The number of Working fatalities increased by 41% over the 41 in the previous year, resulting in a 33% increase in the fatality rate from 28.7 to 38.2 deaths per 100 000 workers. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Survey of motor vehicle use, the number of kilometres driven by trucks increased by 10% in the year ending 31 October 2007, yet in 2006–07, the number employed in the Road freight transport industry increased by only 6%. This may account for some of the sharp rise in Working fatalities in the industry that year. The number of deaths and the fatality rate decreased in 2007–08 and continued this trend in 2008–09, with the rate recorded in 2008–09 the lowest across the six year time series, due in part to the highest level of employment in the industry during the past six years. In the Agriculture industry in 2008–09, both the number of Working fatalities (41) and the fatality rate (12.9 deaths per 100 000 workers) reached the second lowest level recorded in the industry over the six year time series, the lowest of which was recorded in 2006–07 with 35 deaths and 11.4 deaths per 100 000 workers. 2.3 Traffic incidents

Over the six years of this series, one-third of Working fatalities arose from injuries sustained in traffic incidents. The number of traffic incident Working fatalities averaged 93 per year over the series, with peaks of 105 in 2006–07, and 100 in 2008–09. Figure 8 shows the number of Working fatalities due to injuries sustained in traffic and non-traffic incidents over the six year period.

Figure 8 Working fatalities: number by traffic incident status, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

The largest proportion of traffic incident Working fatalities was in the Road freight transport industry. Figure 9 shows that the number of traffic incident fatalities in the Road freight transport industry declined sharply in 2008–09. In 2008–09, just under a third (31%) of all traffic incident Working fatalities occurred to workers in the Road freight transport industry.

Figure 9 Traffic incident Working fatalities in the Road Freight transport industry: number, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Over the period 2003–04 to 2008–09, 70% of Working fatalities in the Road freight transport industry were due to traffic incidents, compared to 24% in all other industries. Similarly, 68% of the Truck drivers were fatally injured in traffic incidents, compared to 21% in all other occupations. Vehicle incidents were responsible for 88 of the 100 traffic incident deaths in 2008–09. Of the others, 11 were due to Being hit by moving objects, 10 of which were struck by vehicles and 1 struck while driving by concrete that fell from a truck and the other worker died as a result of drowning inside their truck when it left the roadway and fell into a river. Of the 100 traffic incident Working fatalities, 60 involved a truck, including 28 of the 31 traffic incident deaths in the Road freight transport industry. Of these 60 incidents involving trucks, 46 of the deceased workers were in the truck, 28 of which involved no other vehicle, 9 involved another truck and 3 involved a train. Of the remaining 14 cases, 7 of the deceased workers were in a car or other light vehicle, 4 were on foot, 2 were riding motorbikes and 1 was on a tractor when a collision occurred with a truck. 2.4 State/territory of death

As expected, the largest number of Working fatalities in 2008–09 occurred in the most populous states: New South Wales (80), Queensland (73) and Victoria (53). Workers in these three states comprise 77% of Australia’s working population and in 2008–09, accounted for 72% of the Working fatalities, slightly lower than the six year average of 75%. Table 3 shows the number of working fatalities due to injuries in traffic incidents and non-traffic incidents for each jurisdiction over the six year period. In New South Wales, the number of fatalities has been falling since 2005–06 mainly due to a fall in non-traffic incidents, which accounted for 58% of fatalities in 2008–09. The number of fatalities recorded in New South Wales in 2008–09 (80) was the second lowest number in the series, with 76 fatalities recorded in 2004–05. In Victoria, there has been a similar number of fatalities recorded across the six years of the series, with the exception of 72 recorded in 2006–07. The number of traffic incident fatalities has fluctuated since 2006–07, while the number of non-traffic incident fatalities has been consistently decreasing. In 2008–09, non-traffic incident fatalities accounted for 57% of all fatalities in Victoria. In Queensland, the number of Working fatalities has remained stable during the past four years, with the lower number of fatalities recorded in the earliest years due to a lower number of traffic incident deaths. In 2008–09, non-traffic incidents accounted for 63% of fatalities in Queensland, a higher proportion than in New South Wales and Victoria. In Tasmania, there were 14 working fatalities in 2008–09 – the highest number recorded over the past six years. This is mainly attributable to the increase in traffic incident deaths (7), the highest recorded over the six year time series for this state. South Australia recorded its second highest number of Working fatalities in the six years of the series. All 19 Working fatalities in South Australia were non-traffic incidents. Table 3 Working fatalities: number by traffic incident status and state/territory of death, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 State/territory of death 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Not a traffic incident New South Wales 56 43 66 64 56 46 Victoria 33 34 31 41 37 30 Queensland 43 43 51 44 48 46 Western Australia 28 19 15 26 33 31 South Australia 16 9 18 9 11 19 Tasmania 7 8 8 9 8 7 Northern Territory 6 4 6 1 6 6 Australian Capital Territory 1 2 2 1 0 1 Australia 190 162 197 195 199 186 Traffic incident New South Wales 31 33 32 30 28 34 Victoria 26 20 24 31 15 23 Queensland 6 18 23 26 30 27 Western Australia 7 10 4 12 6 6 South Australia 2 4 4 1 6 0 Tasmania 2 2 3 2 4 7 Northern Territory 3 3 1 2 4 2 Australian Capital Territory 0 0 0 1 1 1 Australia 77 90 91 105 94 100 All Working fatalities New South Wales 87 76 98 94 84 80 Victoria 59 54 55 72 52 53 Queensland 49 61 74 70 78 73 Western Australia 35 29 19 38 39 37 South Australia 18 13 22 10 17 19 Tasmania 9 10 11 11 12 14 Northern Territory 9 7 7 3 10 8 Australian Capital Territory 1 2 2 2 1 2 Australia 267 252 288 300 293 286

Figure 10 shows fatality rates among the states and territories in 2008–09 ranged from 1.0 deaths per 100 000 workers in the Australian Capital Territory to 6.6 in the Northern Territory. The Northern Territory has recorded the highest fatality rate of all states and territories in five of the six years of the series. Tasmania recorded the second highest fatality rate in 2008–09 and in most other years of the series. While Tasmania employs only 2% of workers, it accounted for 5% of the Working fatalities. Half of the workers who died in Tasmania in 2008–09 worked in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry. Queensland recorded the third highest fatality rate in 2008–09. Almost 30% of deaths in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry occurred in Queensland, a substantial increase from the 16% of deaths that occurred in 2007–08. Western Australia recorded the fourth highest fatality rate in 2008–09. More than half (6 of 12) of the Mining deaths occurred in this state. Figure 10 Working fatalities: fatality rate by state/territory of death, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

2.5 Age and sex

Of the 286 workers who died of injuries sustained at work in 2008–09, 23 (8%) were women, the largest number in the six years of this series, but one-twelfth the number of men (263). Over half of the women died in traffic incidents, compared to one-third of the men. Table 4 shows the distribution of Working fatalities by age group and sex. Thirteen of the 23 women (57%) were aged 34 years and under, while 108 (41%) of the men were in the 45–54 and 55–64 years age groups. Overall, just over one-fifth of Working fatalities were amongst workers in the 45–54 years age group, followed closely by the 25–34 years age group. Table 4 Working fatalities: number by age group and sex, Australia, 2008–09

Number of fatalities Percentage Age group Women Men Total Women Men Total 15–24 years 7 28 35 30% 11% 12% 25–34 years 6 50 56 26% 19% 20% 35–44 years 3 47 50 13% 18% 17% 45–54 years 4 58 62 17% 22% 22% 55–64 years 2 50 52 9% 19% 18% 65 years & over 1 30 31 4% 11% 11% Total 23 263 286 100% 100% 100%

Almost one-third of the women (7) were employed in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry, 2 worked as Farmers & farm managers and 4 as Farm workers, 3 of whom were under 25 years old. Of the 8 Working fatalities among Clerical & administrative workers, 6 were women, 3 of whom were employed in the Finance & insurance services industry and were killed in the same helicopter crash. There were also 4 women killed who were employed in the Transport, postal & warehousing industry: 1 was a Truck driver and 1 was a pilot. Because men comprised 92% of those who died of injuries incurred while working in 2008–09, the distribution for men by occupation and industry more closely resembles the overall pattern. All deaths among workers employed as Plant operators, Construction & mining labourers, Construction trades workers and Deck & fishing hands occurred to male workers and all but 2 of the Truck drivers who were killed at work were men. All workers killed in the Construction industry were also men. As Figure 11 shows, over the six years of the series the fatality rate among women has remained relatively stable rising only slightly from 0.4 deaths per 100 000 female workers in the early years of the series to 0.5 in 2007–08 and 2008–09. The fatality rate for men has been considerably higher, ranging from 4.4 deaths per 100 000 male workers in 2004–05 and 2008–09 to 4.9 in 2005–06 and 2006–07.

Figure 11 Working fatalities: fatality rate by sex, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Figure 12 shows that Working fatality rates tend to increase with age. While the largest proportion of deaths in 2008–09 was among workers in the 45–54 years age group, the fatality rate of 2.6 deaths per 100 000 workers for that age group was lower than the rates for the two older groups. Because of the relatively small number of workers in the 65 years & over age group, their fatality rate was more than three times that of those in the 55–64 years age group and six times the rate of the youngest age group. Figure 12 Working fatalities: fatality rate by age group, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Of the 31 Working fatalities among workers in the 65 years & over age group, 13 (42%) were in the Agriculture industry, 9 of whom were working as Farmers & farm managers. In 2008–09, the fatality rate among workers in the 65 years & over age group reached its lowest level in the six years of the series at 11.5 deaths per 100 000 workers. The 55–64 years age group also recorded the lowest rate over the past six years of the series (3.6). The decreases in these age groups were due in part to larger increases in employment of around 6-7% in these age groups compared to 1% overall. Over one-third (18) of workers in the 35–44 years age group who died as a result of work injuries were employed in the Transport, postal & warehousing industry, while in the 15–24 years age group over one-third (13) of those who died were employed in the Agriculture, forestry & fishing industry. 2.6 Mechanism of incident

Figure 13 shows that in 2008–09, 45% of all Working fatalities (129 deaths) were due to a Vehicle incident. Among these, 88 workers were killed in vehicle crashes on public roads; 19 in aircraft crashes; and 10 in rollovers of farm, mining and/or construction vehicles.

Figure 13 Working fatalities: Proportion of deaths by mechanism of incident, Australia, 2008–09

Of the 10 rollovers, 5 were of tractors; 3 were of All-terrain vehicles (ATVs); 1 of a bulldozer; and 1 of a road roller/compacter. This number of rollover deaths is consistent with those recorded in the earlier years of this series. Half of those killed in a Vehicle incident not on a public road in 2008–09 worked in the Agriculture sector or Other agriculture & fishing support services sector, including 5 of those involved in ATV and tractor rollovers and 8 of those killed in aircraft crashes. The second most common Mechanism of incident, Being hit by moving objects, resulted in 46 deaths or 16% of all Working fatalities. In 5 cases it was metal objects and fragments of glass, metal and wood, while in 2 other cases the worker was shot. The majority (27) of fatalities due to Being hit by moving objects however involved a pedestrian hit by a vehicle or mobile plant, including 8 traffic incidents. In 10 cases, the moving object was a truck; 4 were hit by tractors; 8 by cars and other light vehicles; 2 by forklift trucks and 3 by self-propelled plant. Falls from a height caused the injuries in 33 Working fatality cases, including 9 who fell from Buildings & other structures; 6 from Ladders; 4 from Trucks, semi-trailers, lorries and 3 from Scaffolding. Most of those killed in falling incidents were either Technicians & trades workers (12) or Labourers and Machinery operators & drivers (7 each). The Construction industry employed 39% (13) of the workers who died from injuries sustained in falls. Another 21 Working fatalities (7%) resulted from Being hit by falling objects. In 7 cases, the falling objects were building materials such as bricks, cement, sawn or dressed timber and metal, while 3 workers were struck by falling trees. Drowning/ immersion resulted in 17 fatalities (6%) in 2008–09, the highest number recorded across the six year time series. Of these workers, 12 were employed in the Fishing sector, including 9 employed as Deck & fishing hands and 2 as Marine transport professionals, as well as 1 Diver. Four incidents led to the deaths of 8 of these workers; 4 workers died in 2 separate incidents involving prawn fishing vessels; 2 when a rock lobster vessel was damaged in rough seas; and 2 when a fish trawling vessel capsized. Contact with electricity caused the deaths of 9 workers in 2008–09, the same as that recorded in 2007–08, but half the number killed in 2004–05 and 2005–06. The majority (6) of these workers were employed in the Construction industry: 4 were employed as Electricians and 2 were employed as Plumbers. The number of workers killed as a result of Being trapped by moving machinery or equipment decreased from 11 in 2007–08 to 7 in 2008–09, a number similar to that recorded in the earlier years of the time series.

Table 5 Working fatalities: number by mechanism of incident, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Mechanism of incident 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Vehicle incident 121 120 120 124 138 129 Traffic incident 71 85 79 97 90 86 Rollover 11 11 7 7 16 10 Aircraft crash 19 15 21 7 15 19 Being hit by moving objects 42 25 41 41 35 46 Traffic incident 6 5 10 8 4 11 Falls from a height 26 25 33 34 28 34 Being hit by falling objects 16 24 22 25 24 21 Drowning/ immersion 9 4 8 9 11 17 Contact with electricity (electrocution) 11 18 18 15 9 9 Being trapped by moving machinery or 5 6 6 11 11 7 Beingequipment trapped between stationary & 12 11 11 15 8 6 Allmoving other mechanismsobjects 25 20 29 26 30 17 Total 267 252 288 300 293 286 3 Commuting fatalities

Analysis of the datasets identified 117 workers, 31 female and 86 male, who died while travelling to or from work in 2008–09. This is the second highest number of Commuting fatalities and follows on from the lowest number recorded in 2007–08 (98 deaths). The highest number of Commuting fatalities, 126, was recorded in 2005–06. The 117 deaths recorded in 2008–09 represents 1.1 commuting deaths per 100 000 workers, which is similar to previous years. This rate is known to understate the true number of workers who die while travelling to or from work. Many involve vehicle crashes on public roads and the purpose of the journey is generally not ascertained by investigating officers. While the magnitude of the problem is unknown, the data are collected on a consistent basis each year and hence the trend of relatively stable fatality rates can be relied upon. Figure 14 shows the trend in commuting fatality rates by sex over the six years of the series. These data show that fatality rates for male workers ranged from 1.5 deaths per 100 000 workers in 2007–08 and 2008–09 to 2.1 in 2005–06. The rates for female workers were more stable at either 0.4 or 0.5 for each year of the series until the latest year when the female rate increased to 0.6. The peak in 2005– 06 is attributable to a higher number of commuters on foot who sustained fatal injuries when hit by vehicles (15 deaths in 2005–06 compared with 7 in 2008–09).

Figure 14 Commuting fatalities: fatality rate by sex, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

All of the 117 commuting fatalities in 2008–09 resulted from injuries sustained in traffic incidents on public roads. In previous years a few deaths have occurred in non-traffic incidents. The majority of the deaths (78) were due to crashes where the commuter was a driver or a passenger in a car, utility or other light vehicle. An additional 27 commuters were riding motorcycles, 3 were riding bicycles, and 1 was on a bus when they were killed. There were also 5 commuters killed while walking: 3 were hit by cars, 1 was hit by a truck and 1 by a cyclist. 3.1 Occupation

Table 6 shows that the largest number of commuting fatalities in 2008–09 occurred among Labourers, with 29 deaths, followed by Technicians & trades workers with 27. The highest Commuting fatality rate in 2008–09 was recorded by Machinery operators & drivers, 2.8 commuting fatalities per 100 000 workers, more than twice the rate for all occupations of 1.1. This was closely followed by Labourers who experienced a fatality rate of 2.5. These two occupation groups have recorded the highest rates in all six years of the series. Table 6 Commuting fatalities: number and fatality rates by occupation, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Occupation 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–082008–09 Deaths Labourers 22 22 35 21 21 29 Technicians & trades workers 19 22 28 26 24 27 Machinery operators & drivers 13 13 19 18 15 20 Professionals 15 12 12 6 14 14 Clerical & administrative workers 12 3 8 9 6 9 Community & personal service 7 15 7 8 10 7 Sales workers 2 7 8 10 4 6 Managers 8 12 8 10 3 5 Unstated 1 1 1 0 1 0 Total 99 107 126 108 98 117 Fatality rate (deaths per 100 000 workers) Labourers 2.0 2.0 3.2 1.8 1.8 2.5 Technicians & trades workers 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 Machinery operators & drivers 2.0 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.8 Professionals 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 Clerical & administrative workers 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 Community & personal service 0.9 1.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.7 Sales workers 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.6 Managers 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 All occupations 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1

At a lower level of the occupation classification, the largest number of Commuting deaths over the six year period (22) was among Crop farm workers. In addition, there were 19 Sales assistants, 15 Commercial cleaners and 15 Truck drivers who were killed on the journey to or from work. 3.2 Industry of employer

The highest number of Commuting deaths in 2008–09 occurred among workers employed in the Manufacturing industry (28) followed by workers in the Construction (14), Retail trade (10) and Agriculture, forestry & fishing (10)industries. While the Manufacturing industry recorded the highest number of Commuting deaths in all six years, the pattern in the other industries has varied from year to year as seen in Table 7. The highest Commuting fatality rate in 2008–09 was 3.6 commuting fatalities per 100 000 workers employed in the Mining industry. The Mining industry has recorded the highest fatality rate in four of the six years. Considerable variation in rates are shown for some industries due to the small number of fatalities identified. Table 7 Commuting fatalities: number and fatality rate by selected industry of employer, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Industry of employer 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Deaths Manufacturing 15 13 27 21 17 28 Construction 9 9 19 8 12 14 Retail trade 6 11 10 7 7 10 Agriculture, forestry & fishing 7 6 7 7 4 10 Health care & social assistance 12 6 1 6 3 7 Public administration & safety 3 13 7 5 4 7 Accommodation & food services 7 9 7 9 7 6 Mining 1 2 4 5 3 6 Administrative & support services 7 6 9 8 7 5 Professional, scientific & technical 9 2 4 2 4 5 Transport, postal & warehousing 7 5 8 13 5 4 Wholesale trade 5 3 5 2 7 4 Education & training 5 7 7 2 5 3 Other services 1 3 2 5 4 3 Other and unknown industries(a) 6 12 9 8 9 5 Total 99 107 126 108 98 117 Fatality rate (deaths per 100 000 workers) Manufacturing 1.5 1.2 2.6 2.1 1.6 2.8 Construction 1.2 1.1 2.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 Retail trade 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 Agriculture, forestry & fishing 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.1 2.8 Health care & social assistance 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.6 Public administration & safety 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 Accommodation & food services 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.8 Mining 1.0 1.9 3.1 3.7 2.1 3.6 Administrative & support services 2.0 1.7 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.5 Professional, scientific & technical 1.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 Transport, postal & warehousing 1.5 1.0 1.6 2.5 0.9 0.7 Wholesale trade 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.5 Education & training 1.3 1.8 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.7 Other services 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 All industries (a) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 (a) includes Electricity, gas, water & waste services; Arts & recreation services; Rental, hiring & real estate services; Financial & insurance services; and Information media & telecommunications At a lower level of the industry classification, the largest number of Commuting deaths over the six year period (17) was among those working in Cafes & restaurants and Meat processing. This was followed by those working in Hospitals (15), Coal mining (14), and Supermarket & grocery stores (14). 3.3 Age and sex

To enable a more robust comparison, deaths for the past six years have been combined. Figure 15 shows that the number of workers killed while commuting decreased with age, from 180 workers in the Less than 25 years age group killed over the six years down to 18 in the 65 years or more age group. Figure 15 shows that there was no pattern by age for female workers with the number of deaths ranging from 24 for both the 35–44 years and 55–64 years age groups to 48 in the Less than 25 years age group. In addition there were 2 deaths to female workers in the 65 years and over age group. Commuting deaths incurred by male workers showed a decreasing pattern with age. Similar numbers of deaths were recorded for the Less than 25 years and the 25–34 years age groups (132 and 128, respectively) and then decreased as age increased to record 16 deaths for the 65 years and over age group. Figure 15 Commuting fatalities: number by age group and sex, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 combined

Figure 16 shows that the Less than 25 years age group experienced the highest fatality rate — 1.7 commuting fatalities per 100 000 workers. Fatality rates then decreased with age up to the 45–54 years age group (0.8) before climbing again with the 65 years and over age group recording the second highest fatality rate 1.4 commuting fatalities per 100 000 workers. This age group accounts for just 2% of workers.

Figure 16 Commuting fatalities: fatality rate by age group, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 combined 4 Bystander fatalities

This study identified 41 people who died from injuries due to another person’s work activity in 2008– 09. This is the lowest number of deaths identified in any one year since the series began. The highest number (59) was identified in 2006–07 of which 10 were killed when a truck hit a train at Kerang. Over the six year period between 2003–04 and 2008–09, 41% of the Bystanders killed were female. In 2008–09, 16 Bystanders were female. The number of Bystander deaths identified in any one year is almost certainly an undercount. While NCIS is likely to capture information on these deaths, coronial records seldom provide sufficient information to determine the connection between the fatal incident and someone else’s work activity. These types of incidents are not compensated through the workers’ compensation system and few are captured through the notification system. It should be noted that deaths in vehicle collisions only count as Bystander fatalities where available documentation shows the driver of the work vehicle to be at fault. Year on year fluctuations in Bystander fatalities may be due to different identification procedures and should not be used to indicate a change in the risk of work activity to Bystanders. 4.1 Age

Table 8 shows that the highest number of Bystander fatalities in 2008–09 was among those in the 15– 24 years age group. The 13 deaths in this age group is more than twice the number recorded in any of the previous six years. Vehicle incidents accounted for 7 of the 13 deaths. There were 10 Bystander fatalities identified in the Under 15 years age group. This is smaller than in previous years where higher numbers of deaths due to drownings on farms and being hit by working vehicles were identified. Table 8 Bystander fatalities: number by age group, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Age group 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Under 15 years 15 12 12 24 18 10 15–24 years 4 4 7 1 6 13 25–34 years 6 7 6 3 6 5 35–44 years 6 10 2 5 4 3 45–54 years 4 5 2 12 8 3 55–64 years 7 6 8 5 2 3 65 years and over 8 10 14 9 10 4 Total 50 54 51 59 54 41

4.2 Location of incident

Because of the methods used to identify Bystander fatalities, crash events on public roads are the dominant cause of injury. In 2008–09, nearly half (46%) of Bystander fatalities involved collisions on public roads, including 5 pedestrians struck by vehicles. This proportion is considerably smaller than in previous years. Over the six years of this series, traffic incidents have accounted for 54% of all Bystander fatalities. Apart from traffic incidents there were 7 Bystanders who died from injuries incurred on agricultural properties. Within this group there were 3 children who fell off tractors; 1 child who fell off the tray of a ute; and 1 child who drowned in a farm dam. Over the six year period, 11% of Bystander fatalities took place on agricultural properties. 4.3 Mechanism of incident

Table 9 shows that in 2008–09, 44% (18 deaths) of the Bystander fatalities were due to a Vehicle incident. Of these, 10 involved collisions between a working vehicle and a non-working vehicle with 8 involving a truck crashing into a light car or motorbike. The other 8 deaths involved non-working passengers being carried in work vehicles, 3 of which were killed in the same bus crash and 3 were killed in separate plane crashes. Over the six years of this series, 49% of Bystander fatalities were the result of a Vehicle incident. There were 7 deaths in 2008–09 that involved Being hit by moving objects, all of which involved a vehicle, including 1 where the tyre from a vehicle came loose and hit a pedestrian. A range of vehicles were involved. Over the six year period 20% of Bystanders were killed as a result of Being hit by moving objects. Falls killed 6 Bystanders in 2008–09. In 3 cases, children fell from moving tractors. Two of the children were being carried in the bucket attachment at the front of the tractor and the third was being carried on the hydraulic forks. Over the six year period 6% of Bystanders were killed as a result of Falls. Drowning incidents in a work environment resulted in the deaths of 5 people in 2008–09. Two were killed in a white water rafting incident, 1 during a dive,1 on a farm and 1 at a weir. Over the six year period 12% of Bystanders were killed as a result of Drowning. Table 9 Bystander fatalities: number by mechanism of incident, Australia, 2003–04 to 2008–09 Mechanism of incident 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Vehicle incident 23 26 24 36 24 18 Being hit by moving objects 12 15 11 6 13 7 Falls 3 3 4 2 0 6 Drowning/immersion 5 5 5 9 8 5 Being hit by falling objects 2 2 3 3 4 1 All other mechanisms 5 3 4 3 5 4 Total 50 54 51 59 54 41 Explanatory Notes

1 Inclusions

This report covers fatalities due to work-related injuries and explicitly excludes deaths attributable to disease and other natural causes. Among conditions specifically included as injuries are those arising from poisonous plants and animals, environmental conditions (e.g. frostbite), allergic reactions, and embolisms. Heart attacks and strokes are regarded as natural causes, but where available information shows that a work-related injury directly triggers a fatal heart attack or stroke, the fatality is included.

Working fatalities All cases identified of persons who die of injuries sustained while they are working are included in this report. For this purpose, ‘working’ includes travelling from one workplace to another. So a tradesperson or professional killed driving from one job or client to the next counts as a Working fatality rather than a Commuting fatality. Similarly, a worker killed in an air crash on their way to a conference would be a Working fatality. The number of Working fatalities shown in this report is considered reliable, however, some deaths, particularly those related to traffic incidents, may be missed due to the way these deaths are identified in the various sources. The Notified Fatalities Collection (NFC) rarely records these deaths as they are generally investigated by the police and the information in the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) relies heavily on information collected by the police which may not include sufficient information to identify the deceased as working at the time of the incident.

Commuting fatalities Fatal commuting incidents are only included in this publication where sufficient information is available to determine with confidence that the injuries were incurred while travelling to or from work or during a work break. Compensation data provides the best means of identification of Commuting fatalities but not all jurisdictions offer workers’ compensation while travelling to or from work. The jurisdictions that offer workers’ compensation for commuting injuries are New South Wales (with some restrictions); Queensland (with some restrictions); the Northern Territory but only where the worker was on foot or using a pushbike; the Australian Capital Territory; Comcare (up to March 2007), and Seacare. Jurisdictions that do not cover workers while commuting are Victoria, South Australia (unless there was a real and substantial connection between the employment and the accident), Western Australia and Tasmania. While the NCIS would have records for all deaths involving vehicles, specific details of the reasons for travel are seldom available, making it difficult to identify a fatality decisively as a Commuting fatality from coronial records alone. Commuting deaths are not generally notifiable under work health and safety legislation. These factors contribute to an undercount of Commuting deaths in this publication and movements over time should be used with caution.

Bystander fatalities There are many difficulties in identifying these deaths within the databases used in this study – Bystanders cannot seek compensation through workers’ compensation; notifications depend on the work health and safety legislation of the jurisdiction; and they are only identified in the coronial database when sufficiently detailed information on the circumstances of all parties to the death is available. Most of the Bystander deaths in this report were identified by examining NCIS records involving heavy or light commercial vehicles, so Bystander deaths resulting from collisions involving cars and other light vehicles engaged in work activity that NCIS does not code as work-related are unlikely to have been identified. Estimates of Bystander fatalities in this collection should therefore be regarded as being an undercount and movements over time considered with caution.

Deaths resulting from criminal activity Persons sustaining fatal injuries at work or while commuting as a result of someone else’s criminal activity are included in this collection. Where the criminal activity is incidental to legitimate work activity, for example, where a worker dies of an injury sustained while under the influence of legal or illegal substances, the fatality is included. Non-working persons fatally injured in an incident involving criminals and law enforcement officers, security officers, etc. are included as Bystanders.

Classification of fatalities Persons who die of injuries sustained at work are included among Working fatalities even when the cause of the injury is another person’s work activity. Similarly, deaths due to injuries sustained while commuting are classified as Commuting fatalities regardless of fault or cause. 2 Exclusions

Deaths due to natural causes Natural causes include heart attacks, strokes and diseases.

Deaths due to complications of surgical and medical care Although the death of patients who die as a result of medical negligence or malpractice are in principle Bystander fatalities, deaths arising from such iatrogenic injuries are specifically excluded from this collection.

Suicide The scope of this project excludes deaths resulting from self-harm because it is difficult to assess the extent of the connection between work and a decision to take one’s own life, even when detailed information is available.

Deaths of persons undertaking criminal activity Work-related injury fatalities exclude deaths of persons fatally injured while undertaking criminal activities, such as gaining illegal entry into a building or work site. 3 Data sources

This study has used information from three datasets: the NDS, the NFC and the NCIS. Each of these datasets has limitations, so all three datasets are needed to estimate the number of work-related deaths occurring each year.

The National Data Set for Compensation-based Statistics (NDS) The scope of the NDS is all workers’ compensation claims made by or for an employee (other than an employee of the defence forces). The NDS is compiled annually by Safe Work Australia from data supplied by the state, territory and Australian Government workers’ compensation authorities. The NDS has consistent data from 2000–01 onwards. The strengths of the NDS are that it:  usually codes Industry of employer accurately  is supported by several classification systems, including the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) and the Safe Work Australia Type of Occurrence Classification System (TOOCS), and  independently assesses work-relatedness. The weaknesses of the NDS are that:  workers’ compensation is only available to employees, so the NDS does not provide good coverage of deaths in industries where a significant proportion is self-employed.  some work-related injury fatalities do not appear in the NDS because there are no dependants to lodge a claim.  date of death is not available for all deaths although jurisdictions are progressively introducing this data item  only jurisdictions where commuting injuries are compensable provide data on Commuting fatalities  Bystander deaths are not compensable in any jurisdiction and are therefore out of scope of the NDS collection  narratives are not provided  coding of Mechanism, Agency, Breakdown agency, Nature of injury, Bodily location and Occupation may not be complete or accurate  data are not available until a year after the reference period  date of birth may not be accurate, and  names are not provided.

Notified Fatalities Collection (NFC) Since 1 July 2003, Safe Work Australia has maintained a database of work-related injury fatalities notified to work health and safety authorities in each jurisdiction under their work health and safety legislation. There are thirteen work health and safety jurisdictions in Australia that report to Safe Work Australia:  each of the eight states and territories  the Commonwealth (Comcare)  the mining sectors in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia, and  the National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority (NOPSA). The strengths of the NFC are that:  it captures fatalities not covered by the NDS such as deaths to self-employed or contract workers and bystanders  information available within a few months of incident  names are supplied by some jurisdictions, and  it provides a brief narrative account of the circumstances of the fatality. The weaknesses of the NFC are that:  data are only available from 2003–04 onwards  limited information is available at the time of notification  information on age is often inaccurate  there is limited coverage of transport-related deaths because these deaths are notified to and investigated by the police, road traffic authority or, in the case of plane crashes and marine deaths, by Commonwealth agencies, and  it tends to capture work-related deaths only when they occur shortly after the injury.

National Coroners Information System (NCIS) The NCIS was officially launched in July 2000 and is a national internet-based data storage and retrieval system of coronial cases in Australia. The NCIS holds information on all fatalities referred to a coroner in Australia. Each state and territory in Australia has a licence agreement with the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) permitting the transfer of coronial information for storage and dissemination via the NCIS. The strengths of the NCIS are that:  the scope of the collection includes all deaths reported to an Australian coroner regardless of compensation status or work arrangement  when available, attachments to records, including police narratives and coronial findings, may shed light on the causes and circumstances surrounding a fatal incident  information available within a few months of incident, and  there is a work-relatedness assessment against standard criteria, although not all work- related fatalities are correctly coded. The weaknesses of the NCIS include:  access to records for open cases is restricted in Western Australia  crucial data items, including name, date of birth and date of death, as well as documentation, may be missing in records for open cases and even some closed cases, and  identification of Bystander deaths may not be possible where accompanying documentation is absent or uninformative, especially for road-related fatalities. The coding of work-relatedness in the NCIS NCIS records are not always correctly coded for work-relatedness. Certain types of incidents, including some traffic incidents, may not be coded as work-related. In addition, the work-related flag may not be finalised until the case is closed. To overcome some of these issues, fatalities that meet certain criteria are extracted for closer examination. These include:  fatalities marked as work-related  fatalities that involved a heavy vehicle or light commercial vehicle  fatalities that occurred at a farm, industrial or commercial workplace  fatalities where cause is not known yet, and  fatalities where some working activity is noted. While nearly all deaths were eventually found in the NCIS, the initial extraction of cases found only around 50–60% of the cases eventually included in the study as shown in Table 10. These data only go back to 2004–05 as the extraction from the NCIS in 2003–04 was done on a different basis and is not comparable. Table 10 Work-related injury fatalities and proportion by activity and dataset before matching, Australia, 2004– 05 to 2008–09

Number of fatalities Proportions

2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 Working fatalities NDS 149 189 193 182 171 59% 64% 63% 62% 55% NFC 124 140 152 138 149 48% 48% 50% 47% 52% NCIS 243 283 287 272 154 70% 62% 56% 57% 54% Total 252 288 300 293 286 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Commuting fatalities NDS 77 83 76 64 76 72% 66% 68% 65% 62% NFC 0 0 2 0 0 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% NCIS 48 86 45 53 57 45% 68% 41% 55% 50% Total 107 126 108 98 117 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Bystander fatalities NDS 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NFC 16 11 12 11 16 26% 22% 19% 19% 39% NCIS 33 21 23 27 6 62% 40% 43% 50% 15% Total 54 51 59 54 41 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% All work-related injury fatalities NDS 226 272 269 246 247 54% 57% 57% 55% 52% NFC 140 151 166 149 165 33% 32% 34% 33% 37% NCIS 324 390 355 352 217 62% 62% 50% 56% 49% Total 413 465 467 445 444 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Apart from the three basic sources, some additional work-related deaths are identified through media coverage and via accident investigation reports from the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Some of these related to plane crashes, train crashes and maritime incidents are investigated by Commonwealth authorities and therefore not notified. Such cases are included in the collection where details can be verified with NCIS information. Following the matching process and verification of details using the NCIS, many additional work- related deaths were identified in the NCIS. Figure 17 shows that despite the increase in the number of work-related deaths over the six years of this series, the proportion of cases each dataset contributed remained relatively stable over the period. Nearly all deaths have been found in the NCIS for the first few years of this study but the percentage has fallen to 95% for the current year. Just over half were identified in the NDS and about one-third in the NFC. Figure 17 All work-related fatalities: Dataset contribution after matching, 2003–04 to 2008–09

Of the 444 work-related injury fatalities enumerated in this report for 2008–09, just 102 (23%) were identified in all three datasets. Another 136 (31%) were found only in NCIS records, 14 only in the NDS, and 1 only in the NFC. When considering only Working fatalities, 36% were found in all three datasets.

4 Coverage of Working fatalities

Table 11 shows the proportion of working deaths in each industry captured by each dataset in 2008– 09. The NCIS (after the matching process was completed) captured all deaths in 13 of the 18 ANZSIC industry divisions where deaths were identified. The deaths that could not be identified in NCIS may involve police investigations that must be completed before the coroner investigates the death. Table 11 Proportion of Working fatalities by dataset by Industry of employer, Australia, 2008–09

Industry of employer NCIS NDS NFC Number of Deaths Agriculture, forestry & fishing 99% 41% 56% 73 Transport, postal & warehousing 95% 65% 30% 66 Construction 89% 59% 75% 44 Manufacturing 100% 84% 52% 25 Public administration & safety 100% 31% 62% 13 Mining 100% 83% 83% 12 Other services 90% 60% 20% 10 Administrative & support services 100% 100% 63% 8 Wholesale trade 88% 100% 63% 8 Financial & insurance services 100% 20% 0% 5 Rental, hiring & real estate services 100% 50% 25% 4 Retail trade 100% 75% 50% 4 Electricity, gas, water and waste services 100% 100% 100% 3 Health care & social assistance 100% 67% 67% 3 Education & training 100% 67% 67% 3 Arts & recreation services 100% 50% 50% 2 Professional, scientific & technical services 100% 50% 0% 2 Accommodation & food services 100% 0% 100% 1 All industries 96% 60% 52% 286 Only 47% of the Working fatalities identified in this study in 2008–09 were marked as work-related in the NCIS, in part due to the high proportion of open cases (51%). Among records for 2003–04, only 10% of which remain open, 77% of Working fatalities are now coded as work-related. The NDS was able to identify all deaths in only three industries in 2008–09. This is in part due to workers’ compensation only being available to employees and some industries have a lower proportion of workers who are classed as employees. Table 12 shows that the Agriculture, forestry and fishing and Construction industries have the lower percentage of workers who are employee. The NDS captured 41% and 59% of all work-related deaths in these industries respectively. The NDS only captured 1 any of the 4 deaths in the Financial & insurance services sector despite 95% of workers being employees. The NDS also poorly captured deaths in Public administration & safety which includes the defence force, claims from which are not captured by the NDS. Table 12 Proportion of workers who were Employees by industry of employer, Australia, 2008–09 Industry of employer Percentage employees Agriculture, forestry & fishing 48 Mining 99 Manufacturing 93 Electricity, gas, water & waste services 98 Construction 71 Wholesale trade 93 Retail trade 92 Accommodation & food services 93 Transport, postal & warehousing 86 Information media & telecommunications 95 Financial & insurance services 96 Rental, hiring & real estate services 89 Professional, scientific & technical services 84 Administrative & support services 81 Public administration & safety 99 Education & training 95 Health care & social assistance 94 Arts & recreation services 82 Other services 79

5 Calculation of fatality rates

Fatality rates are calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of workers in the reference period. Employment figures from ABS quarterly Labour force data are used in calculating fatality rates in this publication. The number of workers is derived from the average of all persons employed over the four quarters of the financial year for each sex, age group, industry, occupation, or state or territory. Although worker estimates are not available from the Labour Force Survey for occupations at the unit group level, estimates for Truck drivers, Farmhands and Air transport professionals were estimated by multiplying the estimate for a higher level ASCO category by the proportion of Truck drivers, Farmhands, and Air transport professionals within that category identified in the 2006 Census. Because work-related injury fatalities of Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel within Australia are in scope of this report, worker estimates for the Public administration & safety industry division and the total of all industries, as well as each sex and state or territory are supplemented with the average of levels of ADF permanent members’ reported in the Department of Defence Annual Report reported at 30 June 2007 and 30 June 2008. In 2008–09, there were 3 ADF fatalities in scope of this collection. Working fatalities include volunteers who cannot be accounted for in the worker estimates. This study identified one worker in 2003–04 and one 2007–08 who were volunteering their labour when they were killed. Similarly the worker estimates do not include children under 15. In 2003–04, 2005–06 and 2006–07, there was one working fatality of a child under the age of 15 years. The inclusion of these deaths without increasing the worker estimates does not impact on the fatality rates in this publication.

Change of industry and occupation classifications This publication has used the latest versions of the industry and occupation classifications to match the worker estimates produced by the ABS. All coding of the deceased’s occupation and industry in the database was concorded to the new classifications. New worker estimates based on the new classifications were obtained from the ABS. Working fatalities and Commuting fatality numbers using the previous industry classification (ANZSIC93) are shown in Table 13 and the previous occupation classification (ASCO) are shown in Table 14 for comparison with reports not using the new classifications. Table 13 Work-related fatalities: number by Industry of employer (ANZSIC93), Australia, 2008–09

Industry of employer Working Commuting Agriculture, forestry & fishing 73 10 Mining 12 6 Manufacturing 25 28 Electricity, gas & water supply 1 1 Construction 44 14 Wholesale trade 8 3 Retail trade 11 13 Accommodation, cafes & restaurants 0 4 Transport & storage 65 4 Communication services 1 0 Finance & insurance 5 0 Property & business services 16 8 Government administration & defence 8 7 Education 1 4 Health & community services 3 8 Cultural & recreational services 4 0 Personal & other services 9 4 Unknown 0 3

Table 14 Work-related fatalities: number by Occupation (ASCO), Australia, 2008–09

Industry of employer Working Commuting Managers & administrators 29 3 Professionals 21 13 Associate professionals 10 10 Tradespersons & related workers 56 22 Advanced clerical & service workers 4 2 Intermediate clerical, sales & service workers 9 13 Intermediate production & transport workers 113 21 Elementary clerical, sales & service workers 5 8 Labourers & related workers 39 25

6 Identification of matching cases

Details of the deaths in each of the three datasets were compared in order to identify duplicate records. In general, matching was achieved by sorting the death records by date variables and reviewing groups of records that had the same or similar values. Pairs or triplets that looked plausible on the basis of date of death were scrutinised carefully, using other data items to confirm or refute the match. The other data items used most often were age, sex, jurisdiction, text descriptions (for NFC and NCIS cases), date of birth (for NCIS and NDS cases), Mechanism of incident, industry, occupation, and Agency (in roughly that order of priority). A number of cases were found where the death occurred in one jurisdiction but the NDS record came from the jurisdiction of the employer. Extra care was taken with these records to confirm a match. This is particularly an issue for NDS records from the Comcare jurisdiction, which covers Commonwealth employees plus the employees of certain self-insuring organisations and which do not specify the geographical location where the fatal injury occurred. The NCIS database was interrogated to find records corresponding to NDS and NFC records that were not matched to a record in the original NCIS extract. Where a match was found, it often provided invaluable details missing in the NDS and NFC records. Cases identified only through the media and Australian Transport Safety Bureau reports were also confirmed through the NCIS. Since virtually all injury deaths in Australia are reported to the coroner, it is reasonable to expect that the NCIS would include records for all work-related traumatic injury fatalities. The reason not all NDS and NFC records have been matched to an NCIS record is that some jurisdictions restrict the information available on open cases. In addition, the coroner will not commence an inquest until all criminal proceedings have been completed. So while NCIS may have assigned a record to the case, not all information will be accessible. Records of open cases from Western Australia, for example, suppress the decedent’s name. Open cases from Queensland do not include a date of death and names are also sometimes suppressed. This impacts on the ability of the NCIS to fill gaps in the information contained in the other data sources. The NCIS is the only one of the three datasets likely to record, for example, the traffic incident death of a self-employed truck driver. If the NCIS record for such a case is not coded or incorrectly coded for work-relatedness, it would not be included in the initial extract. For this reason, all cases involving a heavy vehicle, whether flagged as work-related or not, were extracted and scrutinised to determine whether they were in scope for this collection.

The availability of dates for the data matching process Dates were very important in the matching process. Dates of incident, death and birth were usually consistent across the data sources, suggesting that the date information was often of good quality. While the NDS provides the date of the injury incident, not all jurisdictions consistently include date of death, although this is generally unproblematic because in traumatic fatality cases, death often occurs on the same day as the incident. Date of death is being progressively supplied by the jurisdictions with the introduction of the third edition of the NDS (NDS3). Of the three data sources, the NCIS has the best array of dates, although date of birth and date of death are not available for all open cases and the NCIS web interface only permits searching on month and year of birth. Because date of death is not always available for open cases, date of notification is used as an initial extraction tool.

Industry information Industry analysis for Working and Commuting fatalities is based on Industry of employer because relevant denominators are available, permitting calculation of fatality rates by industry. As the employer of a bystander is irrelevant to analysis and usually unknown, Bystander fatalities are classified by Location of incident, which may be a specific workplace that can be coded by industry. Where different data sources coded the same case to different Industries of employer and further details were not available from narrative sources, this report has generally accepted NDS coding as the most reliable, as the claim is directly linked to the policy of the employer of the deceased worker.

The timing of data extraction The NDS dataset for a given year pertains to claims that were submitted during that year regardless of when the death occurred. The data are usually extracted by the jurisdictions in the November following the reference financial year. There are instances where the insurer has yet to determine liability by the time the data are extracted. Therefore additional deaths may be found using this source in future years. As more jurisdictions supply data in NDS3 format, date of death will become increasingly available for extraction purposes. The timing of NCIS data extraction also bears on the number of work-related deaths captured for this project. Because date of death is not available for all NCIS records, NCIS data are currently extracted on the basis of date of notification to the coroner on the assumption that notification occurs shortly after a death. For this study, the NCIS was interrogated until 15 April 2011 for coronial records matching records in the other datasets. There are no issues with the timing of extraction from the NFC as updates to the dataset are rarely received more than six months after the fatality. Glossary

The death of a person who dies as a result of injuries Bystander fatality sustained as a result of another person’s work activity and who was not engaged in work activity of their own or travelling to or from their own workplace at the time of the injury. A traffic incident death is only classified as a Bystander fatality when attributable to someone else’s work activity. Typically, this means the driver of a work vehicle is at fault. Cases where fault could not be determined with sufficient confidence were excluded.

The death of a person who dies as a result of injuries Commuting fatality sustained while travelling to or from work, including those whose injury results from another’s work activity.

The denominators used in calculating fatality rates in this Employed report are based on ABS estimates of Employed persons, as defined in Labour force, Australia (ABS cat no 6202.0). This population includes Employees, who work for an employer; self employed persons, whether they employ others or not; and those who work without pay for a family business or farm. It excludes persons whose only work is voluntary. A person who works for a public or private employer and Employee receives remuneration in wages, salary, a retainer fee from their employer while working on a commission basis, tips, piece-rates, or payment in kind; or a person who operates his or her own incorporated enterprise with or without hiring employees. (Source: ABS 2007)

The number killed as a result of work-related injury expressed Fatality rate as a per-capita rate against the population at risk of work- related injury. In this report the rate is expressed as the number of deaths per 100 000 Employed persons: for brevity this is usually expressed as ‘deaths per 100 000 workers’. See Paragraph 5 of the Explanatory notes for further details. A grouping of businesses which carry out similar economic Industry activities. Fatalities data in this publication have been coded to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) 2006 and unless specified are shown at the industry division level.

A condition coded to ‘External Causes of morbidity and Injury mortality’ and ‘Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes’ in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10- AM).

Job A set of tasks designed to be performed by one person for an employer (including self-employment) in return for payment or profit. (Source: ANZSCO, p. 6).

The location at which the fatal injury occurred. Where this is Location of incident an identifiable workplace, the location is coded to the appropriate category of ANZSIC 2006. In many cases injuries occur in public places and are coded as such.

The action, exposure or event which best describes the Mechanism of circumstances that resulted in the most serious injury. incident

A set of jobs with similar sets of tasks. Fatalities data in this Occupation publication have been coded to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) First edition and unless specified are shown at the major group level.

A collision on a public road between any vehicle or self- Traffic incident propelled plant and anything else, including a pedestrian. A suite of four classifications developed by the National Type of occurrence Occupational Health and Safety Commission, a predecessor classification system of Safe Work Australia, comprising: (TOOCS) • the Nature of injury/disease classification • the Bodily location of injury/disease classification • the Mechanism of incident/disease classification • the Agency of injury/disease classification. Although the most current version is version 3.1, data was coded principally to version 2.1, with a few additional codes from later versions.

The death of a person who dies as a result of injuries Working fatality sustained while at work, including those whose injury results from another’s work activity.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1997. ASCO – Australian standard classification of occupations, second edition. (ABS cat. no. 1220.0). Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/allprimarymainfeatures/4B8C877612EC0AE4CA2571E5 007A6B27?opendocument Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006. ANZSCO – Australian and New Zealand standard classification of occupations, first edition. (ABS cat. no. 1220.0). Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/1220.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Aug 2006. (ABS cat. no. 6102.0.55.001). Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/6102.0.55.001Contents1Aug%202006? opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=6102.0.55.001&issue=Aug%202006&num=&view= Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Survey of motor vehicle use, Australia, August 2008. (ABS cat. no. 9208.0). Canberra: ABS. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/40BA5EB0863D18F8CA2574B2000FD936/ $File/92080_12%20months%20ended%2031%20october%202007.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly, May 2009. (ABS cat. no. 6291.0.55.001). Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/6291.0.55.003May%202009? OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics and New Zealand Department of Statistics. 1993. Australian and New Zealand standard industrial classification 1993 ANZSIC. Canberra and Wellington: ABS and NZDoS. (ABS cat. no. 1292.0) http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ allprimarymainfeatures/E05F0987CD26ABF0CA25712200 1AC9BC?opendocument Australian Bureau of Statistics and New Zealand Department of Statistics. 2006 Australian and New Zealand standard industrial classification 2006 ANZSIC. Canberra and Wellington: ABS and NZDoS. (ABS cat. no. 1292.0) http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/1292.0 National Centre for Classification in Health. 2006. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM). Sydney: NCCH. National Occupational Health & Safety Commission. 2002b. Type of occurrence classification system. Revised edition 2.1. Canberra: NOHSC. http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/D31DAD21-2078- 4CC8-8828-FA3C0CCEDC0A/0/toocs21may2002.pdf

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