Delaney Archer Anya Kamaraju Kelley Maloney

France A (1)______is a French intellectual who believed that they brought the light of knowledge to the world during the Enlightenment. Many members of this group utilized satire in their works. One important member of this group wrote The Spirit of Laws, which endorsed separation of powers. His name was (2)______. Another important “M” name, (3) ______, taught Louis XIV the divine right of kings. This man also increased royal revenues in order to pay for war against Spain, which led to the (4) ______, a rebellion which was crushed by the powerful monarchy. Some rebellions in France has much more luck. For example, the (5)______was a peasant revolt in the countryside; peasants stopped paying taxes, took lands back from their lords, and tore down common lands. This group was comprised of mostly Third Estate members and worked for change in France during the revolution. It was called the (6) ______, and was formed after the three Estates had disagreed in how voting would be performed in meetings of the three Estates, also called the (7)______The Third Estate was comprised of anyone not a clergy member or a noble. This included the middle class, or (8)______, as it was called in France. The revolution began when the National Assembly formed. They were a determined group of people who, in the (9)______, promised they would not disband until they had written a new constitution for France. The group went on to further the progress of the revolultion by writing the (10)______, which legalized the peasants’ revolt and ended what was left of (11)______. Additionally, the National Assembly wrote the (12)______, which established natural rights such as that all men are equal before the law and are innocent until proven guilty. The revolution continued, and in 1792, the king and his family fled the palace to the (13)______, who imprisoned him and called for a new (14)______to be elected. Following Louis’ imprisonment, the (15)______broke out. During this event, angry crowds invaded Paris prisons and killed many people inside them. At the National Convention, the Jacobins found themselves divided into two groups - the (16)______(named after a department in southwestern France) and the (17)______(led by Robespierre). The (18)______did not want Louis XVI to be put to death, however, the (19)______did. The Mountain won by a narrow majority, and Louis was executed on the (20)______. During the French Revolution, France divulged from its original government, (21) ______, and attempted at new political systems. One new form of government was five man executive, known as the (22) ______, but it was essentially a weak dictatorship that had a two house legislature and gave France economic problems from 1795 to 1799. This group was overthrown by a young, powerful military leader named (23)______; he took power using military force - this is known as a (24)______. Napoleon instituted many domestic reforms. One of which reasserted equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property. This was known as the (25)______. Napoleon also wanted to heal the religious division in France. In the (26)______, the pope gained the right for French Catholics to practice their religion freely, but Napoleon gained political power. Although Napoleon's domestic initiatives gave the great majority of France a welcome sense of stability and national unity, (27)______lost many of the gains they had made in the 1790s. Freedom of (28)______was also limited when Napoleon banned many of France’s newspapers. Napoleon was a (29)______man above all. This was demonstrated through his constant desire for more land and a vast empire. Napoleon also wanted to restrict British (30)______with all of Europe. At the Battle of (31)______, a combined French and Spanish fleet was annihilated, which proved disastrous for Napoleon because it meant that invading England would be impossible. However, the Austrians and Russians were no match for Napoleon. His empire, called the (32)______, had three parts: an expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Resistance so French imperialism began to grow stronger. The first revolt occurred in (33)______. The (34)______, which was organized to keep British goods from the continent, was a failure. Napoleon was forced to retreat during a battle with Russia, and Austria and Prussia deserted Napoleon, who eventually abdicated his throne. After Napoleon was exiled, the allies agreed to restore the (35) ______, which was the final type of government for France during the Revolution. (36)______was the successor, and he tried to consolidate the changes made during the French Revolution. Answer Key 1. philosophe 2. Montesquieu 3. Mazarin 4. Fronde 5. Great Fear 6. National Assembly 7. Estates General 8. bourgeoisie 9. Tennis Court Oath 10. August Decrees 11. feudalism 12. Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizen 13. Legislative Assembly 14. National Convention 15. September Massacres 16. Girondists 17. Mountain 18. Girondists 19. Mountain 20. guillotine 21. constitutional monarchy 22. Directory 23. Napoleon Bonaparte 24. coup d’etat 25. Civil Code of 1804 26. concordat of Bologna 27. women 28. speech 29. military 30. trade 31. Trafalgar 32. Grand Empire 33. Spain 34. Continental system 35. Constitutional monarchy 36. Louis XVIII