Textbook Study Guide For Introduction To Human Biology

TEXTBOOK STUDY GUIDE FOR INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BIOLOGY for: Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, Michael D. Johnson, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 3rd Edition, 2006.

Intro Human Biology (HUB 102) Professor: James C. Marker, Ph.D. NATURE OF SCIENCE Chapter 1 – Human Biology, Science, and Society – all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-3 (4, 5); Try_It_Yourself:What 3 criteria does your author recommend be used to evaluate a scientific claim? Cur_Iss: What are two major factors that the FDA tests for when a new drug is being developed? Conpt_Rev:1,2,3,4; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1; Terms: criteria for defining biological life experimental research sources of biological knowledge correlative research nature of science descriptive research scientific method basic research hypothesis applied research role of statistics scientific vs. anecdotal evidence

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Living Things – all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-4; Hlth_Watch: What are free radicals? How do antioxidants protect us against free radicals? Dir_in_Sci: Protein folding is a process that is important to a protein having its proper shape. What is the consequence of a protein not being folded into its appropriate shape? Concpt_Rev:1-8; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1-2; Terms: atom (components) acid cellulose molecule base amino acid element pH protein compound strength of an acid enzyme isotope buffer lipid ion organic fat electrolyte inorganic lipoprotein covalent bonds carbohydrate steroid ionic bonds monosaccharide nucleotide hydrogen bonds disaccharide DNA water polymer RNA polysaccharide ATP

glycogen 2

THE CELL & CELLULAR REPRODUCTION Chapter 3 - Structure and Function of Cells – through section 3.6 (p. 65) Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,(3),4 Try_It_Yourself: What process is responsible for our fingers getting “wrinkly” when they are in water for a while? Dir_in_Sci: Why was the development of tissue/cell cultures important to finding cure for Polio? Concpt_Rev: 4,5,7; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 9,10; TF: 21-24; Ap_Know: 1 Chapter 17 – Cell reproduction and Differentiation – pp. 389, 395-397, 400-405; Pre_Ch_Q's: (1), 2, 3 Concpt_Rev: 4,7,9; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7,8,10-12; TF: 13-15; Terms: cell theory fluid mosaic model mitochondria osmosis unicellular plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum chromatin multicellular receptor sites Golgi complex chromosome prokaryotic intercellular connection filamentous structures chromotid eukaryotic nucleus selective permeability cell cycle cell size nuclear envelope diffusion - passive, interphase cyto lysosomes diffusion – facilitated mitosis - phases cytoplasm vacuoles active transport karyokinesis cytoskeleton endocytosis cytokinesis exocytosis

TISSUES, ORGANS and SYSTEMS & skINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Chapter 4 – From Cells to Organ Systems including Integumentary System – all Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2-5 Cur_Iss: What characteristics do stem cells have that make them useful to study disease? Hlth_Watch: What specific types of cells are damaged by sunlight? Hlth_Watch: How are skin proteins “damaged” by sunlight? Concpt_Rev: 2,5-7; Match: 1,4-6; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1,2; Terms: epithelial tissue integument melanocytes connective tissue epidermis sebaceous glands muscle tissue dermis sweat glands nerve tissue keratin homeostasis interstitial fluid hair and nails tissue, organ, system 3

SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System – all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1 -5 Hlth_Watch: What three “treatments” are recommended for reducing bone loss associated with having osteoporosis? Hlth_Watch:What is the order (first, last) of heat vs. cold application for treatment of a sprained joint? Concpt_Rev: 1-3,5,8,10; Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 7-8; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 Terms: composition of bone (tissue) axial skeleton Haversian systems appendicular skeleton compact vs. spongy bone non-movable joints, e.g., sutures red marrow synovial joints osteo-cytes bursa -blasts cartilage -clasts ligament pattern of bone growth sprain growth(epiphyseal) plate arthritis osteoporosis

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Chapter 6 – The Muscular System – all Pre_Ch_Q's:1-4 Cur_Iss: Does research support the hypothesis that taking anabolic steroids enhances strength? Cur_Iss: What is the main problem is determining with certainty the positive (or negative) effects of anabolic steroids? Hlth_Watch: This piece suggests that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by damage to muscle. In lecture, it was pointed out that the most likely cause of DOMS is damage to ______. Concpt_Rev: 1-3,9; Match: 4-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: all; Ap_Know: none; Terms: characteristics of skeletal overall contractile process voluntary muscle sliding filament theory involuntary sarcomere the “calcium connection” myogenic sarcoplasm motor unit multi-unit smooth muscle sarcolemma neuro-muscular strength single-unit smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum neuromuscular junction cardiac muscle T-tubules fast twitch fiber (refractory period) actin and myosin slow twitch fiber CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 138-145, 151,152 Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,3,4; Hlth_Watch: How would you rank the risks associated with giving/donating blood compared to receiving blood (e.g., receiving a blood transfusion)? Concpt_Rev: 1; Match: 1,2,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: none; Ap_Know: 1,2 Terms: plasma anemia formed elements hemophilia red blood cell - erythrocyte leukemia hemoglobin carbon monoxide poisoning hematocrit arteriosclerosis white blood cells platelets 4

Chapter 8– Heart and Blood Vessels – all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Table 8.2: What is the number one risk factor for high blood pressure (hypertension)? Concpt_Rev: 1,3-8; Match: 1-4; Label_Diag: 8-16; Fil_Blnk: 17,19,20; Ap_Know: Question # 1 is misleading as blood pressure does increase with exercise, why do you think blood pressure would increase with exercise, that is, what would cause it to increase? Terms: heart anatomy artery cardiac output heart valves arteriole EKG heart sounds (lub dub, murmurs) capillary cardiac cycle blood flow through heart vein SA and AV node pulmonary circuit varicose veins arrhythmias systemic circuit lymphatic system systolic blood pressure coronary arteries lymph vessels diastolic blood pressure angina lymph nodes hypertension myocardial infarct stroke

IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 9– The Immune System & Mechanisms of Defense: - pp. 180-204 Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Hlth_Watch: How does breast feeding contribute to infant’s ability to defend against disease? Hlth_Watch: Why is it important to take ALL of the antibiotics given in your prescription in terms of bacterial resistance, i.e., what can happen if you don’t? Concpt_Rev: 2-10; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 143-145, 145-147 Pre_Ch_Q's: 4; Concpt_Rev: 3,4,6,7; Match: 3,4,6; Fil_Blnk: 9,10,12; TF: 13,14; Terms: bacteria, (fungi), (protozoa) lymphatic system humoral mediated immunity virus lymphocytes (B & T) - B cells parasites antigen - plasma cells antibiotics antibody cell mediated immunity antibiotic (drug) resistance active immunity - helper T cells leukocytes passive immunity - killer T cells eosinophils vaccination ABO blood type neutrophils non-specific immune Rh factor monocytes inflammation allergies macrophages lymphokines, e.g. autoimmune disorders histamine AIDS 5

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chapter 10 – The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases– 215-232 Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3) Hlth_Watch: What is the name of the procedure used to force food out of a person’s respiratory passage when they are choking? Dir_Sci: What is the advantage of administering a drug via the respiratory passages? Concpt_Rev: 5-8; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8,10,12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: none Terms: trachea mechanics of breathing bronchi regulation of ventilation larynx carbon monoxide poisoning alveoli lung volume vs. function diaphragm asthma ventilation (vs. respiration) emphysema diffusion bronchitis partial pressure of gasses pneumonia 6

NERVOUS SYSTEM Chapter 1 1– The Nervous System: Integration and Control– pp. 236-252 Pre_Ch_Q's: (1-3) Hlth_Watch: In what ways to our (own) bodies contribute to spinal cord injury? Concpt_Rev: 3,4; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8-11; TF:13; Terms: glial cells myelin (and speed of conduction) neuron structure motor (efferent) body sensory (afferent) axon reflex dendrite CNS (central nervous system) nerve (vs. neuron) PNS (peripheral nervous system) cranial nerves somatic nervous system spinal nerves autonomic nervous system action potential (aka conduction) sympathetic nervous system synapse parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter, e.g., acetylcholine

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 1 3– The Endocrine System: - pp. 290-3008 (know basic function of endocrine glands) Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,3,(5) Hlth_Watch: What is the main distinction (problem) between Type I and Type II diabetes? Concpt_Rev: 2-5,8-10; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1,(2) Terms: endocrine glands and/or tissue neurohormones hormone hypothalamus mechanism of hormone action pituitary (master) gland secretion of hormone primary endocrine glands and roles target tissue endocrine disorders and treatment receptors diabetes feedback loop (positive and negative) hormones-like substances, e.g., prostaglandins, half life nitric oxide (NO), histamine 7

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Chapter 14– The Digestive System and Nutrition – all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3,4) Dir_Sci: Why is it that antibiotics are an effective treatment for stomach ulcers? Hlth_Watch: Low carb diets have come and gone over the last few years. What does research suggest about the short term and long term results of such diets? Concpt_Rev: 1,4-10 Match: 4,10; Fil_Blnk: 7,9-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2 Terms: digestive tract (general bile carbohydrates - function structure) digestive enzymes, e.g., protease fat - function mouth - function digestive hormones, e.g., secretin protein - function esophagus - function villi and microvilli vitamins - function stomach - function regulation of digestion minerals - function gastric juice disorders; e.g., ulcer, hepatitis water – function chyme trace elements small intestine -function nutrients roles glycogen large intestine –function "essential" triglyceride gall bladder - function know your kcals! saturated fats pancreas – function basic kcaloric requirements (%) unsaturated fats liver - functions food pyramid

INTRODUCTION to ENERGY Chapter 3 – Structure & Function of Cells – section 3.7 (p 65-73) Concpt_Rev: 9,10; Match: 6; Fil_Blnk: 11.12; TF: 13-14; Ap_Know: none Terms: energy ATP producing pathways aerobic work - glycolysis anaerobic pathway CHEMNL - Krebs cycle, citric acid lactic acid production transformation of energy cycle lactic acid removal biological cycle - Electron transport chair Lecture - Human Energy Expenditure Try_It_Yourslf: (p. 333) What is the BMI (Body Mass Index) of a person that weighs 128 lbs and is 5 ft. 3 in. tall? According to Figure 14.18, what is their weight (health) status? Terms: energy balance ideal body weight daily energy expenditure body mass index basal metabolic rate (BMR) % body fat energy capacity of humans relative mortality obesity weakness of weight indices 8

URINARY SYSTEM Chapter 15– The Urinary System – all. Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,(2),3,(4,5) Dir_Sci: It has been proposed that donating a kidney will result in health problems later in life. Is this idea supported by the most recent data related to the long-term health of kidney donors? Cur_Iss: How do the number of organs available compare to the number of organs needed over the last decade? Table 15.3 (p 347): According to the table, how much glucose is filtered per day? How much is reabsorbed? Should there normally be glucose in urine? Concpt_Rev: 1,2,7; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 9; TF: none; Ap_Know: 3 Terms: anatomy of urinary system processes in urine formation kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra diffusion, filtration, osmosis, active transport, anatomy of kidney permeability, reabsorption, tubular secretion cortex, medulla, nephron filtrate anatomy of nephron control of urine volume - ADH hormone glomerulus dialysis Bowman's capsule urinalysis special tubules other roles of kidney role of blood vessels/circulation kidney stones 9

HEREDITY

Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 397-399 Pre_Ch_Q's: 3,5 Cur_Iss: What is the basic process involved in the cloning technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer? Concpt_Rev: 1,5; Match: 3,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: 13,14; Ap_Know: none Terms: chromosome gametes (sperm or egg ) chromatid gonads (testis or ovary) karyotype spermatogenesis [Ch 16; p. 364-366] diploid oogenesis [Ch 16; p. 370-371] haploid polar body meiosis zygote tetrads crossover HEREDITY (continued) Chapter 19– Genetics and Inheritance: - all Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5 Hlth_Watch: Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a recessive gene. What is the primary characteristic of this disorder as is relates to the lungs? Cur_Iss: What is the role of genetic testing in determining disease? Cur_Iss: What is the downside of genetic testing, i.e., potential harm that may be caused? Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Concpt_Rev: 1-10; Ap_Know: 1-2 Terms: Mendelian principles phenotypic ratio seX-linked inheritance gene genotypic ratio - chromosome “inheritance” – locus Punnett Square deletion, duplication and allele autosomal translocation dominant sex chromosome o Klinefelter's syndrome recessive polygenic inheritance o Turner's syndrome homozygous incomplete dominance o Down's syndrome (trisomy) heterozygous codominance

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE (protein synthesis) Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 393-395 Concpt_Rev: 2,3,6,8,9,10; Match: 1,2,5,6; Fil_Blnk: 8; TF: none; Ap_Know: 2,3 Terms: DNA – detailed structure tRNA mutagen RNA – detailed structure rRNA mutations semi conservative replication mRNA - chromosomal transcription protein synthesis - genetic translation exon o germinal codon operon o somatic anticodon induction genetic disease, e.g., PKU 10

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY C hapter 20– DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering: - all (and lecture notes) Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Dir_Sci: What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting, i.e., what do the restriction enzymes do, and how is it that they provide a “fingerprint”? Cur_Iss: What are the major points related to genetically modified food? Concpt_Rev: 5,7,8; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 11-20; TF: 6,9-12; Ap_Know: (1,2) Terms: genetic engineering – applications recombinant DNA technique plasmids ethical aspects of genetic engineering