A.P. US Artem Kholodenko

A.P. US Artem Kholodenko Mods 6/7/8 0109 Notes for pgs. 420 – 427 The West and Beyond - The west was still the present mid-west and most didn’t go beyond to encounter the desert-like plateaus - Pawnees, Kiowa, and Sioux Indians roamed the land hunting for buffalo - The region was an obstacle to farmers which looked more past the Rockies to the far west The Far West - In 1821 Mexico revolted and became independent form Spain taking all the past Spanish land in NA - Oregon country was given to the US, and after 1825 when Russian gave up in Oregon, US had even more land - The US now had the modern Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, and Idaho, parts of Montana, and Canada - OR, TX, CA, NM were together bigger than Brit, Fran, Ger combined - By 1820 US was only at Missouri, and the land lay available to expansion Far Western Trade - Boston merchants traded with the Pacific coast, but had to sail around S.A. to get there - They traded spices, cutlery, clothes, for cattle, furs, beaver, and more, with 6mil. cattle hide from CA between 1826 - 28 - The hides, “California banknotes” were the main source of exchange - The Hispanic Californios eagerly bought eastern products - Those that did settle in CA learned Spanish and adopted - The Santa Fe trail connected St. Louis and Santa Fe from trade of goods - Some Americans went north from Santa Fe to get beaver into Colorado and east Utah, they were mountain men Beaver Trade Dies Down - The beaver trade died down in the 1830s because silk hats became popular - In the 1820s Mexican-US relations were pretty good, yet conflict always had a chance of appearing because the Mexicans were mostly Catholic, while the US people were Protestant - Those that went back east told of the fertile lands of Mexico, and many were already moving into east Texas Mexican Government in - Mexico saw that frontier control was in promotion of the Far West settlement of the region and missions, spreading Catholicism stretched form San Diego to San Francisco - The Spanish aimed at politics, economy, and religion as goals of success; By 1823 21,000 Indians lived around the missions and as protection forts were built around the missions Missions Close During - After Mexican takeover, missions decreased and after Mexico religious supervision was gone, many Indians that lived in the missions were forced to work for the whites while some returned to their tribes - Apaches and Comanche attacked NM and TX - This was caused by the turn of many Indians into practically slaves by the whites that most stayed in small communities without going into uncharted land - In 1836 Mexico had 30,000 Spanish people, CA 3,200, TX 4,000 and all separated by great distances forming a barrier from each other with the settling of Americans The Americans - After the 1815 cotton boom, southern farmers began Settlement of Texas move over the Sabine R. and after the Panic of 1819 debtors ran to the Texas land – 1823 3,000 of them Mexican Encouragement - The Mexican government encouraged Americans to move to Settle because they would bring manufactured goods which Mexico had almost none of - People were given land for allegiance to Mexico, and the most successful was Stephen F. Austin who moved 297 families to Texas by 1825 - Mexico got some advantages, but some that moved like Harlan Coffee provoked Indian raids of livestock and liquor - The Americans lived away from the Mexicans in the east of Texas and the US, although Mexican citizens didn’t like the locals and the judicial system - The greatest problem was the # and speed of immigrant White Rebellion to Texas - In 1826 Haden Edwards led a revolt against Mexico, but was stopped by forces led by Austin, following that in 1829 slaves weren’t allowed to be brought with masters and in 1830 Texas was closed to further settlement - In 1836 there were 30,000 whites, 5,000 blacks, and 4,000 Mexicans in Texas - With increase of US migration, Mexican politics grew with instability due to the pres. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna throwing one of the Mexican parties – liberators out, causing revolts in states, one being Texas The Texas Revolution - Austin wanted to restore the Mexican constitution of 1824 and secure autonomy for Texas in Mexico - Austin joined the independence-wanting Americans when Santa Anna invaded Texas in fall in 1835 Mexicans On the - In Feb 1836 Anna won with a force of 4,000 where the Offensive 200 Texan defenders fled to the Alamo, yet the Texans killed 1,500 at the Alamo before the last 187 were killed, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie who were last to go on March 6 - Few weeks later Mexicans massacred 300 Texan prisoners at Goliad - Before that Texas delegates met in Washington, Texas and declared independence with Sam Houston chosen to lead the rebels and become president of Texas - Houston went east looking for troops, coming back with an army of 800 men that killed ½ of the Mexican men in 15 minutes as Houston shouted Remember the Alamo - He forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty giving independence to Texas American Settlements in - Less people went to CA and NM because they were less California, New Mexico, accessible and not many traveled between 1820s and and Oregon 1830s and there were 400 US people in the land - The Hispanics welcomed the Americans due to the chance of increase of economy - During the 1840s US people went to the Sacramento V. and lived away form the Mexicans - By 1840 Oregon had 500 Americans and it was more attractive than CA because of the pigs The Overland Trail - It was hard for immigrants because no one knew about the terrain of the new land and the people had to work closely with each other to succeed - They went in wagon trains where the wives unpacked them everyday to set up and milk cows and men drove the wagons and took care of the oxen and hunting - Less than 400 immigrants were killed by Indians while over 400 Indians were killed by immigrants - Indians served as guides to the travelers - Between 1840 and 1848 about 11,500 immigrants went over the overland trail to Oregon and 2,700 to California - California and Mexico were not very related by 1845 and the Hispanic population wanted independence