Programme Element 1: Conservation, Sustainable Use And Benefit-Sharing

Distr. CONVENTION ON GENERAL BIOLOGICAL UNEP/CBD/COP/7/INF/23 DIVERSITY 15 December 2003 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Seventh meeting Kuala Lumpur, 9-20 and 27 February 2004 Item 26 of the provisional agenda*

THE PROGRAMME OF WORK OF THE CONVENTION AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Summary of the analysis of linkages between the programmes of work of the Convention and the Millennium Development Goals

Note by the Executive Secretary

1. The purpose of the present information paper is to supplement the note by the Executive Secretary on the programme of work of the Convention and the Millennium Development Goals (UNEP/CBD/COP/7/20/Add.1), by presenting, in the annex hereto, a more detailed summary of the analysis of the interlinkages between each programme of work and cross-cutting issue under the Convention and the Millennium Development Goals referred to in that note, which also discusses the implications of the analysis.

2. As stated in the above-mentioned note, the Executive Secretary proposes to publish the full review together with the United Nations Development Programme as a contribution to increasing awareness of the importance of biodiversity to the Millennium Development Goals, and the role of the Convention, in line with SBSTTA paragraph 1 of recommendation IX/14. The full review will be made available through the clearing house mechanism and through other appropriate media.

* UNEP/CBD/COP/7/1 and Corr.1. /…

For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies UNEP/CBD/COP/7/INF/23 Page 2

SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE LINKAGES BETWEEN THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR EACH PROGRAMME OF WORK AND FOR CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES.

A. Biodiversity and the Millennium Development Goals – examples of the main products (goods) and services, values and livelihoods benefits provided by biodiversity and some challenges for sustainability of use common to all programmes of work. Examples Nature of value Contributions to livelihoods Major challenges for and benefits to stakeholders sustainability of use in implementation of the MDGs PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM BIODIVERSITY (PROVISIONING SERVICES) 1: Products derived directly Crops, livestock production, Direct use values (consumptive, Basis of sustainable food To ensure sustainability of the from biological resources from timber from plantation forestry, economic, trading, some non- production and livelihood managed ecosystem itself; To managed systems through and fish from aquaculture. traded) systems, especially for avoid negative externalities on agriculture, forestry and traditional farmers. Basis of other ecosystems. fisheries activities Food (including nutrients and food industry. Food supply vitamins), food security. (including nutrients and vitamins). Food security. Economic output. 2: Products derived directly Most fish and other aquatic Direct use values (consumptive, Significant contribution to To avoid over-exploitation of from biological resources animals and plants from capture mostly not traded in markets) nutrition and other livelihood resources and damage to hunted or gathered from natural fisheries, wildlife, gathered wild needs of rural and per-urban ecosystem integrity. Avoid or semi-natural foods and medicinal plants etc. vulnerable groups, and of ecosystem degradation from systems Timber from sustainable forest traditional healers. Food supply other activities. activities. Non-timber forest (including nutrients and resources. Bushmeat. vitamins). Food security. Economic output. 3: Products derived indirectly Pharmaceutical derivatives and Direct use values (current use). Raw material for plant and To ensure continued provision (from the information content) new plant and animal varieties Option value (known material, animal breeding and of genetic resources by of collected genetic resources not used currently). pharmaceutical production. incentives and Exploration value Values largely appropriated by fair and equitable sharing of (undiscovered sources). breeding and pharmaceutical benefits derived. companies, and by farmers in ‘industrial’ areas who use improved varieties. Significant use also within traditional

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Examples Nature of value Contributions to livelihoods Major challenges for and benefits to stakeholders sustainability of use in implementation of the MDGs farming, forestry and aquaculture systems. SERVICES PROVIDED BY BIODIVERSITY: 4: Regulating services - Air quality maintenance, Indirect use values Essential support to sustainable To maintain ecosystem climate regulation, water food production and livelihood integrity; to prevent pollution regulation, erosion control, systems for all people. Benefits and habitat loss and water purification and waste largely appropriated at the local degradation; to internalize treatment, regulation of human level. externalities. diseases, biological control, pollination, storm protection, flood protection 5: Supporting services - Primary production, production Indirect use values Benefits of services To maintain ecosystem of atmospheric oxygen, soil appropriated at integrity; to prevent pollution formation and retention, regional to global levels. and habitat conversion and nutrient recycling, water degradation. cycling, provision of habitat 6: Cultural services - Cultural diversity, spiritual and Direct use value (sport and Benefits of services To prevent damage from religious values, knowledge recreation), indirect use value, appropriated at various levels, excessive or inappropriate systems, educational values, existence (nonuse) value. from local to global. tourism; prevention inspiration, aesthetic values, Traditional knowledge and of habitat conversion, social relations, sense of place, values. Social and cultural Values important to sustaining recognition of cultural values, cultural heritage values, security. Food security. social and cultural systems local knowledge and the rights recreation and ecotourism. Livelihoods. which is important for food of indigenous peoples and local security and livelihoods communities. sustainability. 7: Insurance against risk and Use of multiple species, breeds Portfolio value, option and Portfolio value appropriated at To maintain incentives for their uncertainty and varieties. Traditional exploration values. various levels, from local to use. knowledge. Food safety nets in Food security global. Integrated planning which times of crisis. Safety nets enhance food recognizes the value of security and allow greater risk insurance against risk. taking in other activities (e.g., commercial production).

B. Biodiversity and the Millennium Development Goals – some typical examples of development activities leading to adverse effects on biodiversity and/or long-term development objectives , and some activities and tools to address these under the programmes of work of the CBD. The list below provides typical examples where development objectives were often pursued by activities that failed to give due consideration to their impact on environmental assets and on biodiversity in particular. In consequence, such activities led in many cases not only to environmental degradation and a loss in biodiversity, but, in the long run, also proved to be ineffective in reaching their development objectives. . Hence, these examples also point to the crucial importance of MDG 7 and, specifically, the objectives of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of the Convention is achieving the MDGs. As noted further in the note by the Executive Secretary on relevance of the Convention to the MDGs and WEHAB initiative (UNEP/CBD/COP/7/20/Add.1), in principle the Convention and MDGs are mutually reinforcing.

Programme of Work Example of activities leading to adverse effects on Examples of activities under the programme of work that biodiversity and/or long-term development objectives can help ensure that MDGs are achieved consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity

Agricultural biodiversity Expansion of agriculture decreases natural ecosystems and the Assessment of agricultural biodiversity (Programme of work, monetary and non-monetary benefits derived from the goods Element 1). and services natural ecosystems provide; Identification of cost-effective practices and technologies, and Agricultural intensification can damage agricultural related policy and incentive measures that enhance the biodiversity and surrounding ecosystems, with detrimental positive and mitigate the negative impacts on agricultural impacts on the monetary and non-monetary benefits derived biodiversity (Programme of work, Element 2). from the goods and services natural ecosystems provide ; Local level capacity building (Programme of work, Unsustainable water consumption for irrigation can Element 3). jeopardize, in the long term, economic and social development objectives such as increasing agricultural production and Mainstreaming (Programme of work, Element 4). improving human health; The ecosystem approach provides a framework for decision Soil erosion, pollution (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides) making at various levels and scales. can negatively impact on agricultural productivity ; Perverse incentives; Incorporation of awareness and understanding of biodiversity into curricula. Improved affluence may increase demand for products; Agricultural intensification and dependency on commercial seed producers leads to erosion of traditional knowledge, practices and innovations; Reliance on narrowing number of crops and changing diets.

Forest biodiversity Excessive forest exploitation results in loss of ecosystem Integration of consideration of MDGs into the ongoing goods and services and leads to habitat degradation; refinement and elaboration of the programme of work on Improved affluence may increase demand for forest resources; forest biological diversity. Plantation forestry decreases natural habitats and is The ecosystem approach principles and operational guidance, susceptible to diseases; applied to the management of forests, has the potential to Reliance on genetically improved varieties leads to increased reduce potential conflicts between forest use and its dependency of producers and to erosion of traditional conservation. knowledge, practices and innovations. To promote the sustainable use of forest biodiversity is one of the main goals of the expanded programme of work on forest biodiversity. (programme element 1, goal 4). The mitigation of economic failures and distortions that result in loss of forest biodiversity though, inter alia, valuation of forest ecosystem goods and services and the incorporation of these values into forest planning and management, the elimination or reform of perverse incentives, and the provision of market and other incentives is identified as an important activity to create an institutional and socio-economic enabling environment (programme element 2, goal 2)

In general, activities on use, conservation, and benefit sharing of forest biological diversity within the programme of work will contribute to overall environmental sustainability if properly implemented.

Dry and sub-humid lands Unsustainable water use; The programme of work on biological diversity of dry and sub-humid lands has a strong development focus and thus Erosion; largely complies with the MDGs and their associated targets. Desertification; Element B of the programme of work on dry and sub-humid Unsustainable land use; lands supports activities that, (a) protect and sustain biodiversity crucial for healthy environment and (b) Salinization of soils and water resources. contribute to sustainable livelihoods Research and case-studies on the socio-economic impact of biodiversity loss and the linkage to poverty are being developed specifically. An emphasis is on identifying best management practices, which are being widely shared. Guidelines for the assessment of such good practices are being developed. Further areas of particular value and/or under threat are being identified to allow for priority action - this can be of particular use to support eradication of poverty in "hotpots". Targeted actions aim at identifying, promoting and providing guidance for managing dry and sub-humid lands, natural and production systems for sustainability - including integrated water and land management. The economic valuation of the biological diversity of dry and sub-humid lands and the use of economic instruments and the promotion of the introduction of adaptive technologies that enhance productivity of dry and sub-humid lands ecosystems are also important activities identified by the programme of work. Demonstration sites of best practices to be identified and used for training and information and experience exchange initiatives. Strengthening of local institutions for land tenure, resource management and governance per se, as well as conflict resolution is important to the long-term eradication of poverty. The work programme foresees that Parties include

Programme of Work Example of activities leading to adverse effects on Examples of activities under the programme of work that biodiversity and/or long-term development objectives can help ensure that MDGs are achieved consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity such aspects in their NBSAPs and take targeted actions in this regard. Guidelines and sharing of best practices are facilitated through this process. Support and investment to sustainable livelihoods i.e. through promotion of sustainable harvesting and use of wildlife and ranching as well as through off-farm activities through the sharing of best practices and guideline development. Further focus on market development for and valuation of biodiversity and related products. As a direct outcome of the 1992 Earth Summit and in line with Agenda 21, it was recognized that in spite of the fundamental roles various gender groups play in dryland management, they are often omitted from decision making and management processes. The Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNCCD) therefore committed themselves to promote an enabling environment that will strengthen their possibilities for active participation in the implementation of the UNCCD. Through the joint programme of work between the UNCCD and the Convention, the work on gender that is being carried out under the UNCCD, explicitly helps address the MDGs relating to women. Assessment and research priorities under the programme of work focus on establishing the linkages between poverty and biodiversity. The SBSTTA recommendation VIII/4 call for the explicit harmonization of the national Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, as well as congruent instruments under other related conventions, with a focus on poverty alleviation and cross-sectoral integration.

The biodiversity of inland Developments in other sectors, and increasing affluence, will The recommended revised programme of work on the water ecosystems place significantly increased demands on inland waters (water biological diversity of inland water ecosystems takes into extraction and use, pollution, sedimentation and account the MDGs (UNEP/CBD/COP/7/12/Add.1). Draft eutrophication); targets for the programme of work have also considered the MDGs (UNEP/CBD/COP/7/20/Add.4). Reduced resource availability increases exploitation pressures on remaining resources; Programme element 1 addresses the need for conservation, sustainable use and benefit sharing. Programme element 2 Demands for in-situ uses of water (e.g., fisheries) will limit addresses the need to create an institutional and socio- water availability for other sectors (e.g., agriculture); economic enabling environment in order to reach the targets Demands for rehabilitation of inland waters will place higher and goals. Programme element 3 addresses the need to financial costs on industry, urbanization and agriculture; improve knowledge, assessment and monitoring, including inter alia, for elaborating the linkages between the biological Carbon emission targets and higher energy demands may diversity of inland water ecosystems and sustainable stimulate expanded hydropower development. development (and hence with the MDGs). Some ways in which these are translated into activities include: Generation and disseminate more information and raise awareness of the importance of inland water biodiversity to livelihoods and food security. Promotion of holistic, “ecosystems”, based approaches to development that incorporate adequate and appropriate attention to inland water biodiversity. Integration of the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into all relevant sectors of water- resource and river-basin management, taking into account the ecosystem approach Guidelines for integrated resources management , catchment (basin) based, are being developed in order to improve policy decisions for multiple use of resources. To encourage the development, application and transfer of low-cost appropriate technology, non-structural and

Programme of Work Example of activities leading to adverse effects on Examples of activities under the programme of work that biodiversity and/or long-term development objectives can help ensure that MDGs are achieved consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity innovative approaches to water resource management and the conservation and sustainable use of the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems, taking into account any decision taken by the Conference of the Parties at its seventh meeting on technology transfer and cooperation To provide the appropriate incentives and valuation measures to support the conservation and sustainable use of inland water biological diversity, and to remove, or reform appropriately, all perverse incentives opposing such conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems. Tools for assessing the impact of policy management decisions on inland water biodiversity are being produced. Wise use principles and guidelines for wetlands. Exchange of experiences and information on appropriate policy and management approaches (examples of best practice). Promote better management of inland water biological resources including improved approaches to governance. Collaboration with other Conventions and initiatives (in particular the Convention on Wetlands). Generate and disseminate information on the role of women ref. inland water biodiversity. Generate data/information and awareness raising of the linkages between inland waters and child mortality. Provide and disseminate information on linkages between freshwaters and water-borne diseases (awareness-raising that it is generally pollution and degradation of the aquatic ecosystem that is the problem).

Programme of Work Example of activities leading to adverse effects on Examples of activities under the programme of work that biodiversity and/or long-term development objectives can help ensure that MDGs are achieved consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity Provide and disseminate more information and raise awareness of the important linkages between water, inland water biodiversity and sustainable development.

Marine and coastal Over-population in coastal regions leads to multiple uses, The programme of work on the biological diversity of marine biodiversity demands, pressures and conflicts; and coastal ecosystems is currently being revised and Overexploitation of fisheries; elaborated taking into account the MDGs (UNEP/CBD/COP/12/Add.2). Draft targets for the Politicized nature of fisheries policy; programme of work have also considered the MDGs Negative impacts of mariculture on biodiversity. (UNEP/CBD/COP/20/Add.5). Mariculture of carnivorous fish results in net loss of food Programme element 1 refers to the implementation of production; integrated marine and coastal area management approaches in Marine ecosystems suffer from accumulation of pollutants order to reduce potential conflicts between activities. (etc.) from land based developments;. Programme element 2 address the need for sustainable use of International regimes for sustaining biodiversity on the high marine and coastal living resources (including managing seas may constrain some stakeholders. over-exploitation).

Programme element 3 addresses the need for marine and coastal protected areas (see also comments under protected areas as a cross-cutting issue below).

The programme of work on mariculture (element 4) deals with sustainable increases in food production and the mitigation of the impacts of mariculture on the marine and coastal environment.

C. Biodiversity and the Millennium Development Goals – some cross-cutting issues under the programme of work of the Convention and tools to address the needs to consider the Convention on Biological Diversity and the MDGs together.

Cross-cutting issues, obviously, apply to all programmes of work in the thematic areas (as per table B above).

Cross-cutting issue Rationale and example of potential inconsistencies Tools addressed Ecosystem approach Activities in one sector have impacts in another. Benefits to The ecosystem approach is regarded as a significant tool to some stakeholders need to be addressed in relation to risks or address potential inconsistencies and to achieve fully losses to others. Win-lose situations. integrated resources management and sustainable development including incorporating issues of access, benefits and equity. Biosafety New technologies offer significant benefits but also risks. Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety Benefits and risks will differ between stakeholders. Potential negative impacts of biotechnology on biodiversity and its ability to contribute to the MDGs – in particular loss of biodiversity assets for the rural poor. Sustainable use Sustainable use is threatened by any unsustainable activity in Addis Ababa principles and guidelines for the sustainable use any sector. of biodiversity. Biodiversity and tourism Tourism can benefit some stakeholders at the expense of Guidelines of the Convention on Biological Diversity on others, through impacts upon biodiversity. biodiversity and tourism. Access and benefit-sharing Improved property rights, access and benefit sharing may Bonn guidelines on access to genetic resources and fair and -including intellectual limit the current and future activities of some stakeholders. equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their property rights utilization. Draft Action Plan on capacity building for access and benefit-sharing.

Traditional knowledge, Loss of traditional knowledge innovations and practices, Draft guidelines or recommendations for the conduct of innovations and practices through inappropriate development activities, may undermine cultural, environmental and social impact assessments (Article 8(j)) the sustainability of biodiversity and its benefits – including regarding; developments proposed to take place on sacred loss of livelihoods and food security. sites and on lands and waters occupied or used by indigenous Increased awareness of traditional knowledge, innovations and local communities. and practices may constrain, or be a threat to, certain Mechanisms to promote the effective participation of

Cross-cutting issue Rationale and example of potential inconsistencies Tools addressed stakeholders. indigenous and local communities. Taxonomy Lack of taxonomic knowledge will constrain the analysis of Global Taxonomy Initiative. linkages between biodiversity and development and undermine attempts to sustain biodiversity and livelihoods. Improved taxonomic knowledge may increase knowledge of the impacts of some stakeholders upon biodiversity. Incentives The purpose of incentive measures is to “internalize” the Proposals for design and implementation of incentive public-good value of biodiversity into decision-making, and is measures. therefore a key instrument to ensure that biological diversity Proposals for the application of ways and means to remove or as well as environmental assets in general, are used in a mitigate perverse incentives. sustainable manner. However, activities related to incentive measures can sometimes be difficult and controversial to Proposals point to the distributional aspects of incentive implement. For instance, perverse incentives often favour measures and that they should support the objective of powerful commercial, lobby and other interest groups. poverty alleviation and social and economic development needs of indigenous and local peoples. Also stresses equity Some incentive measures that are otherwise effective may put and poverty alleviation. a disproportionate burden on the poor. Invasive alien species Invasive alien species can bring benefits to some stakeholders Guiding principles on Invasive Alien Species. but can have serious negative consequences for other Development of improved control and management stakeholders. approaches for invasive alien species. Potential inconsistencies between commercial (or economic) Toolkit of best prevention and management practices of interests and impacts upon biodiversity as expressed through invasive alien species. losses of livelihood benefits for the poor. Access of the poor to the benefits of alien species may be constrained through biodiversity considerations. Protected areas Protected areas, if not properly designed, implemented and Guidelines for the establishment and management of managed, may restrict access of poor and vulnerable protected area systems across each thematic area. communities to natural assets.

Cross-cutting issue Rationale and example of potential inconsistencies Tools addressed Climate change Development activities can increase climate change which can Outputs of the AHTEG on climate change and biodiversity. adversely impact upon the poor. Adaptation and mitigation to/of climate change could adversely impact biodiversity. Public education and Limited public awareness and education will compound Information and outreach programme. awareness problems and inconsistencies through misunderstanding of the Global initiative on capacity-building for education and linkages between biodiversity and development. public awareness in biodiversity (CEPA) Improved public awareness may increase inconsistencies Community education and public awareness activities. between certain stakeholders Awareness raising of the importance of biodiversity, the Convention on Biological Diversity and links to the MDGs as encouraged, for example, through draft recommendations in the note by the Executive Secretary on relevance of the Convention to the MDGs and WEHAB initiative (UNEP/CBD/COP/7/20/Add.1).