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Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Anxiety and Depression

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Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Anxiety and Depression SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION A Senior Seminar Paper Presented to Faculty of the Department of English School of Arts & Humanities Ferrum College Ferrum, Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts By Micaela Alexandria Reddick May 2018 2 APPROVAL SHEET This senior seminar paper is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Micaela Alexandria Reddick Approved, December 2017 Lana A. Whited, Ph.D., Senior Seminar Professor M. Katherine Grimes, Ph.D., English Program Coordinator Angie Dahl, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychology ______________________________________________________________________ Mingxiao Sui, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Media and Communication 3 HONOR BOARD POLICY COMPLIANCE STATEMENT This senior seminar paper is submitted in compliance with the policies of the Ferrum College Honor Board. Author (Full name) Date 4 ACKKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to express my deepest appreciation to my mother, Karin McKinney. My mother has been my rock every since I can remember and I’m so thankful for her. Through the tough times we endured, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel and I’m so happy God chose you to be my mother. To my grandmother who has been the light of my life ever since I can remember, I hope I am making you proud and I can’t wait to hand you my degree and remind you of how much you have meant to me throughout my life. To my Senior thesis committee, Dr. Grimes, Dr. Sui, and Dr. Dahl, thank you for your hard work and patience in working with me on my project. I also would like to thank Dr. Whited for providing me so much help outside of the classroom and always thinking outside of the box with everything and anything that you do. To my professor, Dr. Grimes, thank you for making me second guess majoring in English and telling me that it will be the hardest but the best major all in the same sentence. I’m extremely grateful for the way you teach the classroom; the passion you have for all of your students succeed is something that warms my heart every time I walk into a classroom of yours. Your passion for including your family and your children into lessons are always a joy to listen too. and makes me feel like you are my professor at first, but then a friend as well. Words can’t express how much love I have for Ferrum College and the community. Ferrum is home and I’m glad Ferrum has molded me into the person I am today. 5 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to showcase how social media usage influences users’ anxiety and depression. Through research, social media has impacted users psychologically and made them question their identity. To some extent, social media users employ the Internet to communicate and socialize with their “friends.” The social media platforms to be researched includes Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and dating sites. By synthesizing scholarly research though this research paper, the paper highlights the importance of social media usage and it’s effect through some of the user’s eyes. 6 SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION 7 Introduction In 2012, MTV dedicated a reality television show about people who impersonate other people due to fear of being themselves because they are unhappy with their real-life identities. The show is called Catfish Nev Schulman and Max Joesph are two males who created this show to catch people who pretend to be someone else on social media sites. “Catfish” is a term used for someone who uses a fake identity on social network sites to hide their real identity. The idea of distorting an individual’s identity to some degree in hope of receiving or be accepted by very common, mainly because everyone wants to be accepted in either a person or a group of people. This is true for people who suffer from situational depression, a phenomenon that Barbara B. Meyer and Jack E. Hokanson says refers to “withdrawal and socially unresponsive expresses statements of negative content and tone, including sadness, pessimism, helplessness, and self-devaluation” (29). The need for self-esteem often motivates them to reconstruct or redefine their social identity on social media sites to make users seem more attractive. Social media sites make it easier and more convenient to hide behind a computer screen; however, it increases social anxiety and the fear of going out to meet people. Social media users are more likely to fabricate or alter their images, profiles, interests, and other characteristics to create a completely new identity. In this way, the construction of a virtual identity on social media arises because of the obsessiveness of needing to be on the Internet to connect to people and cope with situational depression and social anxiety. 8 The effect of constructing a virtual identity via social media on depression is not yet well examined. This study examines why and how social media and to demonstrate that social media users are more likely to fabricate or alter their image on social media to cope with their situational depression and social anxiety. Specifically, it asks are social media users better off using social media to cope with their issues or completely exiting the Internet instead? My findings and conclusion are based on why people with depression are drawn to social media and how social media impacts their issues. Situational Depression Situational Depression, according to Elements Behavioral Health, is an event that overwhelms your normal life such as “surviving a serious accident, experiencing a major illness, or even marriage or the birth of a child” (1). It is common for people with situational depression to not have adapted to the changes in their life, however; instead eventually changes their “mental state for a certain time roughly 90 days” (1). Situational depression varies for every individual; some common symptoms can include listlessness, feelings of hopelessness, sleeping difficulties, sadness, unfocused anxiety, loss of concentration, and in some cases a person might develop suicidal thoughts. Though closely related, situational and clinical depression is two different things. According to Elements Behavioral Health, “individuals with clinical depression are more mentally or psychologically “ill” than situational depression” (1). For example, clinical depression has at least five depression symptoms simultaneously, which disables people to participate in their normal routines. Clinical depression patients’ brains are also imbalanced and are easily influenced to heavy drug use and 9 alcohol. By contrast Elements Behavioral Health says, “situational depression often disappears on it’s own if in mild cases, or if steps are taken to ensure wellness of the individual” (1). For example, an episode of Catfish, in season six, episode three involves Danny and Rosa. Danny was interested in a beautiful Puerto Rican princess named Rosa, the two met on Facebook. Danny and Rosa talks everyday for six months, and Danny soon realizes he wants to start a life and build a family with Rosa. However, he does not have any face-to-face interaction with Rosa until he reaches out to Nev and Max wanting answers. Nev and Max unveil that Rosa is really Jose, a gay Hispanic male who used his fake profile and pictures to help with his depression and bullying. Although, Danny and “Rosa” talk on the phone, Jose disguises his voice to sound like a female. As a result, Jose needed someone to talk to and instead of talking to him using his own picture, he created Rosa because he knew men would be attracted to someone so beautiful. Jose felt like he was inadequate to attract anyone and even contemplated killing himself because he is gay and felt alone. In their article, “Online and Social Media Suicide Prevention Interventions for Young People,” Simon Rice and other researchers, argue “social media does have an impact on young people: Recent systematic re-views have highlighted the potential effectiveness of online and social media-based interventions for young people at risk of suicide” (Rice et al., 2014a; Robinson et al., 2015b). Jose struggled with situational depression and used social media sites like Facebook to cope with his depression. Elements Behavioral Health has steps on their website to help people get through their situational depression, such as exercising 10 regularly, eating a well-balanced diet, and having a regular sleeping schedule. At the end of Jose’s episode of Catfish, Nev and Max give a two-month update on Jose, and he tells them that he has been working out and comes out of his home more often. Study of Social Media and It’s Influence on Depression Liu et. al did a study on “Association Between Social Media Use and Depression Among U.S. Young Adults.” Liu and his colleagues surveyed 1,787 adults ages 19 to 32 about their use of their social media and their depression levels. These researchers measured their participants’ social media use by looking at their visits per week on their social media sites. The participation depression levels were used on a 4- item scale developed by the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Liu et. al says, “Use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter has particularly increased among young adults, who are at critical junctures surrounding developmental tasks such as identity development and establishment of social norms” (324). In their study, they found that “90% of teenagers and young adults use these social media accounts either on their personal computers or on their cell phones for easier access” (1).
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