Ministry Of Water And Irrigation

MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION

2008 MINISTERIAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW (MPER)

NOVEMBER 2008 Table of Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... III 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 2.0 PROGRAMMES AND FUNCTIONS...... 1 3.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND RECENT REFORMS...... 8

SITUATION ANALYSIS...... 8 WATER SECTOR REFORMS...... 11 4.0 BUDGET ANALYSIS 2004/05 – 2007/08...... 14 5.0 REVIEW OF PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS IN THE MINISTRY, 2005/06 – 2007/08...... 26

SUMMARY OF CORE POVERTY PROGRAMS 2005/06- 2007/08...... 26 SUMMARY OF OTHER PROGRAMS IN MINISTRY, 2005/06-2007/08...... 28

ANALYSIS OF TABLE 5.1...... 38 STALLED PROJECTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS...... 38

NEW PROGRAMMES TO BE INITIATED DURING 2009/10...... 40 6.0 REVIEW OF PENDING BILLS...... 40 7.0 ANALYSIS OF MINISTRY’S OUTPUTS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS...... 41 8.0 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT...... 50

PERSONNEL CHANGES...... 50 CONSTRAINTS TO SERVICE DELIVERY...... 51 EFFORTS BEING UNDERTAKEN TO COMBAT HIV/AIDS ISSUES IN THE MINISTRY...... 51 9.0 PROGRESS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2007 MPER...... 52 10.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF 2008 MPER RECOMMENDATIONS...... 53 11.0 CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS...... 55 12.0 CONCLUSIONS...... 57

i Acronyms and Abbreviations

WRMA – Water Resources Management Authority RGS – River Gauging Stations CMS – Catchment Management Strategy NBI – Nile Basin Initiative WASREB – Water Service Regulatory Board WSB – Water Services Boards WSTF – Water Services Trust Fund NWCPC – National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation WSPs – Water Services Providers CAAC – Catchment Area Advisory Committees WAB – Water Appeal Board MTEF – Medium Term Expenditure Framework MPER – Ministerial Public Expenditure Review MTP – Medium Term Plan HRM – Human Resources Management CETRAD – Centre for Training Research and Development

ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Ministry of Water and Irrigation was established in September 2004 through the Presidential Circular No. 1/2004 to be responsible for the management and development of the water resources in the country thus consolidating the responsibility for the management and development of water services, resources, irrigation, and drainage and land reclamation in one docket.

The Ministry has been implementing the Water Sector Reforms with the objective of attaining sustainable management of water resources; improvement in water supply and sanitation services; and improved utilization of water resources for irrigation development and land reclamation.

The Ministry expenditures are covered under the following broad priority programme areas namely:- 1. Water supply and sanitation services 2. Water resources management 3. Irrigation and drainage development, and reclamation 4. Human resources development and capacity building

The main strategic objectives of the Ministry include:-

Accelerating the implementation of water sector reforms and strengthening institutions in the Ministry and the water sector; improving the sustainable management of water resources; improving the provision of water and sewerage services; and improving utilization of land through irrigation development and land reclamation;

As a priority, the Ministry focuses on Water Supply and Sanitation Services to ensure access of clean and affordable water by all at affordable cost within a reasonable distance; Water Resources Management to ensure that water is conserved, preserved, protected and availed in such quality and quantity to sustain the various national demands. Sustainable utilization, development and management of water resources fundamentally underpin the achievement of long-term socio economic goals. It’s important to note that, access to adequate and reliable supply of water is a key input to poverty reduction and an important element for social stability and economic growth as well as meeting the targets of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Vision 2030. Hence the Government is fully committed to improving the management and protection of water resources to ensure that water is available for equitable allocation for all the demands in the country.

Another priority is increasing access water services within the overall policy framework of the Vision 2030 and related government strategic papers. In this regard, the Ministry is implementing reforms in the Water Sector guided by the legal framework of the Water Act 2002. The reforms have the twin objectives of providing efficient and affordable water and sanitation services, and increasing the availability of water resources for all users.

The Ministry is also in the process of reforming the irrigation sub-sector. Irrigation, being a multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary sub-sector, is discussed in both Economic and Social Pillars of Vision 2030. Irrigation and Drainage has also not been integrated in water sector reforms although it is one of the major functions of the Ministry. The draft National Irrigation and

iii Drainage Policy (2004), which is under preparation, outlines various methods that will address the deficiencies that have hampered the development of irrigation in Kenya

The Ministry is currently working on flood control mechanisms for flood prone areas such as Kano and Budalangi and support to the Turkana Rehabilitation Programme, Centre for Training Research and Development (CETRAD) and other integrated Rural/ASAL development programmes. To minimize the degradation of water catchments areas and other poor land use practices, the Ministry has been working on a multi-sectoral framework for flood management, which would ensure an integrated approach to flood prone areas.

Restructuring of the Ministry is in progress following the recommendations of the reports by Directorate of Personnel Management and external consultants. The restructuring takes into account the new mandate of the Ministry and the reforms. This restructuring has organized the Ministry so that the newly acquired functions fit in with the given structure for proper management and efficient rendering of services to the public.

During the period under review 2007/08, the Ministry’s share of the overall Government expenditures stood at an average level of 0.65 % with Recurrent Expenditures taking 2.64% and Development Expenditures taking 1.94%. A growth in expenditures is expected as a result of the new mandate of the Ministry and the ongoing reforms in the water sector under the Water Sector Investment Programme. The investment programme will be implemented over a 10-year period, based on the 3-year Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) budget cycle. This programme will have a strong focus on providing services to the poor while ensuring availability of adequate water for the various competing demands.

The Ministry currently has a total staff of 4,200 persons. Over the review period 2005/06- 2007/08 the Ministry has lost about 2.5 % normal attrition, the Ministry has been unable to replace the lost staff. The most affected category was the technical cadre and support staff where almost 5.0% of the staff left the Ministry during the review period.

The MPER is being prepared prior to the MTEF budget in order to provide a meaningful PER input and entry point to the preparation of the MTEF budget. The Ministry is relying on manual retrieval of data and information. This calls for urgent training on Management Information System (MIS), development of PER database and computerization of the PER process to move away from the current manual management of data and information. This will among other things ensure data accuracy and comparability.

iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION The centrality of water in economic and social development of the country is acknowledged in the Vision 2030. The performance of key sectors in the economy especially agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and tourism depends on the availability and reliability of required water resources. Energy, a vital resource in economic development is also dependent on water resources. Over 70 per cent of domestic energy needs are met from hydropower. It is important to note that, access to adequate and reliable supply of water is not only a key input to poverty reduction but also an important element for social stability, economic growth and meeting the targets of the Vision 2030 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For example high poverty level in ASAL areas is attributed to lack of water. Consequently, the Government is committed to improving the management and protection of water resources to ensure that water is available for equitable allocation for all the demands in the country.

Increasing access to sustainable water services is a priority of the Government within the overall policy framework of the Vision 2030 and Medium Term Plan. In this regard, the government is implementing reforms in the Water Sector within the legal framework provided by the Water Act 2002. In addition, the government is in the process of reforming the irrigation sub-sector as the draft policy is being discussed by the stakeholders. The institution created to implement and manage water reforms did not take on board irrigation and drainage concerns. The issue of coordination of the irrigation sector is yet to be finalized due to budgeting of irrigation function by a number of ministries. It is not clear whether the proposed Agricultural policy changes in the MTP 2008-2012 includes Irrigation reforms. In addition, the irrigation and drainage sub-sector uniquely requires a multifaceted approach to its development. There is therefore need for a separate legal and institutional framework.

Water is not only an essential raw material in many industries that have a major influence on economic performance at the national level, but also at local and household levels. Improved access to water and sanitation plays a huge direct and indirect role in local communities in terms of the time savings, which is made available for economic activities. In addition, illness as a result of water related diseases has a negative bearing on the economy. The time, energy and resources saved by improved access to water and sanitation can very often be used on productive economic activities. A majority of urban population live in slum areas and get their water from private vendors at exorbitant prices whose quality is questionable unlike those living in medium and high class residential areas with individual water connections. This means that a significant proportion of household expenditure is spent on water. Reduced water prices would have a major impact on the economic status of these people and this may lead to economic growth.

Over the years the water resources have been degraded by deforestation, settlement and intense farming. This has caused reduced river flows and pollution resulting to having less water for domestic, agricultural and hydropower generation. To reverse the trend the government will prioritize programmes aimed at efficient management of water resources by enforcing Water Act 2002 and promoting water conservation activities.

The Ministerial Public Expenditure review (MPER) is the key input in the preparation of Sector Reports. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation this year fall in the environment, water and sanitation sector. The MPER involves reviewing of all programmes and activities in line with core functions of each Ministry/Department, identifying challenges in Public Expenditure Management, Costing and Prioritization of Programmes. In addition, the MPER guides the

1 budgetary process by coming up with sufficient information to facilitate realistic estimation of activities and projects of the various sectors.

The 2008 MPER tries to assess and review expenditures used in implementing various policies and programmes to examine if they were in line with the objectives of the recently concluded Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERS). It aims to realign the projects with the recently launched Vision 2030.The MPER will also take into account the major reorganization in the Ministry following the rolling out of sector reforms in the financial year 2005/06. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation focuses on policy development, sector coordination and supervision of implementation to ensure equitable and effective water services, sanitation, water resources, and irrigation, drainage and land reclaimation services in the water sector of the country.

The 2008 MPER builds on and updates the 2007 MPER as the Ministry’s programmes are continuous. It tries to review the implementation of the Ministry’s Programmes/Projects with particular focus on the Ministry’s Core Poverty Programmes, ensuring funding of vision 2030 flagship projects/programmes, smooth implementation of the Water, Sanitation and Irrigation Sector Reforms and the implementation of the recommendations made in the 2007 MPER.

2 2.0 Programmes and Functions i. Vision and Mission Statements

Vision Assured water resources availability and accessibility by all.

Mission To contribute to national development by promoting and supporting integrated water resource management to enhance water availability and accessibility. ii. Specific objectives of the Ministry and their linkage to the delivery of goals and objectives of Vision 2030

The ministry’s vision is to “ensure water and sanitation availability and access for all”. By 2030, no Kenyan should be without access to an improved water source and sanitation. The Ministry is therefore charged with the following specific objectives:

Policy formulation and Sector Coordination

This includes Policy Framework: Develop and facilitate implementation of Sessional and policy papers, Accelerating Implementation of Water Sector Reforms: Implement the Transfer Plan , Monitoring and Evaluation and Project Implementation.

Improve the Provision of Water and Sewage Services: Coordinate, facilitate and Monitor to ensure improved delivery of water and sewage services

To deliver the goals and objectives of the vision 2030, the water sector during its first medium term plan of the vision 2030 will aims to improve access to safe water and sanitation with the goal of attaining 90 % access to safe and reliable water for urban areas and 70 %for rural areas and reducing levels of unaccounted-for-water to below 30 %. It will aim to achieve 70 % and 65 % access to safe sanitation for urban and rural households, respectively. It will also aim to attain 40 % and 10 % sewerage access for urban and rural areas, respectively. The adoption of market principles should also bring down the cost of water in unplanned settlements, where the cost of water is extremely high. This approach will also make it possible for the boards to acquire additional financial resources for rehabilitation of the systems as well as new investments.

Increase utilization of Land through irrigation and land reclamation

In the Medium-term Plan, Irrigation will support the Economic pillar by exploiting the agriculture potential in ASAL areas and putting an additional 600,000 hectares under irrigation. Specifically, the amount of land under irrigation will be increased by 30 per cent by establishing additional 25 small-scale irrigation schemes throughout the country and several large-scale irrigation schemes mainly in the Tana River, Athi River, Mwea, Yatta, Nyando, and Nzoia basins. It will be noted that in Kenya, while irrigated land accounts for only 1.5% of the agricultural land, it nevertheless contributes 3% of agricultural GDP; and 18 percent of the value of all agricultural produce and in Vision 2030, the goal for irrigation is to increase the area under irrigation to 1.2 million hectares and the area under drainage to 600,000 hectares.

Sustainable Management of Water Resources :Facilitate and coordinate management and monitoring the utilization of water resources

1 In the area of water resource management, the sector is setting a goal to increase regular monitoring of water resources from the current 30-40 % to 70 % in order to identify areas that need attention before serious deterioration. Implementation of the two water catchment management strategies (in Tana and Lake Victoria north) will also be finalised by 2012, while preparation of the remaining four catchment management strategies are being completed. Increasing national capacity for water storage and harvesting: Kenya also aims to increase water storage per capita to 16 m3 up from the current 8 m3 by raising the capacity of the new water services boards and irrigation development. Increased water resources will also be combined with an efficient distribution of water resources. Another goal in the management of resources will be to ensure that 90 % of the rivers have reserve flow at all times.

iii. Review of the Policy areas/functions currently being undertaken by the Ministry

i. Provide policy, facilitation and an enabling environment for the Water and Irrigation sector in line with Vision 2030 and other National policy documents; ii. Accelerate the implementation of water sector reforms; iii. Enhance sustainable management of water resources; iv. Improve water and sewerage services; v. Increase utilization of land through Irrigation and Land Reclamation; vi. Mobilize and promote efficient utilization of financial resources; vii. Improve management and access to water resources information; viii. Strengthen institutional capacity; ix. Mainstream Governance, HIV/AIDS, and gender; and x. Provide monitoring and evaluation.

Noting that 54% of Kenya water resource is from shared water bodies, the sector has initiated dialogue and negotiations on management of the trans-boundary water aimed at reducing conflicts with riparian countries over the available river and lake water resources such as the Lake Victoria and Mara River among other. Provide policies facilitation and enabling environment for trans-boundary water, water storage, ground water development and flood mitigation

The sector has already developed draft rules and guidelines on the integrated water resources management dialogue and negotiations have already been initiated on management of the trans- boundary waters. Under the medium term plan for vision 2030, ground water resources and hydro-geological mapping for water resources in Asal areas.

Irrigation, being a multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary sub-sector, is discussed in both Economic and Social Pillars of Vision 2030. The issue of coordination of the irrigation sector is yet to be finalized due to budgeting of irrigation function by a number of ministries. Thus agriculture sector has different targets to the water and sanitation sector due to thinking along Ministry mandates. It is not clear whether the proposed Agricultural policy changes in the MTP 2008-2012 includes Irrigation reforms.

Irrigation and Drainage has also not been integrated in water sector reforms although it is one of the 4 technical departments. The institutions created to implement and manage these reforms did not take on board irrigation and drainage concerns. In addition, the sector uniquely requires a

2 multifaceted approach to its development. There is therefore need for a separate legal and institutional framework. iv. A review of all Semi Autonomous and Autonomous Government Agencies (SAGAs) under the ministry

Below is a list of the Ministry’s Parastatals and other SAGAs together with their functions: a) Kenya Water Institute (KEWI) was transformed in to a semi-autonomous institution in July 2002 under the Kenya Water Institute Act 2001. KEWI provides training, research and consultancy services in the water and irrigation sector. b) The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) established under the State Corporations Act in 1988 is an autonomous agency reporting to the Ministry. It is mandated under the Water Act 2002, to Contract construction of dams& pans, bore holes and rehabilitation of flood canals on behalf of the Ministry. c) National Irrigation Board (NIB) established in 1966 through an act of Parliament, Irrigation Act is mandated to develop, promote and improve irrigated agriculture through sustainable exploitation of available irrigation and drainage potential in Kenya. Its key responsibility is development and management of the National Irrigation Schemes in Kenya. In the past, various Acts have mandated different organizations to undertake irrigation and drainage activities resulting in conflicts and duplication of efforts, especially in the public sector. The Irrigation Act (cap 347) needs to be repealed. There are also several other legislations, including those concerning water, environment, land tenure, and Agriculture, which have a bearing on irrigation d) 8 regional Water Services Boards (WSBs) were established under the Water Act 2002 to manage water and sewerage service provision in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The seven Water Services Boards are: Tana, Athi, Tanathi, Lake Victoria South, Lake Victoria North, Rift Valley, Coast and Northern Water Services Boards. e) Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) was established under the Act to regulate water and sewerage services provision including issuing of licenses, setting service standards and guidelines for tariffs and prices. f) Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) was established under the water Act 2002 to be responsible for regulation of water resource issues such as water allocation, source protection and conservation, water quality management and pollution control as well as international waters. g) Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF)is responsible for the mobilization of financial resources for development and rehabilitation of water and sewerage services infrastructure, especially to poor and under served areas h) Water Appeals Board (WAB) is mandated to deal with conflict resolution within the sector management. v. Priority programmes of expenditure within the ministry that is included in the vision 2030 particularly the flagship projects that fall under the ministry Programmes in the Water and Irrigation Sub-Sector

Programme 1: Water Supply and Sewerage

The programme is involved in the development, rehabilitation and maintenance of water supplies schemes, sewerage schemes countrywide.

Programme 2: Water Resources Management

3 The programme involves protection, conservation information management of all water resources in the country to ensure availability to all for environmental as well as economic development.

Programme 3: Irrigation Development

The programme is involved in the development, rehabilitation and mobilizing resources for Irrigation and Land Reclamation Infrastructure and regulation of Irrigation technology transfer and research in Kenya

The table below gives in details the flagship projects and programmes of the Vision 2030 and MTP that will be undertaken during the first MTP period at a total cost of Kshs.88, 745 Billion.

Programme/ Projects Time frame Objective Construction of Irrigation and Drainage Schemes to 2008-2012 Irrigation increase the area under irrigation from Bura, Hola, Development Kano Plains, Nzoia (upper, middle and lower) Perkerra, Kerio Valley, Mwea, Taita Taveta, Ewaso / Objectives Nyiro North, Ngurumani (Kajiado) Increase area under Support small holder community irrigation schemes 2008-2012 irrigation, Improve to increase area under irrigation each year from and increase area 110,000ha to 245,000ha, drainage from 30,000ha to under drainage, 207,000ha. Prioritization and regulation done by DID Regulation, IDMIS, in consultation with district leaders. Rehabilitation and To promote low cost irrigation technologies and maintenance of productivity in ASALS - Land Reclamation Community and Public infrastructure, Yatta canal extended by 100km and irrigation schemes one uptake dam constructed at Thika River 1. Expansion of Mzima pipeline (Taita Taveta, 2008-2009 Water Supply and Mombasa) Sewerage 2.Expansion of infrastructure in satellite towns around Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Kisii / Objectives 3.Rehabilitation and augmentation of most of the affected schemes in Lake victoria North, Rift Valley Water supply, and Coast Water Service Board areas within the next Urban sewerage and one year. Rehabilitation of 4. Expansion of 26 medium size towns (Narok, facilities destroyed and Machakos, Maralal, Wajir, Wote, Hola, Chuka, supply of water to Ruiru, Athi River, Siaya, Ol Kalou, Matuu, Maua, internally displaced Moi’s Bridge and Limuru, Moyale, Kapsowar, persons Maseno, Kapenguria, Lokitaung, Karuri, Lamu, Chogoria, Kitui, Kilgoris and Kehancha) 5.Construction of 180 new water and sanitation projects in rural areas annually 6.Drilling of additional boreholes and shallow wells 7.Expanding storage facilities estimated 8. Extensive repair to burnt laboratory at Kisum 9. Expansion of water and Sanitation in the proposed resort cities

4 Programme/ Projects Time frame Objective To construct and expand urban sewerage in all urban 2008-2012 centers as mentioned under water supply in order to improve sanitation, hygiene and reduce environmental pollution 2008-2012 Water Resources 1. Drilling and equipping of boreholes -140 no. Management annually in ASAL areas 1. Construction of 160 small dams/water pans /Objectives annually in ASAL areas 1. Development of two large multi-purpose dams of Water Storage, 2.4 billion m3 total capacity for flood control, Construction of multi irrigation and domestic use ( on River Nzoia, River purpose dams and Nyando) Water Resources 2. Construction of 22 medium sized multi-purpose information dams with 2 billion m3 total capacity (Bunyunyu, management Munyu, Londiani, Itare, Upper Narok, Chemesusu, 2008-2012 Kiserian, Yatta, Thwake, Rare, Thiba, Umma, Rumuruti, Badasa, Archers’ Post, Awasi, Kora, Ndarugu, Mwachi, Ruiru A, Siyoi and Nyahururu.) 1.Rehabilitation of 600 hydrometric stations 2008-2012 2.Two international stations to monitor status of WR Pilot ground water recharge in Turkana and Marsabit 3.Implement 2 CMS for Tana & LV North and finalize 4 remaining ones

Other projects that will be finance in the MTP and will be financed under PPP that the ministry will play a key facilitative role in implementation are shown in the table below.

Programme/ Projects Time frame Objective Construction of High To provide water back up for irrigation to enhance 2008-2011 Grand Falls Sustainable food supply Multipurpose reservoir

Tana delta irrigation Expand the irrigated area in the Tana River Basin 2008-2012 project so that More land is irrigated and higher returns realized

Waste management To commercialize waste management and 2008-2012 programme implement National Health care waste management strategy for Reduced effects of solid wastes in the city

Waste management To provide waste management systems in Local 2008-2012 Systems in Selected authorities local authorities Cleaner and improved living environment for urban residents

5 They will be undertaken at a total cost of Ksh.67, 668 Billion.

Details

Water resources information management:

This will entail rehabilitation and acquisition of new hydro-metric which will be installed in strategic and vulnerable water resources (surface and groundwater) country-wide, and be linked to World Hydrological Observation Cycle (WHYCOS); rehabilitate 600 hydro metrological stations; capacities of WRUA’s will be built to collect records and monitor the data acquisition instrument. Groundwater Hydro-geological Mapping will be undertaken in Turkana and Marsabit for purposes of planning groundwater development in the two districts and replicated in other ASAL districts. Formulation of four water Catchment Management Strategies (CMS) for Lake Victoria South; Ewaso Ngiro North; Ewaso Ngiro South and Athi catchment areas will be completed through stakeholder involvement.

Water harvesting and storage programme:

The recurrent floods of Western Kenya will be managed through construction of large multi- purpose dams along Rivers Nzoia and Nyando. In addition,Water dykes will be constructed along the lower reaches of Nzoia and Nyando Rivers. In addition, a 54 km inter-basin water transfer canal will be undertaken in the Rahole Area, connecting Tana River to Garissa District, and development of High Grand Falls Multipurpose reservoir with a storage of 5.4 billion cubic meters will be undertaken; the canal, other than supplying water will also serve to tame River Tana in lower reaches and also re-distribute water resources to Arid areas downstream. Improved water harvesting will particularly provide opportunities for the ASAL communities to achieve food security. Measures will be put in place in regions that continually experience drought and floods such as Kano Plains, Budalangi and ASAL areas to reduce water insecurity and vulnerability.

An additional 24 medium-sized multi-purpose dams with a total capacity of 2 billion cubic meters will be undertaken to supply water for domestic, livestock and irrigation use in the ASAL areas. They are Bunyunyu, Munyu, Londiani, Itare, Upper Narok, Chemesusu, Kiserian, Yatta, Kitui, Mwingi Thwake, Rare, Thiba, Umma, Rumuruti, Badasa, Archers’ Post, Awasi, Kora, Ndarugu, Mwachi, Ruiru A, Siyoi and Nyahururu.

National water supply and sanitation:

The projects aim at expanding the Mzima pipeline to meet the current demands of the coastal towns including additional proposed resort cities of Lodwar and Isiolo. It will also cover urban water supply and sanitation in the satellite towns around Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Kisii alongside 26 medium-size towns that have the potential to support manufacturing and tourism activities. These are Narok, Machakos, Maralal, Wajir, Wote, Hola, Chuka, Ruiru, Athi River, Siaya, Ol Kalou, Matuu, Maua, Moi’s Bridge, Limuru, Moyale, Kapsiwor, Maseno, Kapenguria, Kitui, Lokitaung, Karuri, Lamu and Chogoria. Other project aimed at increasing water coverage annually include construction of 180 water and sanitation projects, drilling of 140 boreholes and construction of 160 small dams/pans in ASAL areas.

Urban Sewerage programme:

In order to improve sanitation and hygiene and reduce environmental pollution of towns located on shared water basins, there is urgent need to undertake, liquid waste treatment feasibility

6 studies at the towns of Malaba, Lagdera, Lodwar, Wajir/Elwak and Liboi. These are areas where the water table is high, forcing the local councils to adopt “Bucket latrines” which are hygienic. The focus of this programme is to implement appropriate technological approaches in line with the Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy 2007 to ameliorate the situation. Other urban areas especially within the lake Victoria Basin will be targeted under a joint initiative between government and UN Habitat.

Irrigation and drainage:

The main flagship project in irrigation will be the construction of the Tana delta project. The other areas of focus will include expansion of the schemes in Bura, Hola, Kano Plains, Nzoia (Upper,Middle and Lower), Perkera, Kerio Valley,Mwea, Taita Taveta, Ewaso Nyiro North and Ngurumani (Kajiado) irrigation schemes. In addition the Yatta Canal will be extended for another 100 km to cover Yatta District, parts of Kitui District and Mwingi District. The extension will also involve construction of a 1 km uptake dam above the existing intake point along Thika River and repair of Mathauta and Munyu Dams to serve as the starting point of the extension of the canal. This will increase cropland substantially and boost agriculture that was previously dependent on rainfall. Drainage areas will also be expanded in provinces of western (Busia, Kakamega, Butere, Mumias, Bungoma, Teso) and Central (Thika and Nyandarua - North and South). Research will also be carried out to enhance efficiency and productivity of rain fed agriculture.

7 3.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND RECENT REFORMS

Situation Analysis Kenya suffers from water scarcity since demand outstrips the stock of renewable freshwater. The current water supply is inadequate with only 57 per cent of households using water from sources considered safe. There are disparities in urban water access with informal settlements recording lower levels. Surface water resources account for 86 per cent while ground water accounts for 14 per cent. Trans-boundary waters constitute 54 per cent of water resources in the country. A Nile Basin cooperative framework for management and development of the shared water resource is under preparation by the nine riparian countries. The government remains conscious and committed to trans-boundary water management frameworks aimed at enhancing the socio- economic development of the people. Likewise, strategies for inter-basin water transfer will be considered.

The available water is often inadequate for industrial, commercial, domestic, agricultural as well as livestock and wildlife use. This scarcity has intensified competition among various users and often results to conflicts. Involvement of local communities in the management of water resources through formation of Water Resource Users Association (WRUAs) has resulted in reduced illegal abstractions, reduced catchments encroachment, rehabilitation of catchments areas and river bank protection. A positive outcome has been observed in River Ewaso Nyiro North which is flowing up to 110 km as opposed to previous flow of 40 km, and the flow is for a longer period of time.

Water is also a vital requirement in hydro-power generation as hydro-power accounts for 72 per cent of the country’s electrical power generation. Geothermal power production and its sustainability are largely dependent on natural ground water recharge. The government has implemented far reaching reforms in the Water sector within the legal framework provided by the Water Act 2002. Various water institutions have been established effectively separating the functions of policy formulation, service delivery and regulation of the water supply and sanitation and resources.

In addition, Sector Wide Approach to Planning (SWAP) has been initiated aimed at improving coordination of the sector. Currently only 114,600 hectares (about 20 per cent of irrigable land) have been utilised for agricultural production. It is therefore prudent to construct more water storage facilities towards increasing land area under irrigation whose potential is about 1.3 million hectares within the Plan period. In addition, these facilities will contribute to flood control and reduce associated environmental costs that mainly impact heavily on the rural poor.

The following are some of the major accomplishments in the water sector for the period 2003 – 2008: • Water and sewerage schemes in Eldoret, Garissa and Nyeri and Phase One of the Kisumu water and sanitation programme were completed; • 759 dams and pans were constructed and rehabilitated in the ASAL areas; • 209 community water projects were completed through the Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF); • 203 rural water supply schemes were rehabilitated; • 586 boreholes have been drilled and equipped; • Rehabilitation of 9 sewerage schemes in urban centres were completed; and

8 • Construction of dykes, canals, gabions and river training along Rivers Nyando, Nzoia and Tana as well as the rehabilitation of Yatta and Njoro Kubwa canals.

Development of water supplies has not been matched by a corresponding increase in facilities of sanitary disposal of wastewater. As a result, wastewater is discharged into mainstream rivers, valley depressions and dams leading to high pollution levels. In addition, main sewer systems suffer from constant breakages and/or leakage due to increased discharge to fixed systems. The national sanitation coverage increased from 45 per cent in 1990, to 48 per cent in 2006.

Difference in access to adequate sanitation between urban and rural environments still persists, with the formally planned urban areas being better served than rural areas, and urban informal settlements. Approximately 80 per cent of the outpatient hospital attendance in Kenya is due to preventable diseases while 50 per cent of these are water, sanitation and hygiene related. Hygiene and sanitation are also major determinant of poverty, disproportionately affecting women and children.

The Government has implemented reforms in the water sector to restructure and improve the sector performance and address the problems associated with the management of the resources and delivery of water and sewerage services. The long-term objective for these reforms is to significant reduce incidences of poverty levels in the country and especially in the rural areas through a well managed and sustainable water sector.

Historically, water and wastewater Services in this country have been poorly and inefficiently managed. Technical and Financial performance of Water and Sanitation utilities was poor, service coverage partial, levels of service low and, in many cases, the situation was progressively deteriorating.

Inappropriate institutional and organisational arrangements in the sector led to political interference and poor governance. Water utility Services were overstaffed yet they lacked adequate managerial expertise. Personnel related costs consumed between 50 and 70 percent of recurrent expenditure. Morale was low and organisational performance poor.

Accounting procedures especially in urban water utilities were poor; there was lack of public accountability and inappropriate use of funds. Under investment in maintenance and rehabilitation resulted in the decay of infrastructure, especially distribution networks, sewers, connections and meters. Unaccounted for water levels were and continue to be high (at typically 50 to 80 percent) and massive investment in rehabilitation is required.

The urban water supply and sanitation services sector was essentially bankrupt, despite an average tariff of Ksh30 per cubic metre of water, plus a sanitation surcharge of typically 75 percent, which, in theory should have been sufficient to cover the costs of reasonably well-run operations. Revenue collection lagged many months behind billing and never exceeded 50 to 70 percent of billed revenue. Inefficient cross-subsidies among geographical areas distorted consumption, encouraging wastage in subsidised areas, and hampering proper maintenance of facilities in the subsidising areas. Because of inefficient and poor public water systems, all categories of consumers were forced to rely on costly substitutes.

Due to Water Resource Scarcity there has been intense competition and water use conflicts amongst and between groups of water user communities and irrigation users, and various other

9 user interests. Current water apportionment and allocations practices and enforcement were either inexistent or very weak and fundamentally were the cause of conflicts.

Catchments degradation is very severe. It has altered runoff and infiltration rates, accelerating soil erosion, increasing sediment transport and deposition. High sediment loads have reduced the economic life of water resources infrastructure and imposed a huge cost on water utilities (high treatment costs, increased O & M costs, replacement costs). Catchments degradation is undermining the productivity of our land, and thus enhancing poverty.

Increasing pollution undermines water supplies, increasing public health impacts, which disproportionately affect the poor and enhance poverty. Uncontrolled development of groundwater, encroachment on recharge areas and poor management of the resource causes salt- water intrusion, contamination as well as depletion of the resource.

The current water storage in the country stands at 124 million cubic metres. Approximately 3.4 billion cubic metres of storage is required by the year 2010 to ensure reliable water supply to the country, about 30 times greater than what currently exists. There has been no major investment in water storage in the last fifteen years. If the current catchments degradation and deforestation continues the amount of storage required by the country by the year 2010 will be much higher.

In order to address the current weakness and problems facing the Water Sector and to achieve sustainable management and development, the Government prepared Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999, a National Policy on Integrated Water Resources Management and Development. The policy advocated to:  Raise awareness about water scarcity and  Treat, manage and develop water as a scarce social and economic resource.

The Sessional Paper No.1of 1999 also calls for decentralisation of operational activities from central Government to other actors including increased involvement of communities in water

Thus the Water Act 2002 was formulated to provide an enabling legal framework for the implementation and realisation of the stated Sessional Paper objectives. The Act clarifies the roles of the various actors in the Water Sector and the new mechanisms to be put in place. The major highlights of the Act include: - . Vesting all water resources in the state. The Minister in charge of Water has been vested the right to use water and responsibility for its management for the benefit of the nation. The right to use water cannot be acquired or alleviated except in accordance with the Act.

. Establishment of a Water Services Trust Fund to be used to extend Water Services coverage to underserved areas. The fund is to be managed by trustees.

. Establishment of a Water Appeals Board, which is a tribunal of appeal against decisions of the Authority, the Minister, and Regulatory Board. In addition it will resolve disputes, in certain cases, between holders of water rights and others.

. Repeal of the Water Act Cap 372 and provisions of the Local Government Act Cap 265 relating to Water Supply and Sewerage. The Minister is also empowered to prepare a transition plan from the current institutional arrangements.

10 . Prescription of the steps necessary to be taken in order to comply with the requirement of the Act to undertake Public Consultations.

Water is the most limiting factor for irrigation development, both in its distribution and also availability. Capacity for dam construction will need to be improved including increasing funding levels. The Ministry has formed a task force to map out the areas for dam installation.

Currently, the total area under irrigation is 114, 600 hectares against a potential of 540,000 hectares. The rate of irrigation development has been very low due to inadequate funding, low priority in resource allocation and poor coordination. The national irrigation schemes have also not been operating at capacity and except for Mwea they were actually out of operation for several years. Thus they required full rehabilitation to bring them to full production.

The Ministry has taken measures to improve the rate of irrigation development through revival and rehabilitation of the major irrigation schemes. Rehabilitation of Mwea, Ahero, Bunyala, Pekerra, Bura and West Kano irrigation schemes is ongoing and all the schemes are under production. 2 no. small holder’s irrigation schemes (Kina in Isiolo and Nkando in Laikipia districts) under Rapid Results Initiate (RRI) have so far been launched.

The development of an irrigation policy and legal framework is almost complete and its main aim is to guide the sector for increased rate of irrigation development. A framework for the formation and management of strong farmer’s organizations for sustainable irrigation development has also been developed. Irrigation management transfer in the national schemes is ongoing.

Due to the importance attached to irrigation and taking note that water storage for irrigation purposes is a challenge, the water storage functions were transferred to the irrigation and drainage department to form the irrigation, drainage and water storage department.

The Ministry is currently working on flood control mechanisms for flood prone areas such as Kano and Budalangi and support to the Turkana Rehabilitation Programme, Centre for Training Research and Development (CETRAD) and other integrated Rural/ASAL development programmes. To minimize the degradation of water catchments areas and other poor land use practices, the Ministry has been working on a multisectoral framework for flood management, which would ensure an integrated approach to flood prone areas.

Water Sector Reforms The basis for reforms in the water sector is the Water Act 2002. The reforms, being implemented, therefore, are a coordinated series of structural changes to provide better Water Services all. The reforms are also to ensure better management of our resources than has hitherto been the case.

Before the Sector Reforms the Ministry combined the roles of policy formulation, regulation and execution. The Water Act 2002 therefore starts off by separating the Water Supply and Sewerage function from the Water Resources functions. This is achieved by devolving the Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage to the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), and that of water resources to the Water Resources Management Authority. The Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) is responsible for quality monitoring for, water services and governs the

11 licensing regime for those who wish to provide water services. On the other hand, the Water Resources Management Authority is responsible for devising and enforcing the strategy according to which water resources are to be managed and water rights are to be allocated The Water Act 2002 has decentralised the water sector by transferring the authority and responsibility for the sector to local levels. The reforms have seen to the establishment and operationalisation of both the regional Water Services Boards (WSBs) and Water Services Providers (WSPs). The Water Services Boards (WSBs) have been mandated to manage water services provision each in a given region while the Water Service Providers (WSPs) are agents of the Boards. The WSPs are usually commercial companies which could be communities, NGO, institutions or autonomous entities formed by local authority or even the private sector

Important milestones achieved under water sector reforms include operationalisation of Water Services Boards, the Water Regulation Board, the Water Services Trust Fund, the Water Appeals Board and the Water Resources Management Authority Boards. All the institutions have recruited Chief Executive Officers and other essential officers necessary for their operationalisation have been redeployed from the Ministry. Most of water facilities formally run by the Ministry and National Water Corporation were transferred to water services Boards. The process of transferring the assets to the new Water Services Boards is fully complete and is adequate for the institutions to fully carryout their mandate.

The ministry headquarters is in the process of being restructured to take up its new role of policy formulation, regulation and monitoring of the Water Sector effectively. This takes cognisance of the fact that most of the aspects of investment and operation and maintenance of water supplies are being carried out under the new institutions with effect from 1st July 2005.

The implementation of the Water Sector Reform which commenced in the year 2003 after the enactment of Water act 2002 is progressing well in-spite of challenges .In order to implement the reforms in an orderly manner a transfer plan was developed and gazetted. The key aspects of the Transfer Plan included the following:-  Transfer of Assets from GoK to the new Institutions with or without any outstanding liabilities  Transfer /delinking of personnel to the new Institutions  Capacity Building and training of staff in the institutions (WSBs, WSPs & WRMA  Develop Contractual and Financial arrangements and support to WSBs, WSPs, WRMA and WRUAs  Monitoring and Evaluation of Progress  Communication of Reforms

The water sector reforms are expected to result in a better organized sector, entrenchment of Stakeholder participation , sustainability of utilities , increased investments in the sector and the emergence of innovative solutions to water , sanitation and water resources problems. After three ( 3) years of implementation of the Water sector reforms some of the major challenges are as follows:-

 Documentation, valuation and Transfer of Assets not completed.  Delinking of Human Resource not finalized.  Headquarters Restructuring is still outstanding.  Capacity Building of WSBs, WSPs, WRMA, CAACs, and WRUAs not completed.  Communication on Reforms is still poor.

12  Sustainability of WSBs, WSPs, WRMA, CAACs, and WRUAs not yet achieved.  Provision of Services to the Informal Sector is yet to commence.  High Unaccounted for Water  Tariff Levels  Sanitation and Sewerage coverage

As a way of addressing the pending and emerging issues the following tasks have to be accomplished:  Transfer Plan to be reviewed with an Implementation Action Plan  A study on optimal number of WSPs per WSB under way to recommend on Viability of WSPs  Review of Tariffs by WASREB and WRMA to reflect the cost of water provision to be undertaken  Development of Plan of Action on how to handle outstanding HR issues  Sector training and Capacity building framework to be revisited for refinement and implementation  Ensure the PPIP is Implemented and the UPC (investment framework targeting the informal sector)  Ensure each WSP implements a Demand Management Programme and WSBs monitor the implementation  All future programmes to include both Water and Sanitation Components  Fully implement the SIS

13 4.0 Budget Analysis 2004/05 – 2007/08

Table 4.1: Analysis of Ministry's Total Expenditure, 2004/05 - 2007/08 (Kshs. Millions) Original Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Recurrent 2,189 2,702 4,160 2,189 2,820 3,298 Development 3,994 5,884 11,655 3,994 5,318 9,432 Total Expenditure 6,183 8,586 15,815 6,183 8,138 12,730 Recurrent as % of Total Ministry's Expenditure 35.4 31.4 26.3 35.4 34.7 25.9 Development as % of Total Ministry's Expenditure 64.6 68.6 73.7 64.6 65.3 74.1 Recurrent Expenditure as % of Total Sectoral Recurrent 10.2 10.2 Development Expenditure as % of Total Sectoral Development 13.6 13.6 Total Ministry's Expenditure as % of Total Sectoral Expenditure 12.2 12.2 Notes: (i) MoWI moves from Physical Infrastructure to Environment, Water and Sanitation Sector in 2009/10 (ii) Comparability ratios are based on the Ministry’s position in Physical Infrastructure Sector.

Table 4.2: Analysis of Recurrent Expenditure by Economic Classification (Kshs. Millions) Economic Classification Original Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 1,471 1,340 1,361 1,411 1,249 1,337 Use of Goods and Services 2,336 651 10,421 1,830 467 8,879 Subsidies, Grants and Other 2,204 825 3,643 1,862 212 2,160 Transfers Acquisition of Non-financial Assets 1,557 196 389 1,220 175 353 Total 7,568 3,012 15,814 6,323 2,103 12,729

Table 4.3: Recurrent Expenditure by Sub-Vote or by Functional Units (Kshs. Millions) Sub-Vote Original Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 200 - General Administration and Planning 658 1,093 1,974 614 890 1,166 207 - Rural Urban And Special Water 1,3 Programmes 1,318 1,394 1,503 08 1,232 1,448 208 - Flood Control and Land 1 Reclamation 188 264 389 98 229 382 209 - National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation 165 262 294 70 256 302

Total 2,329 3,013 4,160 2,190 2,607 3,298

14 Table 4.4: Development Expenditure by Sub-Vote or by Functional Units (Kshs. Millions) Sub-Vote Original Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 200 - General Administration and 1,2 1,432, Planning 55 4,608 7,607 553 3,250 5,590 207 - Rural Urban And Special Water 1,7 762,7 Programmes 30 1,262 1,267 35 732 1,188 208 - Flood Control and Land 3 283,6 Reclamation 89 753 956 27 459 835 209 - National Water Conservation and 8 1,515, Pipeline Corporation 22 1,899 1,825 199 1,759 1,819 4,1 3,994, Total 95 8,524 11,655 113 6,201 9,432

Table 4.5: Extra-Budgetary Resources / Others (Kshs. Millions)

The table below indicates the extra-budgetary resources that were received in the Ministry.

Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 A-in-A ------Others ------Total ------

The AIA collections have been on the decline since most of this revenue stream has been transferred to Water Companies that are private in nature.

Table 4.6: Funding of State Corporations (Kshs. Million) The tables below indicate the sources of funding for the State Corporations under the Ministry. Most of the state corporations in the ministry during the formative budget were funded from the ministry budget lines and that is why they don’t have printed budget estimates. Most of the Corporations were funded in the 2004/05 Financial Year with token funding levels. It is intended that the State Corporations will become fully autonomous with their budget lines being independent of the ministerial budget lines

4.6.1 Water Appeal Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) - 5 20 - 5 20 1.1 Internally generated ------1.2 Government grants - 5 20 - 5 20 1.3 Other sources (specify ------2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) - 5 20 - 5 20 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) - 0.9 6.2 - 0.9 6.2 2.1.1 Personnel Emolument - 4.1 13.8 - 4.1 13.8

2.1.2 Operations and

15 Maintenance - 5 20 - 5 20 2.2 Capital Expenditures ------

4.6.2 Water Services Regulatory Board Original Budget Estimates (Ksh million) Actual Receipts (Ksh million) 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 53.5 58.4 66 50.3 63.2 66.6 1.1 Internally generated 30.5 35.3 42 27.2 39.7 42.5 1.2 Government grants 23 23 23.9 23 23 23.9 1.3 Other sources (specify) - 0.154 0.075 0.093 0.59 0.216 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 37 62 70 30 65.4 61.9 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 36.2 59.4 68.1 28.2 61.8 58.3 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 8.1 30.5 31.2 9.1 19.9 28.4 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 28.2 28.9 36.9 19.1 41.9 29.9 2.2 Capital Expenditures 0.8 2.5 2 1.9 3.7 3.7

4.6.3 Water Resources Management Authority Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 34 65 151 211.2 223.8 343.5 1.1 Internally generated 0 5 146 42.4 59.8 86 1.2 Government grants 34 10 5 17 28.8 13 1.3 Other sources 0 50 0 151.9 135.3 244.6 KWSP 0 50 0 140.4 134.3 242.6 GTZ 0 0 0 11.5 1 2 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 34 65 151 228.9 242.3 238.3 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 6 10 146 66.7 138.6 164.4 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 6 5 0 35.2 48 70 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 0 5 146 31.5 90.6 94.4 2.2 Capital Expenditures 28 55 5 162.2 103.7 73.9

4.6.4 Water Services Trust Fund

16 Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 12.8 467 810.7 134.6 261.8 573.6 1.1 Internally generated - 0.3 0.3 0.25 0.27 0.91 1.2 Government grants 6 86 100.8 49.4 88.5 65 1.3 Other sources (specify0-Donors) 6.8 380.7 709.6 85 173 507.7 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 44.8 92.6 83.5 54.8 76.7 96.8 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 34.9 89.4 80 37.7 55.7 82.1 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 14.4 28 46.2 15.2 15.7 34.5 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 20.5 61.4 33.8 22.5 40 47.6 2.2 Capital Expenditures 10 3.2 3.6 17.1 21 14.7

4.6.5 Athi Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 542.2 752 828.2 539.1 742.5 815.8 1.1 Internally generated 412 520.2 574.2 409 518.8 569.7 1.2 Government grants 30.5 92 96.8 26 87.4 96.1 1.3 Other sources 108 139.8 157.2 104.1 136.3 150 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 444.1 681.3 690.6 459.5 697.3 706.6 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 430.1 663.3 679.6 431.5 667.3 679.6 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 61 80 90.3 55.5 76 87 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 369.1 583.3 589.3 376 591.3 592.6 2.2 Capital Expenditures 14 18 11 28 30 27

4.6.6 Tana Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 221.5 227 557.9 173 280.2 508.3 1.1 Internally generated 10 20 32.5 8.1 24.7 45.1 1.2 Government grants 50 65 105.5 61 80.3 48 1.3 Other sources 161.5 142 419.8 103.9 175.2 415.2 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 190 325 547.9 162.9 289.4 448.8

17 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 150 75 67.3 125.9 69.1 77.3 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 50 15 20.6 46.6 11.1 18.3 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 100 60 46.7 79.4 58 59 2.2 Capital Expenditures 40 250 480.6 37 220.3 371.5

4.6.7 Tanathi Water Services Board-(The Water Board was carved out from Athi and Tana Water Services Boards during the Current FY and its past expenditures has been reflected under the two respective Boards). Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) ------1.1 Internally generated ------1.2 Government grants ------1.3 Other sources ------2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) ------2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) ------2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments ------2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance ------2.2 Capital Expenditures ------

4.6.8 Rift Valley Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 205.2 210.5 220 210.2 211 212 1.1 Internally generated 132 106 106 132.3 104 104.5 1.2 Government grants 17.8 17.8 51.6 1.3 Other sources (KWSP and WSPs) 55.4 56 57 60.1 55 55.6 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 205.2 210.5 220 210.2 211 212 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 195.2 196.5 199 204.4 198 194 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 78 79 80 81.7 79.2 78 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 117.2 117.5 119 122.7 118.8 116 2.2 Capital Expenditures 10 14 21 6 13 18

4.6.9 Lake Victoria North Water Services Board

18 Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 89 790 793 89 790 793 1.1 Internally 25 12 generated 22 27 22 66

1.2 Government grants 35 371 349 35 390 349 1.3 Other sources 27 405 378 27 378 378 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 89 790 793 89 790 793 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 63 340 314 63 340 314 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 25.2 136 125.6 25.2 136 125.6 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 37.8 204 188.4 37.8 204 188.4 2.2 Capital Expenditures 26 450 479 26 450 479

4.6.10 Lake Victoria South Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 601.8 649.6 734 526 568.6 520.3 1.1 Internally generated 23.8 65 18 40.6 21.3 5.4 1.2 Government grants 138 310.5 289.5 46.1 279 282.5 1.3 Other sources 440 274.1 426.5 439.3 268.3 232.4 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 601.8 649.6 734 526 568.6 520.3 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 504.8 549.6 634 451 462.6 422.3 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 201.9 219.8 253.6 180.4 106 158 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 302.9 329.8 380.4 270.6 356.6 264.3 2.2 Capital Expenditures 97 100 100 75 106 98

4.6.11 Northern Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 70 298.8 482 62.1 93.7 196.8 1.1 Internally generated - - 10 0.9 10.3 10 1.2 Government grants 70 75 110 61.1 83.4 112 1.3 Other sources (specify0 - 228.8 362 - - 74.8 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 69.5 311.3 482 62.1 92.5 137.9 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 56.5 82.5 114 54.5 80.1 123.3

19 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 9.5 13.5 14 9.5 12.9 13.5 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 47 69 100 45 67.2 109.8 2.2 Capital Expenditures 13 228.8 368 7.6 12.4 14.5

4.6.12 Coast Water Services Board Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 652 660 682 664 672 681 1.1 Internally generated 543 562 567 550 560 580 1.2 Government grants 73 74 80 70 72 76 1.3 Other sources (specify0 40 30 42 44 23 37 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 654 660 682 664 672 681 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 440 445 452 444 457 461 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 176 178 180.8 177.6 182.8 184.4 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 264 267 271.2 266.4 274.2 276.6 2.2 Capital Expenditures 100 211 223 220 213 220

4.6.13 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue 1,593.4 1,953.5 2,025.5 1,604.2 1,953.7 2,216.3 (1.1+1.2+1.3) 1.1 Internally 6.9 6 10 17.7 6.3 200.8 generated 1.2 Government grants 1,586.5 1,947.5 2,015.5 1,586.5 1,947.5 2,015.5 1.3 Other sources ------2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 1,730.5 2,011.5 2,506.9 2,422.9 2,525.7 2,573.8 2.1 Recurrent 140 280 324 240 262 282 Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 2.1.1 Personnel 110 190 210 210 141.5 170.56 Emoluments 2.1.2 Operations and 30 90 114 30 120.5 111.5 Maintenance 2.2 Capital 1,590.5 1,731.5 2,182.9 2,182.9 2,263.7 2,291.8 Expenditures

4.6.14 National Irrigation Board

20 Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 415.2 598.3 635 423 543 645.8 1.1 Internally generated 9.6 83 85 110.2 99.7 107.5 1.2 Government grants 325.6 415.3 400 308.6 415.3 400 1.3 Other sources (BADEA) 80 100 150 4.3 28 138.2 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 415.2 598.3 635 423 543 645.8 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 88.7 193 215 246.1 153 172 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 61 116.5 124 87 111.6 123 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 27.6 76.5 91 158.8 41.4 49 2.2 Capital Expenditures 326.533 405.3 420 126 303.5 474

4.6.15 Kenya Water Institute Original Budget Estimates Actual Receipts 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 1. Total Revenue (1.1+1.2+1.3) 134 179 170 122 137.3 148.1 1.1 Internally generated 24 20 28 34 35 37 1.2 Government grants 99 140 142 85 101.3 110.1 1.3 Other sources 10 1 2 2 1 1 2. Total Expenditures (2.1+2.2) 134 179 170 122 137.3 148.1 2.1 Recurrent Expenditures (2.1.1+2.1.2) 131 153 133 109 111.3 121.1 2.1.1 Personnel Emoluments 114 132 103 99 90.3 99.1 2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance 17 21 30 10 21 22 2.2 Capital Expenditures 3 5 7 3 5 5

Table 4.7: Expenditure Analysis (Kshs. Million)

21 4.7.1 Water Appeal Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees - 0.2 4.2 - 0.2 4.2 Use of Goods and Services - 3.1 10 - 3.1 10 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets - - 2.8 - - 2.8 Other Recurrent - 0.7 3 - 0.7 3 Total - 4 20 4 20

4.7.2 Water Services Regulatory Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 8.1 30.54 31.2 9.1 20 28.4 Use of Goods and Services 28.2 28.9 36.9 18.9 41.9 30 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 0.8 2.5 2 1.9 3.7 3.6 Other Recurrent - - - 0.2 - - Total 37 61.9 70.1 30 65.4 61.9

4.7.3 Water Resources Management Authority Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 6 5 0 35.2 48 70 Use of Goods and Services 28 10 151 62.1 124.7 134.9 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 0 50 0 77.1 34.2 6.1 Other Recurrent 0 0 0 54.5 35.4 27.3 Total 34 65 151 228.9 242.3 238.3

4.7.4 Water Services Trust Fund Budget Estimates (Ksh million) Actual Expenditure (Ksh million) 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 14.4 28 46.1 15.2 15.7 34.5 Use of Goods and Services 20.5 61.4 33.8 22.5 40 47.6 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 10 3.2 3.5 17 21 14.7 Other Recurrent ------Total 44.9 92.6 83.4 54.7 76.7 96.8

22 4.7.5 Athi Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 53 60 63 50 68 78 Use of Goods and Services 50 69 76 167 163 151 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 27 21 24 28 20 28 Other Recurrent 226 234 284 231 271 322 Total 356 384 447 477 522 579

4.7.6 Tana Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 50 15 20.6 46.6 11.1 18.3 Use of Goods and Services 23.6 6.5 10.3 20.6 15.9 23.6 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 40 250 480.6 37 220.3 371.5 Other Recurrent 76.4 53.6 36.4 58.8 42.1 35.4 Total 190 325 547.9 162.9 289.4 448.8

4.7.7 Tanathi Water Services Board- (The Water Board was carved out from Athi and Tana Water Services Boards during the Current FY and its past expenditures has been reflected under the two respective Boards). Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of ------Employees Use of Goods and ------Services Acquisition of Non------financial Assets Other Recurrent ------Total ------

4.7.8 Rift Valley Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 47 49 52 68 70 72.2 Use of Goods and Services 120 122 132 126 136.3 1 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 5 5.2 6 5 5.7 6.1 Other Recurrent ------Total 172 176.2 190 199 212 218

4.7.9 Lake Victoria North Water Services Board

23 Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 29 31 33 28 30.2 28.5 Use of Goods and Services 16 24 27 15 21.4 26.7 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 3 4 6 4 3.8 4.2 Other Recurrent 40 52 50 20 27 31 Total 89 111 116 68 82.4 90.4

4.7.10 Lake Victoria South Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 39 34 35 34.5 29.4 34.3 Use of Goods and Services 73 76.9 73.4 63.3 98.4 63.3 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 472.8 460.9 426.5 223.9 420.9 275.4 Other Recurrent 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 584.8 571.8 534.9 321.7 548.6 373

4.7.11 Northern Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 9.5 13.5 14 9.5 12.9 13.5 Use of Goods and Services 41.4 55.5 82.6 45 67.2 109.8 Acquisition of Non- financial Assets 13 228.8 368 7.6 12.4 14.5 Other Recurrent 5.6 13.5 17.4 4.9 10.5 16.2 Total 69.5 311.3 482 67 103 154

4.7.12 Coast Water Services Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 85 61 71 75 54 57 Use of Goods and Services 500 504 506 367 430.2 434.6 Acquisition of Non-financial Assets 10 8 10 21 6 3.7 Other Recurrent ------Total 595 573 587 464 490.2 495.3

4.7.13 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation

24 Budget Estimates(Ksh million) Actual Expenditure(Ksh million) 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 110 190 210 110 141 170.5 Use of Goods and Services ------Acquisition of Non-financial Assets ------Other Recurrent 30 90 114 30 120.6 111.6 Total 140 280 324 140 262 282

4.7.14 National Irrigation Board Budget Estimates Actual Expenditure 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 61.1 116.5 124 87.3 111.6 123 Use of Goods and Services 27.6 76.5 91 158.8 41.4 49 Acquisition of Non-financial Assets 326.5 405.3 420 126 303.5 474 Other Recurrent ------Total 415.2 598.3 635 372.1 556.5 646

4.7.15 Kenya Water Institute Budget Estimates(Ksh million) Actual Expenditure(Ksh million) 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Compensation of Employees 132 134 179 27 40 86 Use of Goods and Services 36 55 140 28 43 46 Acquisition of Non-financial Assets 95.3 78.9 37 6 47 8 Other Recurrent 0.08 0.08 1.2 0.08 0.08 1.1 Total 263.4 267.9 357.2 51 130 131.1

25 5.0 REVIEW OF PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS IN THE MINISTRY, 2005/06 – 2007/08

Summary of core poverty programs 2005/06- 2007/08

All Ministry programs are designated as core poverty programs for the impact they have on the population.

5.1 DEPARTMENT OF WATER SERVICES

All Ministry programs are designated as core poverty programs for the impact they have on the population.

Program Output Outcomes Total Expenditure by Category(Kshs. Millions) Name Estimated Recurrent Expenditure non- Development expenditure Program wage Cost 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/0 2007/08 7 1 Rural Water Construction & Additional 32.8 billion 320 352 408 114.5 572 825 Supplies rehabilitation of 334 1.1 million rural water schemes people \ served

2 Urban Water Construction, Additional 176.5 Billion 9.6 24.4 37 675 285.3 226 Supplies rehabilitation and 1.01 expansion of 8 urban million water supplies people served

26 Program Output Outcomes Total Expenditure by Category(Kshs. Millions) Name Estimated Recurrent Expenditure non- Development expenditure Program wage Cost 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/0 2007/08 7 3 Sewerage 10no. rehabilitated Increase 17.8 billion 3.7 2.6 10 58.6 141 112 Sewerage schemes sanitation coverage

4 NWCPC  172 dams & pans Increase 8.885 Billion 140 256 282 781 723 1795 constructed water  161 Boreholes availability Drilled for domestic and livestock use Increase water coverage

 Construction and Mitigate 1.835 billion 281 133 500 Desilting of 25km floods flood control dykes

27 SUMMARY OF OTHER PROGRAMS IN MINISTRY, 2005/06-2007/08

Water Sector  Formation Water 1.6billion 453 453 720 Reforms and capacity Sector building of institutions water sector operational institutions  Support to Trust fund and WSBs

5.1 WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT 2005/06 – 2007/08

28 Programme Sub-programme Output Outcome Total Expenditure by category(KShs in Millions) name name estimated cost Kshs.Mill ion Recurrent Expenditure non- Development wage Expenditure 2005/ 2006/ 2007/ 2005/ 2006/ 2007/ 06 07 08 06 07 08

Water 1. Managemen  Geotechnical  Development Resources t of surface survey standards of good 19.9 8.1 3.7 8.1 _ _ _ Management water, water for drilling and Boreholes and harvesting Ground water other water and special conservation conservation water structures structures. programmes  Gazetted and published policy Paper on water  Adequate storage long term water storage  Guidelines for for Hydrometric sustainable networks for development. monitoring nationwide river  Availability levels, of good discharges, Lake continuous Levels and Hydro- sediments in our meteorologica surface l data for . management and planning of both Water

Resources and Development purposes

 Reduced incidents of flood damages on the economy and lose of properties and lives.

2. Managemen  Developed  Reduced 802 30.3 20.2 24 713.3 7 7.2 t and guidelines to incidents of conservatio finalise Trans- conflicts on n of Trans- boundary policy shared water boundary document. between Water,  Reports on the countries ground Continuous water, and assessment and  Well managed rain water monitoring of trans- harvesting trans-boundary boundary water bodies water bodies.  Finalized reconnaissance  Develop and study for harmonize an Kilimanjaro equitable use aquifer of the shared  Policy on the Kilimanjaro promotion of aquifer groundwater development  Enhanced and investment proper ground water  Groundwater management resources and hydro-geological

map of Turkana  Increased and Marsabit development Districts (Vision of more 2030 flagship Ground water project) sources in the Turkana and  Rules and Marsabit Guidelines on Districts. Integrated Water Resources Management  Well managed water catchment to ascertain water resources availability

3. Water  Annual  Well managed 66.5 25.3 17 21.2 _ _ 3 Quality & Monitoring and National Pollution Evaluation water quality. Control reports under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme and ensuring the quality of water provided by WSP’s comply  Laboratory with the drinking services water standards improved by analyzing water samples.

 improved central water testing laboratory in Nyanza Provincial Laboratory

4. Water  Registration,  Control on 48.7 20.6 20 8.1 _ _ _ Rights renewal of illegal licenses and abstractions gazzetement of and ensure Water that only Professionals qualified and Water professionals Contractors carrying out the water  Acquisition of works. title deeds for the Ministry of Water and  Ensured legal Irrigation under ownership of their jurisdiction the land by by the 7 Water the respective Boards. Water Boards.

 9No. disputes  Ensured resolved and conflict 4No. Regional resolutions water courts set over the (Mombasa, available Embu, Nakuru water. and Nyeri).

34 5.1 IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE AND LAND RECLAMATION Program Output Outcomes Total Expenditure by Category(Kshs. Millions) Name Estimated Recurrent Expenditure non- Development expenditure Program wage Cost (Kshs. 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 millions) 1 Increasing 89 No. new Constructed 1877 hectares put 5,000 6.525 33.735 90.146 60.633 146.968 305.751 utilization Schemes under irrigation and of land Completion of 05/06 drainage 500 through Projects irrigation 22 No. Rehabilitated 1,073 hectares 310 and Schemes added. Drainage

2 Irrigation 120 investigation reports soil, hydrological 200 and prepared and topographical Drainage surveys technology 95 design reports farmers trained on 200 transfer, completed irrigation water research A total of 12,556 irrigation management 50 liaison and farmers trained training 85 new Irrigation Water The formation, 20 Users’ Associations registration and (IWUAs) training of IWUAs 13 staff trained- Conducted Professional 21.5 professional training, Collaboration, and networking with development partners 3 Regulation Draft Irrigation and Prepared 10

35 of the Drainage Act, Irrigation regional/national Irrigation & policy, sessional paper, and project proposals Drainage draft bill finalised. sector Mainstreaming HIV/ AIDS Workshops were 0.5 and Gender in the not held due to lack Irrigation sector of funds. 4 NIB Human Staff motivation for 132 no. staff in place 270 42.568 113.746 148.30 231.53 305.3 267.63 . resource effective and efficient requirements service 5 Rehabilitatio The schemes are operational 11,000 ha under 350 . n, Operation (Ahero, Bunyala, Bura, production with a and Mwea, Perkerra, West Kano gross value of 2 maintenance Billion 6 Expansion New area under irrigation - 12,500 ha of new 6,250 of new area Ahero, Bura, Bunyala(Lower area Nzoia) and Mwea 7 Integrated Draft LR Policy, Strategies Increased utilisation 4 3.497 4.782 36.594 7.902 22.146 39.302 ASALS and plans of degraded and Programme unutilised land for food security 1,500 Rain water Increased utilisation 9 harvesting structures of degraded and constructed unutilised land for food security 60,000 Tree seedlings 2 planted 760 Professionals and Increased utilisation 6 ASAL Communities of degraded and trained unutilised land for food security One ASAL Development Increased utilisation 6 technology/Innovation of degraded and developed through research unutilised land for food security

36 Analysis of Table 5.1

SUB-PROGRAMME 1: Increasing utilization of land through irrigation and Drainage

Description: Development, Expansion, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure in Kenya

SUB- PROGRAMME 2: Irrigation and Drainage technology transfer, research liaison and training

Description: Mobilizing resources and promoting efficiency in their Utilization and Institutional strengthening and capacity building.

SUB- PROGRAMME 3: Regulation of the Irrigation & Drainage sector

Description: The Ministry is in the process of reforming the irrigation and drainage sub-sector. Formulation of National irrigation policy and irrigation reforms has been initiated

Changes have occurred in expenditure composition of the programme in 2005/06- 2007/08 due to expansion of progrmame to the districts. The department also started implementation of food for Assets project (FFA) together with World Food Programme and Arid Land Resources Management Project. This has been accompanied by an increase in budgetary provisions to meet the extra cost of operations ii) Programmes Costs

It is important to note that achieving the Vision 2030 is a tall order as the issue of resources, financing of surveys, designs, civil works, personnel and declining water resources is not discussed. The irrigation sector requires about Kshs. 12.5 billion annually but has been allocated less than 400 million every year. iii) Trends in expenditure

In the past, financial investment in the sector by government, development partners, civil society and the private sector has been declining reflecting poor recognition of the potential benefits that could accrue from development of the sector. However, as from 2003/04, Government budgetary allocation for the sector has been on a steady increase then a decline. The same incremental trend applies for the development partner contributions. There are no funds set aside for the development of irrigation which exposes irrigation investment to competition for funds from other activities and high interest rates at the banks (see Table 5.1 below)

Stalled projects and Associated Costs.

As stated earlier, Community-based Smallholder Irrigation and the support sub- Programmes covering 121districts spread in all 8 Provinces in Kenya need at least Kshs. 2.5 billion annually. Since the Ministry has been allocating about Kshs. 300 million only per year, there is need give an initial boost of at least Kshs. 5 billion to the department and another Kshs. 5 billion to NIB

37 This goodwill will complete the formulation of National irrigation policy and irrigation reforms. At the same time development dams and construction of smallholders’ irrigation schemes to enable adequate storage of water will go on. Consolidation of various methods that will address the deficiencies which have hampered the development of irrigation in Kenya would be done. iv) Analysis of the outputs and outcomes related to these expenditures The department initiated the development and formulation of national land reclamation policy, which will bring coordination and coherence in implantation of programmes in land reclamation. A draft policy exists. The department also embarked on a number of feasibility studies to develop area based integrated ASAL programmes, in line with its expansion strategy. Four feasibility study reports have been undertaken,two of which, implementation has already started- in Kakuma/ Turkana and Dadaab/ Garissa. During this MPER period, a total of 1698 rain water harvesting and conservation structures have been constructed in ASAL areas of Turkana, West Pokot, and Baringo- comprising of bunds, micro- catchments, rock catchments, water pans and shallow wells. Three small scale irrigation schemes were completed in Kabulokor, Sandai, and Katilu Irrigation scheme- and the lands put into productive use. In addition, communities have been trained on various aspects of ASAL development. It is estimated that over 105 hactares of ASAL have been put into productive use for either fodder of crop farming through these interventions.

Weakness in programmes implementation The main weakness in programme implementation is staff shortage which has been compounded with insufficient facilities. All Ministry programs are designated as core poverty programs for the impact they have on the population.

Limited and delayed release of funds from the GOK

SIPMK is a Smallholder Irrigation Programme financed through bilateral cooperation between Germany Government and Kenyan Government though a private led agricultural Development Approach and Equity Bank is responsible for provision of credit Services to the farmers organization for development of Irrigation facilities for 6 Farmers groups. The project area covers four Districts/projects: Meru Central Now Imenti North- Kioru Giaki and NKabune Muguna Igoki, Meru South- Bwiru Mwanjati, Embu- Ena in Eastern province and Kirinyaga District- Kutus East irrigation and Kithumbu in Central Province within Mount Kenya Region.

The program is partly financed by Kfw (German Development Bank) The Government of Kenya and farmers. The funding arrangement to the farmers groups is a 50% grant of the investment amount and 50% is given as a loan. GOK was expected to contribute approx KSH 7.2 million as counterpart funds that are pegged (%) on the budget made available by the donor. Unfortunately this was not to be due to an error during the printing of 2007/08 Estimates

Sustainable Smallholder Irrigation Development in Central and Southern Kenya (SIDEMAN)

Following GOK-JICA agreement the following districts/projects: Kirinyaga- Kiarukungu, Mbeere-Kiambindu, Makueni-Kulwani, Loitokitok-Kisioki , and Narok South-Koseka were included in the Plan of Operation. (PO): Infrastructure development: Construct Irrigation infrastructure in 6 schemes and Undertake feasibility studies (2) Irrigation Water Users

38 Associations strengthening program. (3) Institutional capacity building (4) In-Country farmers training. (5) Yearly evaluations. Most of these activities are hampered because most of the donor funds go to recurrent technical assistance.

New Programmes to be initiated during 2009/10

1) A project on deflouridation of drinking water in Nakuru and Naivasha Districts. 2) Exploration of Water Sources for Northern Kenya Region 3) A project on Coping with Climate Change in Water Resources in Kenya in terms of time and space. 4) Identification and Mapping of all Key Water Catchment and setting rules against activities that degrade them. 5) Trans-boundary Water Policy. 6) Capacity Building/Training on accurate sitting of Ground Water and acquiring modern equipments to avoid drilling of dry wells. 7) Rehabilitation and equipping LVEMP Laboratory in Kisumu that was destroyed during post election skirmishes in January 2007 8) Ten area/District based ASAL integrated programmes will be initiated in 2009/10 in ten (10) more ASAL districts. This follows successful discussions with WFP who have already set aside a budget of Kshs 399,795,095 for 2009/10- 2011/12

6.0 Review of Pending Bills

Table 6.1: Summary of Pending Bills by Category (Kshs.) Description Due to lack of Liquidity Due to lack of Provision 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 Recurrent 0 59,687,255 55,793,972 153,000,000 283,511,142 0 Developmen 132,304,737 t 13,672,896 13,143,643 40,607,399 476,167,917 0 TOTAL 13,672,896 72,830,898 96,401,371 285,304,737 759,677,059

The total recurrent budget pending bill for 2007/08 was about Kshs 55.7 million which was mainly due to liquidity problems. The pending bill in the Development vote was mainly due to lack of liquidity issues. The ministry did not have pending bills that were due to lack of provisions mainly due to the full implementation of the IFMIS system. The pending bills have remained constant year over year and are mainly cause by the end of the year closure of the account books before payments are implemented.

Action taken to clear the bills The ministry continues to suffer perennial power cuts mainly due to pending bills. This can be attributed to the low revenue collections in the water supplies together with high electricity costs levied to the water supplies that use pumping method.

Recommendations on resolving pending bills There is need to develop a strategy to mitigate the effects of high electricity and fuel costs through improvement of technologies, efficient management of water supplies and reduction of unaccounted for water that go to waste amongst other measures.

39 7.0 Analysis of Ministry’s Outputs and Performance Indicators

Ministry’s Key Achievements and Performance Plan for the Medium Term

7.1a - DEPARTMENT OF WATER SERVICES

Function/Objective Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 1 Improved water  UFW  UFW reduced  UFW  Develop  Monitor  Monitor  Monit and sewerage reduced from 55% to 45% reduced from a framework Ufw Ufw or Ufw coverage from 65%  Draft 45% to 39% on unit cost nationally nationally nationally to 55% Investment plan  Pro-poor  Monitor  180 new  180 new  180  3 baseline prepared implementati Ufw water and water and new water reports on  Sewerage on plan nationally sanitation sanitation and water Design Manual prepared  180 new projects/reha projects/reha sanitation coverage & prepared  WARIS water and bilitation of bilitation of projects/re Access  156 new report on sanitation old ones old ones habilitatio prepared water and water and projects/reha  140  140 n of old  100 sanitation sanitation bilitation of boreholes to boreholes to ones new water projects/rehabilitati coverage old ones be drilled be drilled  140 and on of old ones finalized  140  160  160 boreholes sanitation  164 boreholes  244 new boreholes to small dams small dams to be projects/re drilled water and be drilled and water and water drilled habilitatio  189 small sanitation  160 pans pans  160 n of old dams and water projects/reha small dams  Rehabili  Rehabili small ones pans bilitation of and water tation of tation of dams and  188 old ones pans water water water pans Flood control and boreholes  172  Rehabili supplies and supplies and  Reha drainage drilled boreholes tation of sewerage sewerage bilitation  309 drilled water infrastructure infrastructure of water small  11km dykes  161 supplies and in26 medium in 26 supplies dams and rehabilitated small dams sewerage sized towns medium and water pans  13km of sand water infrastructure  Rehabili sized towns sewerage

40 Function/Objective Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012  7 KM drainage pans in 26 tation and  Rehabili infrastruct dykes canals  5 KM medium expansion of tation and ure in 26 rehabilitat constructed dykes sized towns Mzima expansion of medium ed  5.08 seepage rehabilitated  Rehabili pipeline Mzima sized  10 constructed  7 Km of tation and  Expansi pipeline towns Km of drainage expansion of on of  Expansi  Reha drainage canals Mzima infrastructure on of bilitation canals constructed pipeline in satellite infrastructure and constructe  Expansi towns around in satellite expansion d on of Nairobi, towns around of Mzima infrastructure Mombasa, Nairobi, pipeline in satellite Kisumu, Mombasa,  Expa towns around Kisii, Kisumu, nsion of Nairobi, Nakuru. Kisii, infrastruct Mombasa,  Expansi Nakuru. ure in Kisumu, on of water  Expansi satellite Kisii, and on of water towns Nakuru. sanitation in and around  Expansi the proposed sanitation in Nairobi, on of water resort cities. the proposed Mombasa, and  8km resort cities. Kisumu, sanitation in dykes  10km Kisii, the proposed rehabilitated dykes Nakuru. resort cities.  6.1Km rehabilitated  Expa  5.5km of drainage  7Km of nsion of dykes canals to be drainage water and rehabilitated constructed canals to be sanitation  6 Km of constructed in the drainage proposed canals resort constructed cities.

41 Function/Objective Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012   12km dykes to be rehabilitat ed  10Km of drainage canals to be constructe d

2 Provide policy Facilitated Facilitated the 4 sessional  Facilitated guidelines and the operations of Water papers prepared the enabling operations of Services Boards operations environment for Water of Water water services Services Services sector Boards Boards  Prepare pro- poor sanitation concept paper  Review and update sector investment plan

42 Function/Objective Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012  Revise water services master plan 3 Accelerated No action No action No action  Facilitate  Facilitate - - implementation of de-linking de-linking water sector of staff to of staff to reforms water sector water sector institutions institutions  Determine optimum number of Water Service providers in a board area 4 Mobilization of  Prepare 2  Prepare 2  Prepare 2  Prepare 2 resources proposals proposals proposals proposals for funding for funding for funding for by donors by donors by donors funding by donors

7.1b - DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

Function/Obj Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term ective 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 1 Policy Framework  Drafting of  Drafting of rules  Water - - - - rules and and Guidelines on Resources Guidelines on Integrated management Integrated  Water Resources rules gazetted. 43 Water Management 50% Resources done. Management initiated.  Drafting of rules  Trans-boundary and Guidelines on  First draft of the  Finalize and  Gazette and - Trans-boundary Water Guidelines National the publish the ready Trans-boundary Water Policy Water Policy Trans- National initiated. Document. boundary Trans- Water Policy boundary Document. Water Policy. - - -  Draft policy  Zero Draft  Final Draft document on the policy policy promotion document on document on development and the promotion the investigations of development promotion Ground Water and development investigations and of Ground investigation Water s of Ground Water - -  Preparation of  Zero draft Policy  Final Draft Policy Paper on Paper on Data policy Water and Information document on Resources Data Management Data and and Information Information Management Management initiated.  Gazette and  Zero Draft  Final Draft  Gazette and  Gazette and publish the document on document on Publish Flood publish the National Flood Flood mitigation mitigation National Ground water mitigation policy. policy. Ground Policy. policy. water Policy.

44 2 Sustainable  6No. Catchment  Gazette 4No.  Rehabilitate  Rehabilitate  Rehabilitate Management of Management Catchment two Water two Water two Water Water strategy reports Management catchment catchments catchment Resources ready and strategy reports towers towers towers 2No.gazetted

 200No.  Map and upgrade  Identify  Map and  Map and hydrometric 200 hydrometric 400No upgrade upgrade stations stations hydrometric 200No 200No identified for stations for hydrometric hydrometric mapping and mapping and stations stations upgrading. upgrading

 Annual report  Annual report on  Annual report  Annual  Annual report on status of status of Trans- on status of report on on status of Trans-boundary boundary Water Trans- status of Trans- Water Resources boundary Trans- boundary Resources Water boundary Water Resources Water Resources Resources

 Desk sturdy  Field survey on  Draft report  Final report  400No. River report on Kilimanjaro on on Gauging reconnaissance aquifer. reconnaissanc reconnaissan stations sturdy of e study of ce study of surveyed. Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro aquifer aquifer aquifer completed.

 Groundwater  Groundwater  Groundwate  Groundwater artificial recharge artificial r artificial artificial in one drainage recharge in recharge in recharge in basin 3No. drainage 4No. 5No. drainage basin drainage basins basins 3 Improve the  Annual  Annual M&E  Annual M&E  Annual M&E  Annual M&E  Annual  Annual M&E provision of M&E report report on WQM report on WQM report on WQM report on M&E report report on

45 water Quality on WQM Programme Programme Programme. WQM on WQM WQM and Pollution Programme Programme Programme Programme control

 Quarterly  Quarterly  Quarterly  Quarterly  Quarterly  Quarterly  Quarterly Surveillance Surveillance for Surveillance for Surveillance for Surveillance Surveillance Surveillance for WSP’s WSP’s WSP’s WSP’s for WSP’s for WSP’s for WSP’s

 7000 water  7000 water  7000 water  7000 water  7000 water  7000  7000 water samples samples samples samples analyzed samples samples samples analyzed. analyzed analyzed. analyzed. analyzed analyzed.

Purchase of  Rehabilitation of various the damaged  Purchase of  Installation  Hydrology and LVMP laboratory modern of the Geophysical in Kisumu;8 LVEMP modern equipments. office rooms,6 Laboratory LVEMP laboratory equipments laboratory rooms,1 and reagents. equipments. instrumentation room, 2 toilets and 2 kitchen rooms

 Baseline survey on Deflouridation of drinking water  Preliminary  Preliminary  Installation of in Nakuru, study on report on the Deflouridation Baringo and Deflouridatio selected Plants/Unit; Naivasha n of drinking sites 113No. in Districts. water in Baringo,38No. Nakuru, In Baringo and Nakuru,21No. Naivasha In Naivasha. Districts.

 Baseline  Preliminary  Preliminary

46 survey on sturdy on report on the Exploration Exploration water sources of water of water in Northern sources for sources for Kenya Region. Northen Northern Kenya Kenya Region Region 4 Ensured Capacity 50% Surface water, 75% Surface water,  All available data Acquire modern Anual Surface Anual Surface improved building on Ground water and Ground water and computerized equipments for water, Ground water, Ground Management computerizing Water Quality Water Quality  Water resources Data analysis, water and Water water and Water hard copy data hardcopy data hardcopy data Management quality control Quality hardcopy Quality hardcopy and Access to done with about computerized. computerized strategy report and information data data computerized Water 12No. Officers posted on the dissemination. computerized Resources trained. Ministry’s information website.

7.1C - IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE AND LAND DEVELOPMENT

Key Achievements and performance plan for the medium term

Function/Objective Key Achievements/Milestones Planned Performance Targets for the Medium Term 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 To Increase the 1 current area under irrigation from 7,640 Ha 8,995ha 2,565ha 30,000ha 40,000ha 50,000ha 70,000 Ha 110,000ha to 245,000ha 2 To Improve and increase area under 5,272 Ha 10,545ha 21,090ha 32,634ha 70,298ha 70,000ha 70,000Ha drainage 30,000ha to 207,000ha 3 Regulation, 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 100% Resources, IDMIS & computerisation Management of irrigation systems

4 Rehabilitation and - 7 No. pumps 2 No 2 No. - -

47 maintenance of Public irrigation and - 400Km canals 400Km 450Km 500Km 500Km drainage Schemes - 50 No. gates 50 50 50 50

- 35 M river protection 50 50 50 50 works

- grading of 190 Km roads 200 200 200 200 Capacity building for 900 No. 1000 1000 1000 1000 NIB farmers Extension and - -Detailed design 500 ha 1000 ha 1000 ha development of NIB for combined schemes Ahero and West Kano

- Detailed design for Lower Nzoia 500 ha 2000ha 1000ha Irrigation Project

- Detailed Design for gravity water 500ha 1000ha 2,000ha supply to Bura Development of new Irrigation 10,000ha 10,000ha 10,000ha National schemes Masterplan 7 Facilitate production - -Produced and -Produced and planted -Produce and 150,000 200,000 250,000 No. tree and planting of planted 30,000 No. 60,000 No. tree seedlings plant No. tree No. tree seedlings seedlings in ASALS tree seedlings 100,000No.tree seedlings seedlings seedlings

8 Integrated ASALS - Rain water 1,511 1,600 2,000 2,500 3,000 Programme harvesting structures constructed 47 No - Initiated Developed Draft LR Policy Finalised LR Implement M&E Implement M&E Implement M&E development of LR Policy Policy, Strategies and plans - 600 Professionals 1,076 1,170 13,000 1,600 2,000 and ASAL

48 Communities trained

49 Notes on Ministry’s alignment of Programmes with the Economic pillar of Vision 2030 and review of the MTP 2008-2012

Vision 2030: “Utilize land more efficiently by putting an additional 1,000,000 Ha under crops” This can only happen when the country exploits the ASALs and bring an additional 600,000- 1,000,000 Ha under cultivation. The Irrigation strategic plan covers a five-year period in which IDD will carry out and possibly achieve its objectives. The Vision 2030 on the other hand covers 23 year period broken in 5-year Medium-Term plans. In order to facilitate implementation, a framework has been developed by IDD showing the important elements of the action plan. IDD’s objectives as a contribution to overall national goals of poverty alleviation, food security, economic growth and sustainable development are the following:  To increase the area under irrigation development by 10,000ha per year.  To increase the area under drainage development by 8,000ha per year.  To increase the sustainability of the irrigated and drained areas by the year 2012.  To increase the irrigation water productivity of the irrigated and drained areas to optimum levels by the year 2012.  10,000 ha of the annual target of 20,000ha earmarked for annual irrigation development as per the Vision 2030 will be done through public and private irrigation schemes

2,000 ha of the annual target of 10,000ha earmarked for annual drainage development as per the Vision 2030 will be done through public and private irrigation schemes.

8.0 Human Resource Development

Personnel Changes The Key Personnel changes were initiated during the various re-organizations of the Water Sector under the Water Act 2002.

The Act required that the Ministry of Water and Irrigation divests from direct Management of Water Resources and provision of Water Services and retain the role of policy formulation coordination and direction. The Water Resources Management and Water Services Provision were to be the hands of the Institution created by the Act.

According to the transfer plan gazetted in the year 2005, the Government was to reduce support to these Institutions annually up to the year 2008, when they would be autonomous State Corporations. The government therefore, transferred the said functions and staff handling the functions was seconded to the Institutions.

In the context of reforming the Ministry, changes have taken place in the organizational structures and staffing levels due to the following:

i. Natural attrition  Normal Retirement  Deaths  Voluntary Early Retirement ii. New appointments iii. Transfers  Incoming

50  Out going iv. Resignations v. Dismissals vi. Trading in of posts in some Departments

Constraints to Service Delivery Stagnation This is caused by:-  Lack of clear guidelines on career progression – has seen inadequate fewer posts being created in higher ranks than demand - This has led to members of staff in lower job groups stagnate for many years.  The length of service required to qualify to move to the next grade as required by the scheme of service  Failure by individual officers to apply when posts are applied  On going reforms in the Water Sector  Concentration on Water Reforms and improving provision of Water Services to members of the public has left little room for staff welfare  Budget allocation Inadequate budget allocation for training working tools and sensitization workshops.  Lack of legal framework There is no legal framework to address the issue of reward and sanctions

Efforts being undertaken to combat HIV/AIDS issues in the ministry

Efforts 1. The Ministry held five (5) workshops on behavioural Change Communication on HIV/AIDS 2. 160 staff were trained on basic counselling skills dealing with HIV/AIDS 3. 20 Condom Dispensers were procured and distributed to some of our District Water Offices 4. Distributed 10,000 condoms to both Ministry Headquarters and District Water offices 5. Hold one worlds AIDS Day where VCT was carried out 6. Printed and distributed over 100,000 assorted literatures on HIV/AIDS 7. Purchased and distributed 1000 T/Shirts, Caps and Umbrellas as HIV/AIDS advocacy 8. Counselled 26 members of staff some with their spouses.

51 9.0 Progress on the implementation of 2007 MPER

The ministry’s activities are operating under a strategic plan and work plans to ensure efficiency in service delivery and effective management of expenditures. The Ministry budget estimates are now worked and based on the priority areas and core activities of the Ministry under the MTEF guidelines as well as the Interim water Sector Investment Plan that has been developed.

The table below summarises the recommendations made during the 2007 Ministerial Public Expenditure Review and the actions taken to implement the recommendations.

MPER 2007 RECOMENDATIONS ACTION TAKEN TO DATE 1 Improve on efficiency and timely delivery Restructuring of the water sector as per the water of services to the general public act 2002 has led to improved quality of services in the water sector. The reforms started are continually being undertaken to ensure effective service provision.

2 Strengthen the monitoring and evaluation The Ministerial Monitoring and evaluation unit to ensure efficient projects and committee was formed and undertook M& E programmes implementation activities. The committee was also trained in readiness for NIMES 3 Finalise the sector investment plan to guide The final sector investment plan is ready and investment in the sector implementation started in the 2008/09 though the budget funds not adequate. 4 Management of droughts and floods in the Rehabilitation of dykes and dredging of rivers country through the development of done but not fully or adequately. For the long term measures, catchments management strategies for the six catchments regions completed and the process to development sub catchments management plan in place. 5  Ministry of Finance to assist the  Some pending bills cleared but strategy not yet Ministry in developing a strategy to developed clear and settle all the pending bills  All water services boards and the Water emanation from utility bill services providers are required to become  introduce measures to strengthen sustainable in the medium term and be able to expenditure control to avoid any pay for their operations and maintenance cost recurrence of pending bills in utilities  Revision of tariffs to reflect the cost of supplying water is being undertaken 6  Improving old and dilapidated  Undertaken but the pace of rehabilitation and infrastructure to be able to meet the expansion slow of the water and irrigation current the current water supply infrastructure still slow due to limited demands budgetary resources  Expand water supplies

 The intended expansion and rehabilitation of water facilities in the country will be undertaken as per the investment plan

52 1. Funding – despite the reforms in the water sector, sufficient funds were not allocated to accomplish the 2007 MPER recommendations. This is because of over depending on the old infrastructure.

2. Staff transfers to other Water Service Providers Institutions - this has been a challenge in dealing with the logistical issues and post retirement funding of the staff.

10.0 Implementation of 2008 MPER Recommendations

Recommendations Action Time Frame Cost Who to take Action Complete the Transfer of staff to 2 Years HRM delinking of staff water sector absorbed in the institutions sector institutions Capacity building Train 40% of TNA 3 Years Kshs.40Million HRM for the water sector Sustaining the Support the new 3-5 Years Kshs.0.5 Billion DWS, HRM New water water institutions institutions for O&M and staff issues Complete the prepare inventories 3Years Kshs.60Million DWS Transfer of assets of assets for all the to new water new water sector institutions institutions Proper and Undertake a study 2 Years Kshs. 30 Million DWS efficient of optimum management of number of WSPs Water Service within a board area Providers(WSPs) nationally and implement recommendations of the survey Augmentation and  Expand 5 Years Kshs.10 Billion DWS rehabilitation of ,rehabilitate water services and maintain infrastructure the water services infrastructure  Review and update the water sector investment plan Sustaining  Upgrading of 5Years Kshs.150 DID&WS Management of the National Million Water resources Water Database and adapting it to

53 standardized collections methods  Implementation of water quality monitoring programmes  Develop methodologies and systems for managing trans-boundary waters  Implementation of hydrological surveys and ground water use audits  Implementation of ground water development Development,  Develop, 5 Years Kshs.15 Billion DID&WS expansion and expand, rehabilitation of the rehabilitate, irrigation and maintain infrastructure irrigation and drainage infrastructure  Finalize Irrigation and Drainage policy and initiate irrigation reforms 2 Years Kshs.40Million DID &WS  Develop and implement Irrigation and Drainage Management Information System

54 11.0 Challenges and Constraints

In spite of the major achievements that have been realized in the past six years of implementing the reforms in the water and sanitation sector, major challenges still remain. Among these challenges are:

i. Old water, sanitation and irrigation infrastructure: Most of the water, sanitation and irrigation infrastructure in the country were constructed a long time ago and have outlived their design life. In addition, the population increases have made these schemes inadequate in provision of the intended services to the population.

ii. Staff Issues: The balancing of staff numbers and achieving sustainability of established institutions remains an issue. The staff issue is being tackled with a view to working out optimum numbers that the sector can currently support and offloading the remaining staff to other institutions within and without the sector. The final result will be a proper division of staff between all the institutions including the Ministry headquarters.

iii. Sustainability of the New Institutions: In the long term all the boards are required to be sustainable. However, in the short and medium term (3-5 years), the Government will have to support some of the boards especially in as far as O&M funds are concerned, critical areas being payment of electricity and purchase of chemicals. In a few of the boards, support in payment of staff salaries will be required.

iv. In case of the Water Resources Management Authority, due to the importance the institution has in preserving the quality and quantity of the natural resource, water, support will continue for O&M up to the long term. However, as soon as the population comes to understand that water has both a social and economic value tied to it then the support to the institution will start to come down as it becomes self sustaining.

v. Transfer of Assets: The division of assets that were hitherto owned by the Ministry between the water services and the water resources institutions still has to be carried out. The preparation of asset registers for all the facilities in the water institutions has started and is expected to be finalised in the medium term period. This is part and parcel of activities that have to be undertaken to finalize the transfer process.

vi. Operations of Water Service Providers (WSPs): The efficient and sustainable operation of water service providers is becoming an issue. The WSPs are the face of the water sector and the quality of their services reflects on the whole sector as a whole as they provide the end product in the water sector. Whereas these WSPs require to have their water supplies rehabilitated, the issue of governance in management of the water companies is cropping up. For better provision of services, these institutions should be run and managed efficiently. vii. Persistent droughts and other natural disasters: The country’s weather is cyclic with adverse climate changes causing droughts and floods that affect the lives of the people together with their livestock. Policies and measures need to be developed to provide early warning systems and mitigation measures to prevent the perennial loss of life and livelihoods. viii. National irrigation policy and irrigation reforms: the policy has not been finalised. At

55 the same time, Guidelines on Irrigation water Users Associations (IWUAs) have been developed. Inadequate infrastructure development for irrigation and drainage including water storage facilities. Inadequate irrigation and drainage support services (access roads, cooling centers, markets, market information, research, extension, training, credit etc) leading to high production costs and slow irrigation and drainage expansion.

ix. Management of Water Resources: Many of the water catchment areas have been degraded thus affecting the quality and adequacy of water resources. Uncoordinated and over abstraction of water due to poor enforcement of water allocations has also affected the management of water resources. This has brought about intense competition and water use conflicts amongst groups of water user communities, irrigation users and other users..

x. Water Scarcity Renewable fresh water per capita stands at 647 cubic meters and is projected to fall to 235 cubic meters by 2025 if supply does not keep up with population increase. There are also regional imbalances in water availability and utilisation that must also be addressed. Highland areas, the Coast and the Lake Region have better water access than the ASAL districts. The state of existing water supply system will be upgraded to address the high unaccounted for water (currently estimated at 50 per cent) and improve customer satisfaction especially in urban areas. The distances to the nearest water points pose a challenge particularly to women and girls who bear the responsibility of fetching water. Most time is spent on this activity hence compromising the girls’ education and time for other productive activities for the women.

xi. Water Security Provision of water throughout the year presents a major challenge. Inadequate water harvesting is responsible for regional imbalance in water security with some parts of the country having a lot of water during rainy seasons and little or no water during dry periods. The challenges are further compounded by extreme climatic changes that cause flooding and immense negative impact on both the social and economic fronts. xii. Water Catchment management Deforestation has caused severe degradation of the country’s main water towers. This has led to reduced flows in a number of rivers thereby disrupting water and electricity supply. xiii. Water quality The quality of water has deteriorated overtime due to a number of factors such as increased commercial farming activities, rapid industrialisation and laxity in law enforcement. In most cases effluents and chemical waste from various sources are discharged directly into water bodies. xiv. Infrastructure development Poor physical planning in urban areas, coupled with the proliferation of unplanned settlements, is challenge to the provision of safe drinking water. As stated earlier, water coverage will be increased through investment in infrastructure, rehabilitation and construction of new water supplies and more efficient management of available water. In addition, an estimated 60 per cent of water is unaccounted for. This problem will be addressed under the Medium Term Plan. xv. Monitoring of Resources

56 Currently, water resource monitoring covers only 30 per cent of the total estimated available supply. This constrains effective water resource planning and management. In the plan period, relevant capacity for monitoring trends in water flows and abstraction will be given priority.

12.0 CONCLUSIONS The overall goal of the Ministry is efficiency and timely delivery of services to the general public. As the newly established institutions under the water reforms take firm root, the Ministry has shed off staff to these organisations. The reforms initiatives have seen a number development partners joining the water sector and pledging support in the rehabilitation and construction of water supply schemes. This will see more Kenyans gaining access to safe drinking water in the very near future.

In ensuring the Ministry projects implementation is in line with the budget provision and projects objectives/work plan, the Ministry is in the final stages of developing a Strategic Plan and is in the process of establishing the Ministry’s Monitoring and Evaluation Unit to take the responsibility of tracking Ministry’s public expenditures.

The Ministry relies on manual retrieval of data, making data retrieval difficult and its use sometimes unreliable for an optimal public expenditure review. In the current liberalized Information Technology and Communication (ITC) environment, it is imperative that the Ministry adjusts itself to meet the rising demand for data and information, to respond to the changing needs of the users and improve on the methodologies used in processing and generating data and information.

The Ministry faces some constraints in project implementation. These include:- limited and delayed exchequer releases of cash/funds to the district treasuries; insufficient GoK funds for maintenance and operations (O&M) costs; staff shortages as a result of the rationalization programme; poor and lack of monitoring and evaluation of projects mechanisms; weak and slow expenditure reporting systems; and inability of projects beneficiaries to sustain project activities.