Q. 2. Which River Is Known As River of Sorrow? Why?

INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR CLASS: X

Chapter – 3 WATER RESOURCES Perennial Canals: Canals developed by diverting water from rivers that flow throughout the year.

Drip Irrigation:- A type of irrigation were water gets dropped in the form of drops near theroots of the plant mainly to conserve the moisture. Inundation Canal:- Canal meant for diverting flood waters mainly during the rainy season. Rainwater harvesting:- It is a technique developed to store the rainwater, river water or groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater, by constructing structures such as percolating pits, check dams etc. to meet the needs of the population. Q.1. State the factors responsible for the bad quality of water.Ans. i). Pollution of water bodies by discharge of industrial effluents. ii) Use of fertilizers, pesticides in agricultural effluents. Q. 2. Which river is known as River of sorrow? Why? Ans. River Damodar is known as Sorrow of Bengal for its fury of floods. Q. 3. Why are multipurpose projects developed after independence? Ans.i) Multipurpose projects have been developed after Independence with the objective of integrated water resource management approach that would lead to the development and progress of the nation. ii). It would help in the development of agriculture and the village economy. iii). Rapid industrialization. iv). Growth of the urban economy. v). Promotion of tourism which will contribute to foreign exchange. Q. 4. State the main objectives of traditional dams. Ans. Dams were traditionally built to stop rainwater and to impound rivers to provide water for irrigating the fields. Q. 5. How is fresh water obtained? Ans. The fresh water id obtained from precipitation, surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.

Q.6. What is water scarcity? Mention any four factors responsible for water scarcity. Ans. Shortage of water as compared to its demand or water scarcity is a situation wherein adequate quantity of water is not available to meet its requirements in different uses . Factors responsible:- i ) Overexploitation of water resources. ii) Improper management. iii) Unequal access of water among different social groups. iv) Industrialization and urbanization Q. 7 “Overpopulation or large and growing population can lead to water scarcity.” Explain. Ans. i ). More population means more demand for water. ii). A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. iii). To facilitate higher food grain production, water resources are being overexploited to expand the irrigated areas and dry season agriculture. iv). Overutilization of water results in lowering of the groundwater levels.

Q.8. ‘Large multipurpose projects also leads to land degradation. Explain.

1 Ans. i). Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive crops. This has lead to the salinisation of the soil. ii). Regulating and damming of rivers affect the natural flow of rivers causing poor sediment flow. iii). Due to the dams, the flood plains are deprived of silt. iv). Multipurpose projects induce pollution which leads to land degradation. Q. 9. How is industrialization responsible for water scarcity? Explain. Ans. i). The ever increasing number of industries has made matter worse by exerting pressure on the existing freshwater resources. ii). Industries need power which is produced from water. The power is produced by the multi-purpose projects. iii). Industries are also responsible for making water hazardous for human use. Q. 10. How had the growing population, industrialization and urbanization lead to water scarcity? Explain. Ans. i). Growing population:- Growing population is one of the basic factors which is responsible for the scarcity of water. Most of our cities are facing this problem due to overpopulation. A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. ii). Commercialization of agriculture:- After the success of green revolution, our farmers are producing commercial crops. The commercial crops need more water and other inputs. Assured means of irrigation like tube wells and wells are responsible for the falling groundwater levels. iii). Industrialization :- The post independent India witnessed intensive industrialization and urbanization. Today, large industrial houses are common in the form of industrial units of many MNCs. The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on the existing freshwater resources. iv). Urbanization :- Urbanization has also aggravated the problem of water scarcity. Most of our cities are over-populated. Overpopulation leads to over utilization of the water resources, and also pollutes the existing resources. Q. 11. Why is there a need to conserve water resources? Ans. i) Water is necessary for life on earth. It is believed that life first originated in water before in invaded land. Water is in fact a pre-condition of life. ii) Cultivation of crops depends on the availability of water. Water dissolves minerals and other nutrients in the ground. The roots of the plants draw this nutritious water from the soil. India is an agricultural country, so availability of water is a must. iii) Water is also important for industry. Its main function is for cooling. iv) Water is also used for drinking and domestic consumption. The growing urbanization with its modern lifestyle has been demanding a greater share of water day by day. Q.12.Distinguish between a dam and a multipurpose project. Ans. i). A dam is a barrier across the flowing water that obstructs, dissects or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir lake or an impoundment. ii). It is a traditional concept. Multipurpose project i). A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time, for example irrigation generation of electricity, flood control, fish breeding, soil conservation, etc. ii). It is a modern concept.

Q.13. Why multipurpose river valley projects are called the new temples of Modern India?

2 Ans. i).Generation of power (Electricity) :- These multipurpose projects are the main source of power generation. They provide us neat, pollution free and cheapest energy which is the backbone of industry and agriculture. ii) Flood Control:- These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them. These projects have converted many rivers of sorrows into rivers of boon. iii). Soil conservation:- These conserve the soil because they slow down the speed of water. iv). Irrigation :- These projects are the main source of irrigation for our country. These irrigate the fields during the dry seasons. Many perennial canals have been dug and they irrigate dry areas. v)Tourism Q. 14 . How may the multipurpose river projects become harmful for the country? Explain with four examples. Ans. i). Adverse effect on the fertility of the soil:- Due to construction of dams, there are no annual floods in the river. And because of this, the soil of the downstream region does not get nutrient rich silt. This decreases the fertility of the soil. ii). Adverse impact on aquatic life:- Due to construction of dams on the rivers, the fish in the downstream area do not get sufficient nutrients material. Regulating and damming of rivers affect the natural flow of water causing poor sediment flow of downward, and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of reservoir. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate for spawning i.e., to produce eggs. iii ) Displacement of local communities:- The building of large dams results in displacement of local communities. The local people often have to give up their land and livelihood and their meagre (scant in amount) access and control over resources for the greater food of the nation. iv) Change in the cropping pattern:- Multipurpose projects are responsible for providing assured means of irrigation to farmers. Due to this, most of farmers have changed the cropping pattern shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has lead to salinization of soil leading to ecological imbalance. v) Interstate Water Dispute: River Yamuna among Delhi, Haryana and UP. The Krishna Godavari dispute is based on the Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Cauvery basin is an interstate basin covering areas in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kairakal region of Puducherry. Ravi-Beas dispute between Haryana and Punjab Q. 15. Write a short note on Narmada Bachao Andolan. Ans. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement initiated by environmentalists, farmers, tribal people and human rights activists against the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river in Gujarat. It has become a controversial issue due to the problems in the form of displacement of local people, loss of livelihood, floods, deforestation, etc. Q. 16 . Distinguish between Surface water and ground water. Ans. Surface Water i). Water available on the earth’s surface in the form of river, streams, lakes and ponds. ii). Quantity of surface water varies from time to time and from place to place as it s prone to evaporation and depends on rainfall. iii). It is most easily available water which can be used for irrigation, power generation, navigation etc. Ground Water i). . Water seeped through the permeable rocks and is accumulated over a period of time. ii). This water remains as a store house as it is not prone to evaporation. iii). Groundwater is tapped through wells and tubewells or springs and can be used for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes. Q. 17 . Define the term rainwater harvesting. State any five objectives of rainwater harvesting.

3 Ans. Rainwater harvesting is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater by constructing structures, such as dug wells, percolation pits, check dams. The objectives of rainwater harvesting are:- 1. To meet the increasing demand. 2 . To reduce run-off. 3. To avoid flooding of roads. 4. To raise groundwater level. 5 .To improve the quality of groundwater. Q. 18. Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. Ans. In Semi-arid regions of Rajasthan every house had underground tankas to store the water for drinking purposes. These tankas are large and deep which were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were linked to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rainwater falling on the rooftops would run down through a pipe and stored in the underground tankas. The rainwater collected, is stored in the tankas providing drinking water till the neat rainy season, when all other sources are dried up, these tankas were beneficial to beat the summer heat as they keep the rooms cool. The rainwater or palar pani as commonly known in these parts is considered the purest form of natural water. Q. 19. Mawsynram is the region of highest rainfall, yet it faces acute shortage of water. Why? Ans. Mawsynram faces acute shortage of water as the rainwater harvested is inadequate to meet the needs of the people .It is a rocky area, due to steep slope there is a rapid runoff. As such there is no percolation of water below the ground level. Q.20. Describe how modern adaptation of traditional rainwater harvesting methods is being carried out to conserve & store water? OR Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both socio-economically and environmentally in a country like India ? Various Methods Of Rain Water Harvesting: In the mountainous regions people construct diversion channels called ‘gul’ for agri. As seen in West. Himalayas. In the flood plains of Bengal inundation channels are constructed to irrigate the fields. In Rajasthan rooftop rainwater harvesting technique is adopted to collect drinking water. In Jaisalmer and other parts of semi arid Rajasthan people use the technique of developing agricultural fields into rain fed storage structures. This allows the water to stand and moisten the soil. Such structures are called ‘khadins’ and ‘johad’. In Bikaner Phalodi and Barmer all houses have underground tanks called tankas in which water was stored for drinking. these tankas had water which could last for 3 to 5 years. In Rajasthan Palar pani or rainwater is the purest form of natural water. Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting like ‘the rooftop method’ are becoming popular in India. In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method, thereby making the village rich in rainwater. The state of Tamil Nadu has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures. Defaulters are severely punished.

4 IMPORTANT MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS IN INDIA: BENEFICIARY NAME RIVER USES STATES Damodar valley Damodar JH, WB Flood control, irrigation, distribution of electricity. Bhakra Nangal Satluj PUN, HAR, RAJ Hydel Power production, irrigation Hirakud Mahanadi ORISSA Conservation of water, flood control Kosi Kosi BIHAR Soil conservation, vegetation Chambal Valley Chambal MP, RAJ. Hydel Power production, irrigation, Soil conservation Tungabhadra Tungabhadra KAR, AN.P Flood control, irrigation, Nagarjuna Krishna ANP Irrigation, Sagar Narmada Valley Narmada GUJ, MP, RAJ. Indira Gandhi Beas, Satluj PUNJAB, Irrigation Canal(Rajastha HARYANA, n Canal) RAJASTHAN Rihand Rihand UP, MP Farraka Barrage Ganga WB Tehri Dam Bhagirathi UTTARANCHAL.