Host Range- Feed on Fruits and Vegetable Plants, Flowers, and Shade Trees

Tree Disorders

1. Aphids: soft pear shaped very thin (1/16 to 3/8 inch long) have long antennae. Some have wings. Host Range- feed on fruits and vegetable plants, flowers, and shade trees. Life Cycle-Reproduce like there is no tomorrow. Damage to trees- birch, oak, beech, maple, elm, linden, tulip poplar and spruce Both adults and nymphs suck sap out of trees which causes distortion of the leaves, buds, branch tips and flowers.

1. Scale: About 8,000 species. Parasites of plants and trees, vary dramatically in appearance. - Adult female scales are almost immobile (aside from the mealybugs) and permanently attached to the plant they have parasitized. Secrete a waxy like substance that acts as protection ( looks like scales) this is where is gets its name from.

2. Gypsy Moth: Lymantria dispar Of Eurasian origin. Introduced to north America in the late 1860’s also known as the Asian Gypsy Moth. Eggs are laid on branches of trees and mature over the cold winter. The longer the winter stays cold the shorter period of warm it takes for the gypsy larvae to hatch.

3. Douglas Fir Tussock Moth: major defoliator of fir trees. Weakens the trees who are eventually then killed by bark beetles. Affects the Douglas fir, White fir, and Grand fir. As the larvae progresses it eats more and the tree adopts a dead twig look.

4. Spruce Budworm: The highly destructive larva of a tortricid moth (Choristoneura fumiferana) of the northern United States and southern Canada that feeds on the needles, buds, and branch tips of spruce, fir, and other forest conifers. In Colorado, they most commonly infest Douglas-fir and white fir. Occasionally, they also attack Engelmann spruce, blue spruce and subalpine fir. Quick Facts...  Western spruce budworms are the most important tree defoliators in the West.  Budworm larvae eat the new growth of host trees.  Douglas-fir is the favored host in Colorado.  Budworm has a one-year life cycle.  Budworm control measures usually are conducted in June.

5. Spider Mite: (mite) family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,600 species. They generally live on the under sides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and they can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed. Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plant. Quick Facts...  Spider mites are common plant pests. Symptoms of injury include flecking, discoloration (bronzing) and scorching of leaves. Injury can lead to leaf loss and even plant death.  Natural enemies include small lady beetles, predatory mites, minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs and predatory thrips.  One reason that spider mites become a problem is insecticides that kill their natural predators.  Irrigation and moisture management can be important cultural controls for spider mites.

Cicada: There are about 2,500 species of cicada around the world, and many remain unclassified. Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where they are among the most widely recognized of all insects, mainly due to their large size and remarkable acoustic talents. Cicadas are often colloquially called locusts,[1] although they are unrelated to true locusts, which are a kind of grasshopper. They are also known as "jar flies" and, regionally, as July flies[2] in the Southeastern United Statas , and as "heat bugs"

Cicadas have a long proboscis under their head that they use for feeding on tree sap, and if they attempt to inject it into a person's body it can be painful, but is in no other way harmful. This sting is not a defensive reaction and should not be mistaken for aggression; it is extremely uncommon, and usually only happens when they are allowed to rest on a person's body for an extended amount of time. have an extremely long life cycle of 13 to 17 years adult insect, sometimes called an imago

Leaf Spot: are round blemishes found on the leaves of many species of plants, mostly caused by parasitic fungi or bacteria.A typical spot is "zonal", meaning it has a definite edge and often has a darker border. When lots of spots are present, they can grow together and become a blight or a blotch. Fungal spots are usually round or free-form in shape.In most cases, leaf spots are considered to be only a cosmetic problem, but they can have economic effects on nurseries or in floriculture Beetles: About 40% of all described insect species are beetles (about 400,000 species[2]), and new species are frequently discovered.

For example, beetles in the family Coccinellidae ("ladybirds" or "ladybugs") consume aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Wood borer: The term woodboring beetle encompasses many species and families of beetles whose larval or adult forms eat and destroy wood (i.e., are xylophagous). Larval stages of some are commonly known as woodworms economically important beetles that feed on cambium layer or wood of living or recently killed trees and shrubs

Wildlife/livestock damge : Power Point On Thumbdrive !!!!

Needle Cast: Needle cast is a broad group of fungal diseases that cause conifers to shed needles. The symptoms of needle cast first appear on needles as light green to yellow spots, which eventually turn red or brown. Growth of the fungal pathogen from the spots on the needle will cause the death of the entire needle. This shedding of needles can be more serious to conifers than losing leaves is to deciduous hardwoods. There are over 40 kinds of needle casts in North America.

Control

 Cut and remove severely infected trees.  Remove and destroy live, infected branches on stumps of harvested trees.  Shear healthy plantations before diseased plantings to prevent movement of fungal spores from diseased to healthy trees.  Do not shear infected foliage during wet weather.  Remove weeds from the plantation to promote better air movement.  Remove old Scots pine windbreaks.  Apply fungicides, if needed. Fungicide use may be warranted on some highly susceptible, short-needled Scots pine types growing in moist locations. Often, only pockets of trees in shaded or north slope sites need preventive fungicides. During disease susceptible periods, apply sprays at two- to three-week intervals. See below for fungicides and application timing: Sawfly: Sawflies are a group of insects related to wasps and bees. Their name is derived from the saw-like ovipositor the adult female uses to lay eggs. Adult sawflies are inconspicuous wasp-like insects that do not sting. The larval or immature stage of sawflies are plant feeders and look like hairless caterpillars (the immature stage of butterflies and moths). The most distinguishing character between sawflies and caterpillars is the number of prolegs (fleshy, leg-like projections) on the abdomen. Caterpillars have 2-5 prolegs on the abdomen (Fig. 1), while sawflies have 6 or more (Figs.5,11). Sawflies often feed in groups and can quickly defoliate portions of their host plant.

Air Pollution: The main gaseous air pollutants that injure trees are sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and oxidants. Sulfur dioxide comes mostly from burning coal and oil to generate electricity. It also is produced in smelting ores that contain sulfur and in manufacturing sulfur products.Fluorides are produced by processing aluminum ore, manufacturing phosphate fertilizer and processing stone.The oxidants are formed in the atmosphere from chemical reactions powered by sunlight. The oxidants that cause the most tree damage are ozone and PAN (Peroxyl Acetyl Nitrate). They are produced mostly from industrial and auto emissions, Canker: Cankers are dead sections of bark on branches or main trunks of trees. Bark may be killed by mechanical injuries or by plant pathogens, especially fungi and bacteria. Most plant pathogens are unable to penetrate bark directly but will quickly colonize wounded tissue. Canker diseases may cause extensive damage to trees when they kill all of the bark in a particular area, thus girdling a branch or main stem. Girdling results in death of all parts of the plant above the canker. If the trunk is affected, the entire plant may die. Butt or Heart Rot: Heart rot disease in living trees is caused by fungi which have entered the tree through open wounds and exposed bare wood. Usually a conk or mushroom "fruiting" body is the first sign of infection. All deciduous trees can get heart rot. Find out how to prevent and control heart rot tree disease.

Sunscald: Sun scald is the freezing of bark following high temperatures in the winter season, resulting in permanent visible damage to bark. Fruits may also be damaged. Damping Off: Power Point Mistletoe: Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub. Parasitism evolved only nine times in the plant kingdom; of those, the parasitic mistletoe ... Wetwood: also known as slime flux, is a very common bacterial disease that occurs in many kinds of trees. Nearly all elm and poplar species are affected, as are numerous other ... Chemical Damage: Herbicide damage is one of the biggest tree killers I run into. Weed-n-feed products are the number ... The most common chemical used in these weed-n-feed products is atrazine. Tent Caterpillar: Tent caterpillars are moderately sized species in the genus Malacosoma and in the moth family Lasiocampidae. Species occur in North America, Mexico, and Eurasia. Twenty-six species have been described, six of which occur in North America. Some species are considered to have subspecies as well. They are often considered as pests due to their habit of defoliating trees. They are among the most social of all caterpillars and exhibit many noteworthy behaviors Tent caterpillars hatch from their eggs in the early spring at the time the leaves of their host trees are just unfolding. The caterpillars establish their tent soon after they eclose. The tent is constructed at a site that intercepts the early morning sun. The position of the tent is critical because the caterpillars must bask in the sun to elevate their temperatures above the cool ambient temperatures that occur in the early spring. Mechanical Damage: