Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Morphological Traits of Endocarps Revealed

Plant Systematics and Evolution

Quantitative and qualitative differences in morphological traits of endocarps revealed

between Cornus L. species

Agata Woźnicka1, Iwona Melosik2, Maria Morozowska1

1 Department of Botany, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego Str.71c,

60-625 Poland

2 Department of Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska Str. 89,

61-614 Poland

Author for correspondence: Iwona Melosik, [email protected], +48 61 8295860

Online Resource 1. Sources of cultivated plant accessions used in morphological analyses of Cornus endocarps

Latitudes No Names of arboreta/botanical gardens Locality longitudes 1 Adam Mickiewicz University Botanical Garden in Poznań, PL 52° 25’ N, Poznań 16° 53’ E 2 Armand David Botanical Garden La Genête, FR 46° 53' N, 05° 03' E 3 Bolestraszyce Arboretum Bolestraszyce, PL 49° 49' N, 22° 51' E 4 Botanic Garden of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, PL 51° 16' N, 22° 30' E 5 Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University Kraków, PL 50° 04’ N, 19° 58’ E 6 Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem Berlin-Dahlem, GE 52° 27’ N, 13° 18’ E 7 Botanical Garden Ljubljana Ljubljana, SI 46° 04' N, 14° 51' E 8 Dendrological Garden in Glinna Glinna, PL 53° 17’ N, 14° 43’ E 9 Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, PL 52° 25’ N, Poznań 16° 53’ E 10 Gołubie Botanical Garden Gołubie, PL 54° 21’ N, 18° 02’ E 11 Kórnik Arboretum Kórnik, PL 52° 14' N, 17° 05' E 12 Mustila Arboretum Elimäki, FI 60° 44' N, 26° 29' E 13 Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, Nat. Hokkaido, JP 44° 22' N, Institute of Biomedical Innovation 142° 26' E 14 Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, Nat. Tsukuba, JP 36° 01' N,

1 Institute of Biomedical Innovation 140° 04' E 15 Sapienza University of Rome Roma, IT 41° 53’ N, 12° 28’ E 16 Tallin Botanical Garden Tallin, EE 59° 28' N, 24° 52' E 17 The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Boston, MA, US 42° 31' N, 71° 12' W 18 University of Salzburg Salzburg, AT 47° 48' N, 13° 03' E 19 Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) Rogów Rogów, PL 51° 49' N, Arboretum 19° 53' E 20 Wirty Arboretum Wirty, PL 53° 54' N, 18° 22' E 21 Wroclaw University Botanical Garden Wrocław, PL 51° 11’ N, 17° 04’ E Abbreviations: AT – Austria, BE – Belgium, DE – Germany, EE – Estonia, FI – Finland, FR – France, IE – Ireland, JP – Japan, MA – Massachusetts, PL – Poland, PT – Portugal, SI – Slovenia, US – United States.

2 Online Resource 2. Cornus species wild accessions tested in this study, their geographic origin, and sources from which they were obtained

Cornus Internationa species l symbol of No of No of Author of Cornus accoording herbarium / Latitudes, Collection specime herbarium Locality Collector determination/ species to name of longitudes date n sheet verification herbarium plant sheet collection 1 alba alba L. ssp. H 1714793 A: RU, Yakutia, 62°02' N, 01.06.2002 H. Väre -/ AW alba (13446) Yakutsk 129°46' E 2 Swida alba H 1584342 A: RU, Olyokminsky 62°22' N, 02.09.1979 I.A. Ivanov I.A. Ivanom/ (L.) Opiz (830) District 119°37' E AW 3 Swida alba H 1703449 A: RU, Ayano-Maysky 57°39' N, 03.08.1979 S. S. Kharkevich/ (L.) Opiz (591) District, Nel' Kan 136°10' E Kharkevich, AW T. Buch 4 Swida alba BG1 IS.2010 A: RU, Amur Province 54°38' N, 2010 No data - (L.) Opiz (70) 127°30' E

5 sibirica KOR 13033 A: RU, Yakutia, 62°41' N, 10.07.1950 No data -/ AW Koehne Aldan River 134°27' E 6 alba L. KOR 29800 B: PL, Żerków, 52°04' N, 23.08.1994 J. Zieliński -/ AW Rogaszyce 17°38' E 7 alba L. KRAM No data B: HU, Szolnok 47°10' N, 26.07.1987 No data - 20°10' E 8 alba L. KRAM No data B: PL, Gubin 51°56' N, 10.07.1966 No data - 14°43' E 9 alba L. - - B: PL, Jodłowa 49°52' N, 08.10.2004 No data - 21°17' E 10 alba L. - - B: PL, Wiżajny, 54°20' N, 02.08.2007 No data - Stara Hańcza 22°52' E 11 alternifolia alternifolia G 00308526 C: CA, Ontario, 44°35' N, 01.08.1956 W.J. Cody, -/ AW L.f. (9534) Brockville 75°41' W W.G. Dore, J.H. Soper 12 alternifolia H 1250435 C: CA, Quebec, 45°23' N, 07.08.1978 S. Brisson S. Brisson/ L.f. (78 434) Sherbrooke 71°52' W AW

3 13 alternifolia BM 001124420 C: US, New York, 42°26' N, 18.09.1983 C. Haas -/ AW L.f. (62) Collegetown 76°29' W 14 alternifolia BM 001124412 C: US, North Carolina, 35°31’ N, 05.09.1896 No data -/ AW L.f. (346b) Biltmore 82°31’ W 15 alternifolia BM 001124409 C: US, Connecticut, 41°57' N, 25.08.1974 H.E. Ahles -/ AW L.f. (79487) West Stafford 72°19' W 16 K sn C: US, 39°23' N, No data Brown - West Virginia, 79°09' W Elk Garden 17 amomum amomum BG2 - US, Massachusetts, 42°19’ N, 2010 No data - Mill. Northampton 72°38’ W

18 amomum GH 421252 C: US, North Carolina, 35°29’ N, 09.1897 T.G. J.S. Wilson, Mill. Waynesville 82°59’ W Harbison Z.E. Murrell

19 sericea L. BM 001124424 C: US, North Carolina, 35°31’ N, 01.09.1897 No data -/ AW (341b) Biltmore 82°31’ W 20 K 38605 C: US, Wisconsin, Fort 42°55’ N, 10.08.1990 No data - Atkinson 88°50’ W 21 australis Thelycrania G 00308532 B: GE, Mestia 43°02’ N, 28.07.1979 V. Vašák -/ AW australis (231581) 42°43’ E (C.A. Mey.) Sanadze 22 australis G 00308531 B: SY 34°18’ N, 1958 H. Pabot -/ AW C.A. Mey. 36°49’ E 23 australis H 1399446 B: GE, Ossetia 42°11’ N, 10.08.1901 B. -/ AW C.A.Mey. 44°43’ E Marcowicz 24 Svida H 1399450 B: AZ, Zangilan Region 39°05’ N, 26.09.1958 No data -/ AW australis 46°37’ E C.A. Mey 25 Thelycrania H 1399455 B: AZ, Zangilan Region 39°04’ N, 17.07.1958 No data -/ AW australis 46°30’ E (C.A. Mey) Sanadze

4 26 sanguinea H 1085554 B: TR, Trabzon, 40°45’ N, 23.08.1972 I. Kukkonen -/ AW L. ssp. (8098) Küçükkonak 39°32’ E australis (C.A. Mey) Jav. 27 australis H 1399319 B: TR, Istanbul 41°01’ N, 09.1899 G.V. -/ AW (4338) 28°56’ E Aznavour 28 B: PL, Gorlice County, 49°35’ N, 09.2012 M. Fik AW/ AW Dragaszów 21°15’ E 29 australis KOR 12934 B: TR, Prov. Zonguldak, 41°26' N, 15.07.1962 Davis, Coode -/ AW (C.A. Mey.) Kozlu 31°45' E & Yaltirik Jáv. 30 australis KOR 12935 B: TR. Prov. Zonguldak, 41°16' N, 19.07.1962 Davis, Coode -/ AW (C.A. Mey.) Gökçebey 32°09' E & Yaltirik Jáv. 31 sanguinea KOR 13015 B: BG, Burgas, Kavatzité 42°23' N, 09.08.1983 S. Lisowski S. Lisowski/ L. var. 27°02' E AW australis (C.A. Mey.) Koehne 32 sanguinea KOR 13017 B: HU, Szeged 46°25' N, 19.06.1975 K. Browicz, -/ AW L. subsp. 20°07' E J. Zieliński australis (C.A. Mey.) Jáv. 33 Thelycrania KOR 24573 B: GE 42°04' N, 12.09.1959 No data -/ AW australis 42°29' E (C.A. Mey.) Sanadze 34 australis KRAM No data B: AM 39°47' N, 20.09.1955 J. Kornaś - C.A.Mey. 45°39' E 35 australis - - B: AM 40°21' N, 20.09.1947 No data - C.A. Mey. 44°53' E 36 conrtoversa Cornus sp. L 0789571 A: IN, Assam, Kohima 25°44' N, 20.06.1950 Thakur Rup -/ AW (3227) 94°12' E Chand 37 controversa H 1532876 A: KR, Ullung Island, 37°30' N, 01.07.1948 Chung In- -/ AW Hemsl. (3238) Kyonsang-Pukto 131°00' E Cho

5 38 controversa H 1684481 A: JP, Hokkaido, 44°50' N, 07.09.1993 V. Lipponen -/ AW Hemsl. (93-546) Kamikawa District, 142°05' E Nakagawa 39 controversa KOR 12947 A: KP, North Pyongan, 40°01' N, 28.07.1980 T. Bojarczuk, -/ AW Hemsl. Hyangsan 126°11' E A. Boratyński 40 controversa KRAM 432027 A: KP, Prov. Kangwon-Do, 38°31' N, 06.10.1978 A. Jasiewicz, - Hemsl. Kumgang-san 128°03' E B. Chwastowski 41 controversa KRAM 364191 A: KP, Prov. Kangwon-Do, 38°31' N, 06.10.1979 A. Jasiewicz, - Hemsl. Kumgang-san 128°03' E B. Chwastowski 42 S 13-11976 A: CN, Sichuan, Moon Ting 30°05' N, 30.07.1939 C.Y. Chiao - Shan 103°06' E 43 S 13-11975 A: CN, Sichuan, Ya-An 29°58' N, 27.07.1939 C.Y. Chiao - 103°00' E 44 drummondii drummondii G 00308535 C: US, Illinois, Kerton 40°14' N, 31.08.1957 V.H. Chase -/ AW C.A. Mey. (14807) Township 90°10' W 45 drummondii H 1090961 C: US, Missouri, Allenton 38°30' N, 01.10.1969 S. Verhoek- S.G. Davis/ C.A. Mey. (63) 90°40' W Williams, AW S.G. Davis 46 drummondii A 10160 C: US, Missouri, Buckner 39°08' N, 20.08.1923 B.F. Bush Z.E. Murrell C.A. Mey. 94°11' W 47 drummondii A 29,115 C: US, Indiana, Mt.Vernon 37°55' N, 16.08.1919 C.C. Deam Z.E. Murrell C.A. Mey. 87°53' W 48 drummondii BM 001124442 C: US, Tennessee, 35°27' N, 14.08.1971 R. Kral R. Kral/ AW C.A. Mey. (43540) Lewisburg 86°47' W 49 S 13-11970 C: US, Arkansas, Forrest 35°06' N, 30.09.1957 D. Demaree - city 90°45' W 50 foemina foemina L 0789600 C: US, Texas, Texarkana 33°25' N, 15.08.1898 A.A., E.G. W. Wangerin/ (4101) 94°02' W Heller AW 51 stricta Lam. L 0932325 C: US, Louisiana, Ouachita 32°27' N, 30.07.1985 R.D. Thomas -/ AW (92969) 92°11' W 52 foemina H 1101741 C: US, Missouri, Buckner 39°08' N, 19.08.1932 B.F. Bush P. Alanko/ AW Mill. (12533A) 94°11' W 53 stricta Lam. GH 13299 C: US, Georgia, Ringgold 34°50’ N, 29.09.1951 W.H. Duncan - 85°09’ W

6 54 stricta Lam. A 39,969 C: US, Indiana, Rockport 37°55’ N, 04.10.1923 C.C. Deam - 87°06’ W 55 foemina GH 5513 C: US, Mississippi, Natchez 31°29’ N, 12.08.1955 J.D Ray Jr. D. Goldman Mill. 91°23’ W 56 stricta Lam. GH 895 C: US, South Carolina, 33°40’ N, 26.07.1939 R.K. Z.E. Murrell Kingstree 79°51’ W Godfrey, R.M. Tryon Jr. 57 macrophyll macrophyll L 0789593 A: JP, Honshu, Prefecture 35°00’ N, 17.09.1972 G. Murata -/ AW a a (22211) Kyoto, Kameoka-shi 135°34’ E 58 macrophyll KRAM 229107 A: JP, Honshu, Prefecture 35°00’ N, 17.09.1972 G. Murata - a Wall. Kyoto, Kameoka-shi 135°34’ E 59 macrophyll G 00308518 A: AF, Konar Province, 35°18’ N, 08.06.1969 T.F. Hewer -/ AW a Wall. (1413) Barikot 71°38’ E 60 obliqua obliqua Raf. WA 000002868 C: CA, Ontario, Port 42°57’ N, 10.09.1962 W.J. Cody, - 3 (12490) Colborne 79°14’ W L.C. Sherk 61 obliqua Raf. A 39,479 C: US, Indiana, Pine 41°35’ N, 07.08.1923 C.C. Deam - 86°58’ W 62 obliqua Raf. GH 8686 C: US, Wisconsin, Albany 42°43’ N, 03.09.1978 T.S. & B.A. - 89°26’ W Cochrane 63 obliqua Raf. BM 001124444 C: US, Missouri, DeSoto, 38°07’ N, 23.07.1985 P.H. Raven, -/ AW (26742) Mammoth Creek / Big 90°40’ W T.E. Raven River 64 K 37797 C: US, Wisconsin, Richland 43°20’ N, 16.08.1989 No data - Center 90°23’ W 65 occidentalis californica L 0789583 C: US, California, Lake 34°15’ N, 03.09.1931 B.C. -/ AW C.A. Mey. (1545) Arrowhead 117°11’ W Templeton 66 pubescens G 00308539 C: US, Nevada, Clear Creek 39°06’ N, 05.07.1902 C.F. Baker -/ AW Nutt. (1242) Canyon 119°47’ W 67 stolonifera H 1042045 C: CA, British Columbia, 53°54’ N, 18.07.1931 V. Kujala, A. -/ AW var. Prince George, Tabor Lake 122°33’ W Cajander occidentalis 68 pubescens A 3924 C: US, Idaho, Bonner 48°17’ N, 27.07.1941 E.J. Palmer - Nutt. County, Pack River 116°34’ W 69 occidentalis A 10493 C: US, Nevada, Franktown 39°16’ N, 12.07.1919 I. Tidestorm - Boville 119°50’ W

7 70 pubescens BM 001124451 C: US, Washington, Bingen 45°42’ N, 26.07.1918 W. Suksdorf -/ AW Nutt. (10114) 121°28’ W 71 pubescens BM 001124449 C: US, California, Clinton 38°22’ N, 19.10.1896 G. Hansen -/ AW Nutt. (2028) 120°40’ W 72 occidentalis BM 001124446 C: US, California, Mt. 36°34’ N, 04.10.1952 E.K. Balls -/ AW Cov. (8955) Whitney 118°17’ W 73 racemosa racemosa H 1087797 C: US, Wisconsisn, West 43°26’ N, 01.09.1974 C. Stott -/ AW Lam. (29,210) Bend 88°10’ W 74 racemosa WA 000002868 C: CA, Quebec, Delson 45°22’ N, 02.09.1950 M. Raymond, - Lam. 5 (918) 73°32’ W J. Kucyniak 75 racemosa LISU 40265 (918) C: CA, Quebec, Delson 45°22’ N, 02.09.1950 M. Raymond, -/ AW Lam. 73°32’ W J. Kucyniak 76 S 13-11973 C: CA, Quebec, Delson 45°22’ N, 02.09.1950 M. Raymond, - 73°32’ W J. Kucyniak 77 S 13-11971 C: CA, Quebec, Saint-Jean- 45°18’ N, 01.08.1943 M. Raymond, - sur-Richelieu 73°14’ W J. Kucyniak 78 S 13-11972 C: CA, Quebec, La bataille 45°22’ N, 06.09.1946 M. Raymond, - 73°24’ W J. Kucyniak 79 sanguinea sanguinea L 0789578 B: GB, Surrey 51°14’ N, 10.09.1968 M.B. Gerrans -/ AW (1466) 00°25’ W 80 Thelycrania H 1089397 B: GB, Surrey 51°14’ N, 10.09.1968 M.B. Gerrans -/ AW sanguinea (1466) 00°25’ W (L.) Fourr. 81 sanguinea L 0789579 B: BA, Sarajevo, Igman 43°48' N, 23.07.1962 B.K. Boom B.K. Boom/ (42289) 18°13' E AW 82 sanguinea L 0932336 B: CH, Sisikon 46°56' N, 18.08.1961 J.V. Kasteel -/ AW (1418) 08°37' E 83 sanguinea G 00308525 B: FR, Dordogne 45°11' N, 09.1899 C.J. Pitard -/ AW L. 00°44' W 84 sanguinea H 1293892 B: PL, Częstochowa county, 50°33' N, 27.09.1977 A. Jasiewicz, -/ AW L. (646) Kroczyce 19°34' E B. Chwastowski 85 sanguinea H 1724460 B: CZ, Slatinky, Velky 49°32' N, 16.09.1997 V. Vasák V. Vasák, J. L. subsp. (19277) Kosir 17°05' E Lambinon sanguinea (subsp.) / AW

8 86 sanguinea H 1533045 B: UA, Lviv county, 50°03' N, 25.07.1939 J. Mądalski, -/ AW L. (33) Zawadów 23°23' E S. Radwański 87 sanguinea WA 000002856 B: PL, Warsaw, Kubacki 52°07’ N, 08.1978 B. - L. 0 Forest 21°01’ E Matusiewicz 88 sanguinea KOR 112 B: PL, Sandomierz, The 50°40’ N, 24.07.1954 W. Bugała -/ AW L. Vistula valley 21°43’ E 89 sanguinea KOR 1274 B: PL, Pątnów-Legnica 51°14’ N, 28.08.1957 K. Browiec -/ AW L. 16°13’ E 90 sanguinea KOR 13019 B: HR, Plitvice Lakes 44°22’ N, 10.10.1961 No data -/ AW L. National Park 15°25’ E 91 sanguinea KOR 45558 B: UA, Belogorsk 44°46’ N, 07.07.2006 A. -/ AW L. 34°16’ E Boratyński, G. Iszkuło, A. Lewandowsk i 92 sanguinea SZCZ No data B: PL, Janowo 53°42' N, 29.07.1989 W. Baneczko - L. 14°39' E 93 sanguinea SZCZ No data B: PL, Szczecin 53°26' N, 20.05.2004 J. Jarząbek, I. - L. 14°33' E Cukiernik 94 sericea stolonifera L 0862885 C: CA, Quebec, 48°05' N, 25.07.1937 M.-V. -/ AW (49/452) Bonaventure 65°27' W Rolland- Germain 95 stolonifera H 1533110 C: CA, Ontario, Thunder 48°28' N, 18.08.1959 C.E. Garton -/ AW Michx. var. (7003) Bay District 89°14' W stolonifera 96 stolonifera H 1533144 C: US, Nebraska, Thomas 41°58' N, 27.06.1893 P.A. Rydberg -/ AW Michx. (1435) County, Dismal River 100°34' W 97 stolonifera H 1482517 C: CA, Ontario, Thunder 49°38' N, 05.08.1982 C.E. Garton C.E. Garton/ Michx. (21364) Bay District 88°03' W AW 98 stolonifera H 1533119 C: CA, Quebec, Ottawa 45°25' N, 05.08.1942 M.-V. -/ AW Michx. (58068) 75°48' W Rolland- Germain, E. Rouleau 99 stolonifera H 1533121 C: CA, Ontario, Matagami 47°46' N, 08.09.1946 I. Hustich -/ AW Michx. 81°19' W

9 100 stolonifera H 1533100 C: CA, Ontario, Thunder 49°15' N, 20.08.1969 C.E. Garton C.E. Garton/ Michx. (12540) Bay District 88°48' W AW 101 stolonifera WA 000002870 C: CA, Fort Simpson 61°52' N, 26.07.1955 W.J. Cody, - Michx. 5 (9004) 121°22' W J.M. Matte 102 stolonifera A 39,513 C: US, Indiana, Tremont 41°38’ N, 08.08.1923 C.C. Deam - Michx. 87°05’ W 103 stolonifera A 1171 C: US, Idaho, Pocatello 42°52’ N, 26.08.1918 J.G. Jack Z.E. Murrell Michx. 112°26’ W 104 walteri walteri H 1203435 A: KR, Jiri-san 35°17' N, 23.09.1976 L. Feilberg, -/ AW Wang. (442) 127°38' E M. Hagman, T. Lagerström, J.E. Sanda 105 walteri BM 001124470 A: CN, Yunnan 26°51' N, 1933 H.D. -/ AW Wang. (111D) 100°13' E McLaren 106 walteri BM 001124468 A: CN, Yunnan 28°24' N, 03.10.1937 T.T. Yu -/ AW Wang. (10519) 98°44' E 107 walteri BM 001124467 A: CN, Shandong 36°25' N, 24.07.1936 T.Y. Cheo, -/ AW Wang. (172) 118°10' E L. Yen 108 walteri BM 001124466 A: CN, Sichuan 30°47' N, 08.09.1907 E.H. Wilson -/ AW Wang. (1017) 102°24' E -1909 109 walteri BM 001124464 A: CN, Hubei 31°04' N, 1907-1909 E.H. Wilson -/ AW Wang. (375) 110°41' E 110 walteri BM 001124471 A: CN, Hubei 31°12' N, 1976 K.S. Chow K.S. Chow/ Wang. (76088) 112°40' E AW 111 K kfbx145 A: KR, Kyongsangbuk 36°16' N, 17.10.1989 No data - Province, Naeyon-san 129°16' E 112 K sn B: GB, Somerset 51°04' N, 06.09.1988 Harris - 02°54' W

Abbreviations: ‘-‘ – do not concern, A – locality on Fig. 2 A; AF – Afghanistan; AM – Armenia; AZ – Azerbaijan; B – locality on Fig. 2 B; BA - Bosnia and Herzegovina; BG – Bulgaria; BG1 - The Amur branch of Botanical Garden – Institute, RU; BG2 - The Botanic Garden of Smith College Northampton, US; C – locality on Fig. 2 C; CA - Canada; CH – Switzerland; CN – China; CZ - Czech Republic; FR – France; GB - The British Isles; GE – Georgia; HU – Hungary; HR – Croatia; IN – India; IS. – Index Seminum; JP – Japan; KP – North Korea; KR – South Korea; PL – Poland; RU – Russia; SY – Syria; TR – Turkey; UA – Ukraine; US - United States.

10 Online Resource 3. Origin of cultivated species and detailed information regarding its verification

Origin of specimens: No. in collection/ no. type of locality2, Species No. of No. of in IS.1 (coordinates or Verification type of reproduction3, obtained identification specimen collection name of parcel in based on as/from4, verified by collection) date since it was cultivated C. alba 1 12 IS.1 2010, 46 No data OD5 No data 2 10 No data No data OD No data 3 20 No data No data OD No data 4 6 IS., No data No data OD No data 5 3 No data No data OD No data C. alternifolia 1 19 8838 (5/40) NL2, GR3, 1974/1977 AW FR6, LV6 2 19 8500 (1/1) NL, GR, 1973/1976 AW FR, LV 3 5 O/2007/1104 (63/20) P4, 1997; AW FR, LV 4 19 8348 (1/1) NL, GR, 1973/1976 AW FR, LV 5 12 IS. 2010, 47 No data OD No data 6 16 IS. 2010, 200 NL, 1965 OD No data C. amomum 1 19 8760 (4/94) C2, 1974/1975 AW FR, LV 2 1 07744 (System) No data AW FR, LV 3 10 No data No data AW FR, LV 4 3 8046 No data AW FR, LV 5 19 10134 (6/45) NL, GR, 1979/1982 AW FR, LV 6 8 864 (9) C, 2005/2008 AW FR, LV C. australis 1 21 003707 (System) C, 1988 AW FR, LV 2 1 00417 (G6) C, 1934 AW FR, LV 4 11 5705 (2) NL, 1931 AW FR, LV 3 7 IS. 2011, 226 No data OD No data 5 16 IS. 197 C, 1989 OD No data C. bretschneideri 1 1 00640 (G3) C AW FL6, FR, LV 3 19 16442 (3/18) NL, GR, 2004/2007 AW FL, FR, LV 2 2 IS. N°4, 2011, 055 No data OD No data C. controversa 1 5 No data No data AW FR, LV 2 8 289 (9) 1992/1994 AW FR, LV 3 4 No data No data AW FR, LV 6 11 611 (5a) C, 1929 AW FR, LV 4 14 IS. 2012, 93 (TS) No data OD No data 5 13 IS. 2012, 91 (HK) No data OD No data C. drummondii 1 1 04259 (G15) S4, 1987/1992 AW FR, LV 2 11 10578 (26) NL, 1957 AW FR, LV 3 9 275 (17) S, 1999-2002 AW FR, LV 4 3 813 No data AW FR, LV 5 11 10578 (26) NL, 1958 AW FR, LV

11 6 4 No data No data AW FR, LV C. foemina 1 19 14324 (3/57) NL, GR, 1996/2000 AW FL, FR, LV 2 11 61/02 (5b) C AW FL, FR, LV 3 17 15-55*A (4-SE) C, VR3, CT4, 1955 AW FR, LV C. macrophylla 2 17 422-94*A (26-NE) NL, S, 1994 AW FL, FR, LV 1 14 IS. 2012, 94 (TS) No data OD No data OD (G. Fabrini, 3 15 IS. 2011, 262 No data No data M. Trovalusci) C. obliqua 1 19 12070 (2/40) NL, GR, 1986/1990 AW FR, LV 2 19 7713 (6/34) NL, GR, 1970/1972 AW FR, LV 3 1 07318 (D22) S, 1998/2001 AW FR, LV 4 3 7701 No data AW FR, LV 5 16 IS., 195 C, 1966 OD No data C. occidentalis 1 1 03261 (G15) 1988 AW FR, LV 2 1 01155 (G11) C, P, 1937 AW FR, LV 3 19 6266 (4/30) C, 1962/1964 AW FR, LV C. racemosa 1 1 02229 (G15) 1979 AW IF6, FR, LV 2 19 7812 (6/34) NL, GR, 1971/1972 AW IF, FR, LV 3 1 02277 (G16) 1979 AW IF, FR, LV 4 10 No data No data AW IF, FR, LV 6 11 -26 No data AW IF, FR, LV 5 16 IS. 2010, 202 No data OD No data C. sanguinea 1 8 02 (7) NL AW FR, LV 2 1 00188 (System) C AW FR, LV 3 5 O/2007/1133 (14/31) NL, 1987 AW FL, FR, LV 4 3 7341 No data AW FR, LV 6 9 SE part of the Garden No data AW FL, FR, LV OD 5 18 IS. 2010, 285 No data No data (E. Rouschal) C. sericea 1 20 No data No data OD No data 2 1 01079 (G12) 1957 OD No data 3 9 SE part of the Garden No data OD No data 4 6 IS., No data No data OD No data 5 10 No data No data OD No data 6 1 01788 (G11) No data OD No data C. walteri 1 19 6483 (2/39) C, 1963/1968 AW FR, LV 2 11 (10) No data AW FR, LV 3 1 01626 (D19) No data AW FR, LV 4 17 435-80*B (49SW) NL AW FR, LV Abbreviations: 1 IS. – Index Seminum, 2 type of locality: C – cultivated plant, NL - natural locality; 3 type of reproduction: GR - generative reproduction, VR – vegetative reproduction; 4 obtained as: CT - cuttings, P - plant, S - seeds; 5 verification of species determination: AW – A. Woźnicka, OD – original determination; 6 distinguishing features: FL – flowers, FR – fruits, IF – inflorescences, LV – leaves;

12 Online Resource 4. Results of principal component analysis on nine quantitative variables of N. American (N = 92 specimens) and Asian species (N = 84), wild-growing vs. cultivated in Europe. For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Species native to N. America Species native to Asia cultivated cultivated in Europe in Europe Variable axis 1 axis 2 axis 3 axis 1 axis 2 axis 3 Eigenvalues 4.29 1.67 1.05 3.46 2.19 1.43 Trait Component loadings Component loadings ST -0.88 -0.01 -0.35 -0.77 -0.42 0.41 ACW -0.87 0.20 0.11 -0.73 0.33 -0.09 ACL -0.86 0.21 0.11 -0.73 0.02 0.29 SL -0.79 -0.34 0.02 -0.69 0.65 -0.18 SW -0.78 0.42 -0.01 -0.69 0.65 -0.17 FV% -0.74 0.04 0.28 0.64 0.43 0.52 SW/ST 0.43 0.52 0.58 0.54 0.54 -0.27 VN 0.21 0.44 -0.69 -0.37 -0.60 0.09 SL/SW -0.14 -0.90 0.05 0.08 0.47 0.87 Total variance 47.73 18.52 11.70 38.51 24.34 15.92 explain.% Cumul. total variance explain. 47.73 66.25 77.95 38.51 62.85 78.77 %

13 Online Resource 5. Scatterplot of first two PCA components (V1, V2) for nine quantitative variables of Cornus accessions, N = 185, representing species native to N. America and Eurasia 8

% 2 3 1 , 0 2

: 2 0 V

-6 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 N. American V 1: 40,37% (Eur)asian

14 Online Resource 6. Scatterplot of two PCA components (V1, V3) for nine quantitative variables of Cornus accessions, N = 185, representing species native to N. America and Eurasia 5

1 % 1 6 ,

-5 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 N. American V 1: 40,37% Eur(asian)

15 Online Resource 7. Scatterplot of first two PCA components (V1, V2) for nine quantitative variables of endocarps for Cornus accessions (cultivated and wild, N = 138), representing four phylogenetic clades/subclades (Xiang et al. 2006)

4 % 2 9 ,

clade I -6 clade II -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 clade III V 1: 42,04% clade IV

16 Online Resource 8. Scatterplot of two PCA components (V1, V3) for nine quantitative variables of endocarps for Cornus accessions (cultivated and wild, N = 138) representing four phylogenetic clades/subclades (Xiang et al. 2006) 4

6 0 9 , 3 1

clade I -5 clade II -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 clade III V 1: 42,04% clade IV

17 Online Resource 9. Results of principal component analysis on nine quantitative variables of Cornus endocarps based on cultivated and wild accessions representing species belonging to four phylogenetic clades (Xiang et al. 2006), N = 138. For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Variable axis 1 axis 2 axis 3 Eigenvalues 3.78 2.06 1.26 Trait Component loadings ACW -0.85 0.20 -0.37 SW -0.85 -0.07 0.13 ACL -0.845 0.20 -0.37 ST -0.77 -0.39 0.47 FV% -0.77 0.09 -0.19 SL -0.53 0.60 0.51 SW/ST 0.28 0.60 -0.51 SL/SW 0.28 0.78 0.41 VN 0.03 -0.70 -0.06 Total variance explain.% 42.04 22.92 13.96 Cumul. total variance 42.04 64.96 78.92 explain. %

18 Online Resource 10. North American species, segregation of endocarp morphological traits for ranges (‘›’ – range containing limit value, ‘(‘ – range without limit value) For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Range Trait 1 2 3 4 5 6 ACL ≤0.63 (0.63-0.96› (0.96-1.75› >1.75 ACW ≤0.11 (0.11-1.17› (1.17-1.91› >1.91 SL ≤3.95 (3.95-4.38› (4.38-4.83› >4.83 ST ≤3.17 (3.17-3.59› (3.59-4.03› >4.03 SW ≤3.75 (3.75-4.44› (4.44-4.95› (4.95-5.19› (5.19-5.63› >5.63 SW/ST ≤1.18 (1.18-1.31› (1.31-1.38› >1.38 VN ≤7.14 >7.14

19 Online Resource 11. Eurasian species, segregation of endocarp morphological traits for ranges (‘›’ – range containing limit value, ‘(‘ – range without limit value) For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Range Trait 1 2 3 4 5 ACL ≤0.08 (0.08-0.67› (0.67-1.22› >1.22 ACW ≤0.12 (0.12-0.65› (0.65-0.89› (0.89-1.59› >1.59 FV% ≤35.42 (35.42-69.05› >69.05 SL ≤4.16 (4.16-5.35› (5.35-6.35› >6.35 ST ≤3.48 (3.48-3.71› (3.71-4.35› >4.35 SW ≤3.58 (3.58-3.81› (3.81-4.37› (4.37-5.07› >5.07 SW/ST ≤1.08 (1.08-1.13› (1.13-1.33› >1.33 VN ≤7.5 >7.5

20 Online Resource 12. North American species, 75% of measurements belonging to a particular range of endocarp morphological traits (1--6 – numbers of ranges containing 75% of measurements, see also Online Resource 10). For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Cornus species Trait alternifolia amomum drummondii foemina obliqua occidentalis racemosa sericea ACL 4 1 1 1-(3) 1-(2) 1 1 1 ACW 4 1 1 1-(3) 1-(2) 1 1 1 SL 4 (3)-4 1-(2) (1)-2-3 (2-3)-4 (2)-3-(4) 1-(2) 1-2-(3) ST 4 (3)-4 2-3 2-3-4 (3)-4 1-(2) 3(4) 1-(2) SW 5-6 (2)-3-(5-6) 2-(3) 2-3-(4)-5 (1)-3-(4-5) (2)-3-(4) (2)-3-(4) 2-3-(5) SW/ST 1-2 1-(2) (1)-2 (1)-2 1 4 4 4 VN (1)-2 1-2 2 2 (1)-2 2 2 (1)-2

21 Online Resource 13. Eurasian species, 75% of measurements belonging to a particular range of endocarp morphological traits (1--5 – numbers of ranges containing 75% of measurements, see also Online Resource 11). For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Cornus species Trait alba australis bretschneideri controversa macrophylla sanguinea walteri ACL 1 1 1-(2) 4 1-(3) 1-(3) 1-(2) ACW 1 1 1-(2) 5 1-(4) 1-(3) 1-(2) FV% 1 1-2 1-(2) 3 1 1-2 1-2 SL 1-2 2 1 (1)-2 1-(2) 1-(2) (1)-2 ST 1 (3)-4 1 3-4 (2)-3 3-4 (2-3)-4 SW 3-4-(5) 4-5 1 (4)-5 2-3-(4) (3)-4 (3)-4-(5) SW/ST 4 1-(2) (3)-4 3 1-(2) 1 1-(2) VN (1)-2 2 (1)-2 2 2 (1)-2 2

22 Online Resource 14. Descriptive statistics of nine quantitative traits for 15 Cornus species (wild and cultivated materials). For trait descriptions, see Table 2

SL SW ST SL/SW SW/ST VN FV% ACL ACW C. alba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.36 4.47 2.88 1.00 1.58 7.60 20.97 0.00 0.00 SD 0.74 0.55 0.47 0.25 0.19 0.71 17.33 0.00 0.00 Min 2.90 3.23 1.94 0.59 1.04 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 6.77 5.94 4.06 1.82 2.11 10.00 83.33 0.00 0.00 Var 0.54 0.31 0.22 0.06 0.04 0.51 300.38 0.00 0.00 C. alternifolia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 5.42 5.56 4.72 0.98 1.18 7.73 66.92 2.94 3.17 SD 0.47 0.37 0.41 0.09 0.07 0.62 25.95 0.62 0.54 Min 4.52 4.52 3.61 0.74 0.98 6.00 0.00 1.45 1.33 Max 6.71 6.52 5.81 1.25 1.37 10.00 100.00 4.39 4.31 Var 0.22 0.14 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.39 673.33 0.39 0.29 C. amomum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.88 4.98 4.29 0.99 1.16 7.32 42.78 0.00 0.00 SD 0.67 0.60 0.50 0.11 0.10 0.94 20.57 0.00 0.00 Min 3.23 3.74 2.90 0.70 0.93 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 6.39 6.90 5.55 1.28 1.53 10.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Var 0.45 0.36 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.89 423.26 0.00 0.00 C. australis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.87 4.85 4.42 1.01 1.11 7.83 39.24 0.78 0.84 SD 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.13 0.14 0.55 22.33 0.20 0.19 Min 3.68 3.23 2.39 0.81 0.92 6.00 0.00 0.39 0.55 Max 6.32 6.13 5.81 1.56 2.05 10.00 100.00 1.37 1.18 Var 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.02 0.02 0.31 498.63 0.04 0.04 C. bretschneideri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 3.26 3.35 2.84 0.98 1.18 7.69 26.82 0.41 0.41 SD 0.30 0.24 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.93 15.84 0.17 0.08 Min 2.52 2.90 2.45 0.72 1.00 5.00 0.00 0.16 0.24 Max 3.81 3.94 3.35 1.21 1.48 10.00 66.67 0.93 0.59 Var 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.87 250.81 0.03 0.01 C. controversa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.78 5.20 4.29 0.92 1.22 7.69 83.91 2.41 2.46 SD 0.90 0.49 0.49 0.16 0.09 0.66 14.01 0.65 0.47 Min 3.23 3.23 2.77 0.69 1.01 5.00 37.50 0.00 0.00 Max 8.00 6.19 5.94 1.53 1.49 9.00 100.00 3.96 3.53 Var 0.81 0.24 0.24 0.03 0.01 0.43 196.42 0.43 0.22 C. drummondii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.08 4.37 3.51 0.94 1.25 7.93 39.98 0.55 0.51 SD 0.42 0.34 0.23 0.11 0.08 0.82 33.77 0.11 0.06 Min 3.29 3.23 2.71 0.74 1.03 4.00 0.00 0.47 0.47 Max 5.10 5.10 4.06 1.30 1.46 13.00 100.00 0.63 0.55 Var 0.18 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.67 1140.73 0.01 0.00

23 C. foemina 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.25 4.64 3.87 0.93 1.20 8.02 20.21 1.41 1.45 SD 0.50 0.64 0.59 0.15 0.07 0.57 22.04 0.27 0.32 Min 2.71 3.23 2.58 0.68 1.00 6.00 0.00 0.67 0.51 Max 5.74 5.87 5.10 1.30 1.38 11.00 87.50 1.79 1.87 Var 0.25 0.42 0.35 0.02 0.01 0.33 485.62 0.07 0.10 C. macrophylla 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 3.95 4.06 3.88 0.97 1.05 8.01 14.25 0.96 1.08 SD 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.07 0.06 0.21 21.22 0.11 0.22 Min 3.10 3.48 3.23 0.81 0.93 7.00 0.00 0.75 0.77 Max 4.97 5.16 4.97 1.12 1.17 9.00 75.00 1.18 1.57 Var 0.23 0.21 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.05 450.38 0.01 0.05 C. obliqua 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.77 4.63 4.16 1.04 1.12 7.40 31.53 0.53 0.95 SD 0.72 0.77 0.64 0.15 0.10 0.84 21.65 0.16 0.16 Min 3.48 3.16 2.71 0.72 0.88 5.00 0.00 0.29 0.56 Max 6.58 6.45 6.06 1.58 1.37 9.00 83.33 0.80 1.12 Var 0.52 0.59 0.41 0.02 0.01 0.71 468.69 0.03 0.03 C. occidentalis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.54 4.71 3.06 0.97 1.55 7.77 19.62 0.00 0.00 SD 0.54 0.53 0.26 0.16 0.17 0.60 22.28 0.00 0.00 Min 2.97 3.35 2.45 0.71 1.06 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 5.94 6.06 3.81 1.52 2.00 9.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Var 0.29 0.28 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.36 496.46 0.00 0.00 C. racemosa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.07 4.49 3.84 0.91 1.18 8.04 8.86 0.00 0.00 SD 0.44 0.31 0.34 0.10 0.09 0.35 14.28 0.00 0.00 Min 3.16 3.81 3.03 0.70 1.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 5.74 5.48 4.77 1.24 1.43 11.00 75.00 0.00 0.00 Var 0.20 0.10 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.12 203.80 0.00 0.00 C. sanguinea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.46 4.39 4.23 1.01 1.04 7.65 47.73 0.78 0.79 SD 0.85 0.44 0.50 0.15 0.06 0.74 25.39 0.20 0.15 Min 3.03 3.42 3.10 0.80 0.87 4.00 0.00 0.27 0.40 Max 6.58 5.61 5.42 1.46 1.47 9.00 100.00 1.33 1.33 Var 0.73 0.20 0.25 0.02 0.00 0.55 644.63 0.04 0.02 C. sericea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.17 4.71 3.05 0.90 1.56 7.49 26.19 0.00 0.00 SD 0.51 0.53 0.36 0.15 0.20 0.86 22.69 0.00 0.00 Min 3.03 3.42 2.32 0.62 1.20 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 5.74 5.87 4.26 1.29 2.35 9.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Var 0.26 0.28 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.74 514.66 0.00 0.00 C. walteri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean 4.47 4.50 4.30 1.00 1.05 7.89 38.33 0.55 0.56 SD 0.70 0.63 0.69 0.12 0.07 0.40 24.01 0.12 0.16 Min 3.03 3.35 3.10 0.78 0.86 6.00 0.00 0.27 0.32

24 Max 6.06 6.00 5.74 1.48 1.25 9.00 100.00 0.88 0.83 Var 0.49 0.39 0.47 0.01 0.00 0.16 576.68 0.01 0.02

25 Online Resources 15. Minimum, maximum, and mode values of eight qualitative traits for 15 Cornus species (wild and cultivated materials separately), N = 2,812. For trait descriptions, see Table 2

Trait FV ACP SSF DV SSH ASH BSH VBP FV ACP SSF DV SSH ASH BSH VBP Species wild cultivated C. alba Min 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Max 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 2 Mode 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 C. alternifolia Min 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 Max 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 Mode 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 C. amomum Min 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 Max 1 0 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 2 Mode 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 C. australis Min 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Max 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 Mode 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 C. bretschneideri Min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Max 1 1 0 1 2 3 2 1 Mode 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 C. controversa Min 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 Max 1 1 1 0 1 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 0 Mode 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 C. drummondii Min 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Max 1 1 0 1 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 1 C. foemina Min 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Max 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 C. macrophylla Min 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 Max 1 1 0 1 0 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 Mode 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 C. obliqua Min 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 Max 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 3 2 Mode 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 2

26 C. occidentalis Min 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Max 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 C. racemosa Min 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Max 1 0 0 0 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 Mode 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 C. sanguinea Min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Max 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 C. sericea Min 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Max 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 C. walteri Min 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Max 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 1 Mode 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1