Verbs 1
VERBS Note Taking Guide Name______
A verb is a word that ______
______.
______Verbs
A finite verb is considered ______or ______depending upon its relationship with some other words in the sentence.
______Verbs
• A transitive verb has ______characteristics. • First, it is an ______, expressing a ______activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc. • Second, it must have a ______, something or someone who ______the action of the verb.
• Look at these sentences: He met her yesterday. She wrote a story last year. Rust destroys iron. • In these sentences, the verbs are the words ______, ______and ______. • In each sentence, you ask the question, '______/______?' • You will get the answers as follows: – sentence 1 — question: met whom? answer: ______
– sentence 2 — question: wrote what? answer: ______
– sentence 3 — question: destroys what? answer: ______• (note that we use whom in the questions for ______and what for ______and also for ______.) • The words her, story and iron in the sentences above are called ______in grammar. A transitive verb is, therefore, a ______. Verbs 2 What is an object? • An object, we may say, is the ______or ______or ______or ______of a verb's action. • In our three example-sentences, the verbs met, wrote and destroys have the words her, story and iron as their ______.
• These targets are called ______.
• With a transitive verb, we can ______these objects.
Why are these verbs called “Transitive”? We call these verbs 'transitive' because these verbs have the property of ______
What is transitivity? • To transit means ______.
• Each of the verbs met, wrote and destroys in our examples has its action ______(______) to the direct object.
• We might also say that the action begins with the ______(he, she, rust in our sentences) and ______the verb to the direct object. This property of the verb is transitivity. Hence we call these verbs transitive. Understanding these verbs in this way helps us to remember what they are.
• Here's a list of transitive verbs: eat, ______, read, ______, play, ______, hear, ______, ______, love, ______, understand, ______, bring, ______, meet, ______, take, ______, forget, ______, sell, ______, help. Examples: • (a) The teacher answered the question. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______• (b) My friend bought a house. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______Verbs 3 • (c) The children found the money. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______• (d) Most Indians love cricket. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______• (e) The Robinsons like football. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______• (f) Sylvia kicked Juan under the table. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______
• (g) Joshua wants a smile from Leah, his beautiful but serious lab partner. Trans Verb = ______Object = ______Pinky the poodle cleans the dirty supper dishes with his tongue before Grandma loads the "prewashed" items into dishwasher. Trans Verbs = ______&______Objects = ______&______
______Verbs
• Important Note: When no ______follows an action verb, the verb is INTRANSITIVE.
• An intransitive verb has ______characteristics.
First, ______a transitive verb, it is an ______, expressing a ______activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc.
Second, ______a transitive verb, it will ______have a direct object receiving the action.
• Here are some examples: walk, jump, sleep, sit, lie, stand, weep, kneel, fall, fly, flow, remain, die, belong, wait, come, go.
• Here are some example sentences. (a) We walk to the railway station. (b) The children jump with joy. (c) Babies sleep for many hours. (d) My brother stood there. (e) Jesus wept. Verbs 4
• Identify the Intransitive Verb: 1. Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare. ______= intransitive verb. 2. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew. ______= intransitive verb. 3. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars. ______= intransitive verb.
4. Around fresh ground pepper, Sheryl sneezes with violence. ______= intransitive verb. 5. In the evenings, Glenda sits on the front porch to admire her immaculate lawn. ______= intransitive verb. 6. Flipped on its back, the beetle that Clara soaked with insecticide dies under the refrigerator. ______= intransitive verb.
EXCEPTIONS:
• You will often find TRANSITIVE verbs used ______, i.e. without an ______. – They are eating. – We play in the evening. – I understand.
• At rare times INTRANSITIVE verbs are used ______. – How did you cover all that distance? We walked it. – ('walked' has the object '______' in this sentence) – I cannot stand such nonsense. ('stand' has the object '______' in this sentence)
• Realize that many verbs can be both ______and ______. Recall: An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Verbs 5 • Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always INTRANSITIVE; it is ______for a ______to follow.
• Other action verbs, however, ______be transitive or intransitive, depending on what follows in the sentence. • Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school. Eats = ______verb. • If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal. Eats = ______verb cereal = ______• During cross-country practice, Damien runs over hills, through fields, across the river, and along the highway. Runs = ______verb. • In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon. Will run = ______verb marathon = ______
NOTE:
Besides transitive and intransitive verbs, we have ______in the finite verbs family.
VERBALS:
A verbal is the form of a verb used as a ______, ______or ______.
• Verbals is another name for ______verbs.
• The important questions are...
– ______?
– ______?
– ______?
Non-Finites:
• Simply put, non-finite verbs are verbs which are NOT ______.
• Looks very simple, but it's not entirely so.
The basic points of difference between ______and ______-finites are as follows: Verbs 6 #1 A non-finite verb ______change according to its ______, as a finite verb does.
• Example: He likes to drive. They like to drive.
The non-finite verb to drive remains ______, while the finite verb like/likes changes according to the ______he/they.
#2 Non-finite verbs are not affected by ______, finite verbs are...
• Example: They like to drive. They liked to drive.
The finite verb shows two ______forms like or liked for the simple present and simple past tenses respectively.
For the non-finite verb to drive, tense is ______. Why are Non-Finites called Verbals?
• We often call the different types of non-finite verbs a "VERBAL ______," depending on the non-verblike work they do.
• So the word 'verbal' becomes a kind of ______(common) name for them.
• There are three types of ______/Non-finite verbs:
1. The ______is known as a ______.
2. The ______is often called a ______.
3. The ______does the work of a ______, or an ______, or
an ______(adjective modifier, purpose modifier, etc).
• We usually don't call the infinitive a verbal noun or a verbal adjective, only because we don't
want to ______it with the gerund or the participle. Verbs 7
INFINITIVES:
Infinitives are one of the three groups of ______verbs (also called ______)
• We shall look at this particular type of verb from three angles:
1. How it ______(its form or ______)
2. What ______it does in a sentence (its function or ______)
3. Its ______(or ______)
How Can You Recognize an Infinitive?
• Its form is usually as follows:
– to eat, to drink, to play, to be, etc.
• with a '______' before it.
• In some cases the word 'to' is ______.
• We speak of such a verb (with the word 'to' dropped) as a ______INFINITIVE.
• The bare infinitive is the ______FORM of an English verb.
What work does it do?
• According to function, that is, the work it does in a sentence (syntax), it may be both a
______and a ______. Verbs 8 • Here is an example:
– I like to finish the work quickly.
• In this sentence the infinitive to finish does the following jobs:
1. It is the object of the finite verb like—therefore to finish is similar to a ______(because
being an object is a noun's job).
2. The phrase to finish has its own object, work—so to finish is a ______(since verbs have
objects).
3. The adverb quickly modifies (i.e. tells us something more about) to finish.
Since the phrase to finish is modifiable by an adverb, it must be a ______.
4. We can say that the infinitive, though born in the verb family, does not limit itself to being a verb.
5. It often behaves like a noun when it goes around socializing in the world of sentences!
• Also, in some cases...
• It behaves even as an ______, as in the following sentence.
Ex. That was a game to watch!
• In this sentence, to watch tells us something more about the ______of the game (a
noun). Describing a noun is the work of an adjective.
• Sometimes it can behave like an ______. The sentence below illustrates this.
Ex. Her voice is pleasant to hear.
• The phrase to hear tells us something more about the ______of being
pleasant.
• The word pleasant is an adjective, and words that tell us more about an adjective are
traditionally called adverbs.
The Infinitive and Meaning: Verbs 9 • If we take the meaning, (semantics) then the infinitive could be viewed as a pure, unadulterated form of a ______.
• This pure meaning we modify, change, or mutate, by imposing on it such things as
______, ______, ______, etc.
• The infinitive in itself (semantically) is a pure ______WORD (to do, to write, etc) or a word denoting ______(to be)
GERUNDS:
• A gerund is a non-finite verb and is often referred to as a ______.
• There are three kinds of non-finite verbs:
1. Gerund
2. ______
3. ______
• To understand the gerund, we shall look at its...
1. ______: i.e. the shape of the gerund-word
2. ______: i.e. its function in a sentence
3. ______: i.e. its meaning.
Gerund:
- It has an "-______" ending.
- Please note that all verbs ending in “-ing" are ______gerunds.
- ______also have the same form.
- It is easy therefore to ______a gerund with a present participle. Verbs 10 - This is why we need to look at the ______it does in a sentence.
The Syntax of a Gerund:
• The gerund does the work of a ______in a sentence.
• This means, it can be any one of the following:
1. The ______of a verb, as in the sentence...
• Swimming is good exercise.
• The word swimming is the subject of the verb is
2. The ______of a ______verb, as in...
• You enjoy learning a new language.
• The word learning is the object of the finite verb enjoy.
3. The ______of a ______verb...
• She intends to begin writing the story soon.
• The word writing is the object of to begin, an infinitive (i.e. a non-finite
verb).
4. The ______of a ______...
• He is interested in joining the group.
• The word joining is the object of the preposition in.
5. The ______object of a verb...
• She gave reading great importance in her life.
• The word reading is the indirect object of the verb gave.
*All these functions which the gerund is shown doing are usually those of a ______.
*Depending on the function, the grammatical case of the gerund will be nominative or accusative or genitive, etc.
The Semantics of a Gerund: Verbs 11 • You know that the ______is a name.
• The gerund is also a name.
• It is the name of an activity.
In so far as it is an activity, it is a verb.
In so far as it is a name, it is a noun.
• Here are two examples:
• walking stick—the word walking looks like an adjective describing stick...but it is not— walking stick is not a stick which walks. It is a compressed form of stick for walking. So walking is the object of the preposition for. So walking is a gerund.
• reading room—the phrase does not mean that the room reads. It is a compression of a room for (the purpose of) reading. So reading is a gerund. PARTICIPLES:
• a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both ______and
______
• It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices, or as a modifier.
• A phrase composed of a participle and other words is a ______.
Look at these two sentences:
1. The stranger ignored the barking dogs.
2. I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
- In sentence 1, the word barking...
- is formed from the verb 'bark' and it also denotes an action; therefore it is a ______
- describes the noun 'dogs' and therefore it is like an ______
-In sentence 2, the whole phrase riding a bicycle... acts like an ______.
-It describes the noun 'boy'. Verbs 12 - The whole phrase is called a ______and the word 'riding'
is called its ______...
-and as the head it is mainly responsible for the adjectival function.
-The word 'riding' also acts like a ______, because it has 'bicycle' as its ______.
• Also remember that the phrase 'riding a bicycle' is an action-based description of the boy.
A PARTICIPLE IS A VERBAL ______.
- It is by birth a verb, but mostly serves nouns and pronouns as an ______does.
They are of three types:
1. the ______Participle
2. the ______Participle
3. the ______Participle.
PRESENT Participle:
- This ______verb can be recognized from its -______ending
(e.g. eating, playing, singing, studying, sleeping).
- However, this fact alone is not enough to recognize it for sure, because the ______also has the
same ending.
- A present participle does the work of an ______, but a gerund does the work of a
______.
- Though both have the same form, they are different in the ______they do (i.e. in their function).
-These two examples will make this point clear…
1. I enjoy singing.
- 'singing' is the object of the verb 'enjoy'—being an object of a verb is the mark of a
______—therefore, 'singing' is a ______.
2. She is a singing girl. Verbs 13 - 'singing' describes the noun 'girl'—describing a noun is the function of an
______—therefore 'singing' is a ______.
**So if you want to recognize a present participle you need to take into consideration not only its form but
also its ______in sentences.
PAST Participle:
- All past participles ______have one type of form.
- So they are ______to recognize.
• Here are some ways to help you recognize them...
1. They often have one of these endings: -______, -_____, -_____, -______, -_____
- (as in: developed, hoped, burnt, fallen, grown).
2. Sometimes they are formed by making an ______in the basic form of
the verb
- e.g. sung from sing, won from win, bound from bind, met from meet).
3. A third way of forming the past participle is by not changing the form of the verb at all
- (as in verbs: put, cut, set).
PERFECT Participle:
- The form of this particular ______verb depends on that of the ______
one, i.e. the ______.
- The form is: the word “______” + the past participle. Verbs 14 (e.g. having sung, having won, having met, having rested, having seen, etc).