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PROJECT IDENTIFICATION FORM (PIF) PROJECT TYPE: FULL-SIZED PROJECT TYPE OF TRUST FUND:LDCF

PART I: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Project Title: Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Western and Central Africa for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change Country(ies): Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra GEF Project ID: 4978 Leone, São Tomé & Príncipe GEF Agency(ies): UNDP GEF Agency Project ID: 5078 Other Executing UNOPS Submission Date: May 3, 2012 Partner(s): GEF Focal Area (s): Climate Change Adaptation Project Duration (months): 36 months Name of parent program: Agency Fee ($): 2,400,000 For SFM/REDD+

A. FOCAL AREA STRATEGY FRAMEWORK: Focal Area Expected FA Expected FA Outputs Trust Indicative grant amount ($) Indicative co- Objectives Outcomes Fund financing ($) CCA-2 Outcome 2.2 Output 2.2.1 LDCF 7,179,000 33,500,000 Increase adaptive Strengthened adaptive Adaptive capacity of capacity to respond to capacity to reduce risks national early warning the impacts of to climate-induced networks strengthened to climate change, economic losses rapidly respond to extreme including variability, weather events at local, national, regional and global level

CCA-3 Outcome 3.1 Output 3.1.1: Relevant LDCF 15,700,000 58,129,500 Promote transfer and Successful adaptation adoption of demonstration, technology transferred to adaptation deployment, and targeted groups technology transfer of relevant adaptation technology Output 3.2.1: Skills in targeted areas increased for relevant individuals in transfer of adaptation technology Sub-total 22,879,000 91,629,500 Project management cost 1,121,000 4,489,846 Total project cost 24,000,000 96,119,346

1 B. PROJECT FRAMEWORK

2 Project Objective: To strengthen Western and Central Africa’s climate monitoring capabilities, early warning systems and available information for responding to climate shocks and planning adaptation to climate change. Trust Indicative Indicative Project Grant Fund Grant co- Expected Outcomes Expected Outputs Component type Amount ($) financing ($) 1. Transfer of INV 1. Enhanced capacity of 1.1 Procurement and LDCF 16,000,000 9,231,649 technologies for national hydro- installation or climate and meteorological (NHMS) and rehabilitation (in case environmental environmental institutions to of existing) of 5+ monitoring monitor extreme weather an hydrological infrastructure d climate change. monitoring stations in each country with telemetry, archiving and data processing facilities. 1.2 Procurement and installation or rehabilitation of 20+ meteorological monitoring stations in each country with telemetry, archiving and data processing facilities. 1.3 Procurement and installation or rehabilitation of radar for monitoring severe weather where needed (5 countries). 1.4 Procurement and installation or rehabilitation of at least 5 upper air monitoring stations (regional). 1.5 Procurement and installation or rehabilitation of satellite monitoring equipment to receive real time climate and environmental information (5 countries). 1.6 Training of at least 3-5 officers in each country to maintain and repair equipment, computer infrastructure and telecommunications (approx. $600,000). 2. TA 2. Efficient and effective use 2.1 NHMS capacity to make and LDCF 5,184,000 82,397,851 Cli of hydro-meteorological and use climate forecasts (on daily to mate environmental information seasonal, as well as medium- to infor for making early warnings long-term timescales) is mati and long-term development strengthened by training at least 4 on plans. forecasters per country. (approx. inte $600,000) grat ed INV 2.2 Tailored sector-specific early into warning products that link climate, deve environmental and socio-economic lop information on a range of men timescales are developed, based on t identified user needs. (approx. plan $900,000) s and INV 2.3 National capacity for earl assimilating forecasts and 3 y monitoring into existing C. INDICATIVE CO-FINANCING FOR THE PROJECT BY SOURCE AND BY NAME IF AVAILABLE, ($) Sources of Co- Type of Name of Co-financier Amount ($) financing Co-financing National Government Government of Burkina Faso/World Bank/GFDRR In-Kind 26,725,000 National Government Government of Gambia/IFAD/ECOWAS/USAID/AfDB In-Kind 21,984,000 National Government Government of Liberia/Norway In-Kind 10,340,000 National Government Government of Sierra Leone/World Bank/DFID In-Kind 17,800,000 National Government Government of São Tomé & Príncipe In-Kind 100,000 National Government Government of Benin In-Kind 5,354,600 GEF Agency UNDP Grant 13,815,746 Total Co-financing 96,119,346

D. GEF RESOURCES REQUESTED BY AGENCY, FOCAL AREAS AND COUNTRY GEF TYPE OF Country Project Agency Fee Total FOCAL AREA AGENCY TRUST FUND name/Global amount (a) (b) c=a+b

Total GEF Resources

PART II: PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 1. This PIF is the result of a bundling of several country requests to access LDCF financing for establishing Early Warning Systems (EWS) to assist with national level efforts to manage climate change risks. The proposed project responds to priorities and actions identified in the NAPAs of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, São Tomé & Príncipe and Sierra Leone that are similar in scope. These priorities all articulate the need for securing, transferring and installing critical technologies, as well as developing the necessary systems for climate change-related information to permeate into decision-making processes. The technologies required to achieve these aims will increase the capacity of the national early warning networks to forewarn and rapidly respond to extreme climate events. The project is formulated for submission under a single PIF, rather than a series of individual PIFs because: many needs are consistent across all countries and there are cost advantages to scaling up equipment purchases and technology transfer, not to mention economies of scale in technical assistance and knowledge sharing. The total amount of funding requested per country, as articulated in the Letters of Endorsement and not including PPG and agency fee are: Benin (USD 4,000,000), Burkina Faso (USD 4,000,000), Gambia (USD 4,000,000), Liberia (USD 4,000,000), São Tomé & Príncipe (USD 4,000,000) and Sierra Leone (USD 4,000,000) 2. Based on NAPA priorities of the above countries (see table below), NAPA priority projects on Early Warning Systems (EWS) are clearly articulated for all countries, along with projects associated with Food security and Water resources. In all but Benin, EWS are explicitly mentioned as NAPA priority projects; in the case of Benin EWS needs are embedded as a priority activity under the NAPA number 1 priority action on food security, "Mise en place d’un système de prévision de risques climatiques et d’alerte rapide pour la sécurité alimentaire dans 4 zones agroécologiques vulnérables". EWS are often not associated with any one particular sector and are expected to be relevant to multiple sectors, including the food/agriculture, water management, coastal management, health and energy sectors.

4 Early Education/ Cross- Food Coastal Warning capacity Terrestrial Water sectoral security zones System building Energy Health Infrastructure Insurance Ecosystems resources Benin       Burkina Faso      Gambia        Liberia    São Tomé Principe          Sierra Leone          

A. DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF THE PROJECT WITH:

A.1.1 The GEF focal area strategies: 3. This project is fully in line with LDCF/SCCF focal area objective 2 “Increase adaptive capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change, including variability, at local, national, regional and global level” and objective 3: Promote transfer and adoption of adaptation technology. It is specifically aligned with outcomes linked to these objectives including increased knowledge and understanding of climate variability and change-induced risks at country level and in targeted vulnerable areas, strengthened adaptive capacity to reduce risks to climate-induced economic losses, successful demonstration, deployment, and transfer of relevant adaptation technology in targeted areas and enhanced enabling environment to support adaptation related technology transfer.

A.1.2. For projects funded from LDCF/SCCF: the LDCF/SCCF eligibility criteria and priorities: Country ownership: 4. The Governments of Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, São Tomé & Príncipe and Benin have ratified the UNFCCC and are classified among the non-Annex 1 parties. These countries have also developed and submitted their National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPA) and are entitled to benefit from the LDC Fund for the implementation of priority measures identified in their respective NAPAs. In implementing priority interventions identified in the NAPAs, the project is consistent with the Conference of Parties (COP-9) and also satisfies criteria outlined in UNFCCC Decision 7/CP.7 and GEF/C.28/18. 5. The project focus is aligned with the scope of expected interventions as articulated in the LDCF programming paper and decision 5/CP.9. As climate impacts fall disproportionately on the poor, the project recognizes the links between adaptation and poverty reduction (GEF/C.28/18, 1(b), 29). Compliance with program and LDC Fund policies: 6. The project complies with the NAPA-identified urgent needs, all of which are relevant for supporting national development goals and for achieving MDGs 1, 3, 6 and 7.

5 Financing: 7. The project is designed to accommodate the additional adaptation costs of priority actions identified in the NAPAs and build on several other baseline projects and programs. The co- funding for this project is also within the stated guidelines, with more than $25m in prospective co-funding. The relevance of the co-financing to the proposed LDCF project is outlined below and will be further elaborated on during the project preparation phase. Institutional Synergy and Coordination: 8. The project outcomes will be primarily implemented through national implementation. The PIF therefore outlines project management costs that will be incurred by implementing partners at the national level (below 5%). A cross country component, to facilitate the procurement of technologies and technical support to the countries will be either directly through UNDP or through Agency Execution. The exact modalities including cost implications will be explored during the PPG phase and details will be spelt out in the project document. 9. The project is aligned with the framework of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) in all countries. The central goals of the PRSPs are to revitalize the main economic sectors of the countries, notably agriculture, fisheries and primary industries, in order to contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic development and growth, and to provide food security and nutrition, as well as employment. Details of individual country PRSPs that will be advanced are given below:  Benin’s PRSP pillars: Infrastructure Development (installing observation networks), Improving the Quality of Governance (fostering environmental governance) and Balanced and Sustainable Development pillar (managing natural disasters and risks).  Burkina Faso’s PRSP pillars: Increasing Employment and Income-Generating Activities for the Poor (reducing the vulnerability of agricultural activities).  Gambia’s PRSP pillars: Improving social protection needs of the poor and vulnerable and Enhancing the capacity and output of the agriculture sector, among others.  Liberia’s PRSP pillars: Security (calls for disaster management actions to increase security against climate and weather-related threats) and Infrastructure and Basic Services.  Sierra Leone’s PRSP pillars: Strengthening national security (including for disaster planning) and Promoting human development (better environmental management).  São Tomé & Príncipe's PRSP pillars: Development of the agricultural sector (the need to safeguard food security) and a cross-cutting set of actions related to the environment. 10. The project outcomes are closely aligned and coordinated with efforts already underway within Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, São Tomé & Príncipe and Benin to promote development which is resilient to climate change at the national and local levels. The project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities in the afore mentioned countries to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence-based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning. The proposed project will be implemented at the country level by the lead Ministry mandated to advance climate monitoring including management of climate data in full collaboration with other relevant line Ministries who rely on the information for planning purposes (Disaster Management, Agriculture, Water, Finance and Planning etc). Sub national authorities (Provincial and/or District officers, Municipalities, civil society (women and youth associations, NGOs, media, farmers’ associations) and the private sector will all also be important stakeholders (as end users) and will be provided with the space and opportunity to contribute to the design of the project in each country. Details of the institutional coordination will be spelt out in the project document that is prepared during the PPG phase with the full participation of key

6 stakeholders in each country including GEF OFP, UNFCCC FP, and other key senior Government officials including private sector and civil society representations as well as donor representatives. Monitoring and Evaluation: 11. The implementation of the project’s activities will reflect UNDP-GEF monitoring and evaluation standards and procedures, in line with the requirements of the LDCF. Details for monitoring and evaluation will be articulated during the project development phase.

A.2. National strategies and plans or reports and assessments under relevant conventions, if applicable, i.e. NAPAS, NAPs, NBSAPs, national communications, TNAs, NIPs, PRSPs, NPFE, etc.:

12. The link between this project strategy and the NAPA of each of the countries in this bundled NAPA priorities project is centered on a common goal of informing climate resilient development planning and sector management through improved national systems that generate relevant climate information. 13. The sections below explain in detail the manner in which EWS related projects and activities are reflected in the NAPAs of each of the participating countries. Benin 14. Benin’s number one priority project is “Implementation of a forecasting system for early warning and climatic risk for food security in four vulnerable agro-ecologic regions.”. The project would rehabilitate existing equipment and install some new equipment, as well as facilitate training and communication. It is currently being implemented as part of a larger UNDP project (see below). However, multiple outputs of the NAPA project that are related to equipment procurement are not being covered by the UNDP LDCF project:  Renew obsolete and aging equipment at existing synoptic and climatological stations, including communication systems;  Rehabilitate 8 rainfall stations in the communities most exposed to climate risks;  Create an institutional mechanism for coordination and management of an early warning system (acquisition and data analysis, preparation of notices or alerts, dissemination, intervention support, etc..);  Install a weather radar to detect and monitor significant weather events;  Expand the existing six (6) synoptic stations. 15. Another NAPA priority area is the protection of coastal zones. The NAPA’s 5th priority intervention includes some actions to address sea level rise but does not provide for sea level monitoring equipment. Burkina Faso 16. Burkina Faso’s number one priority adaptation action relates to EWS systems for Food Security. The project option is entitled “Reducing vulnerability to climate change by strengthening prevention schemes and managing food security crises in the Oursi and Boulsa zones.” It seeks to strengthen weak links in the national monitoring and EWS for food security through the following actions: Improve data collection and processing; Strengthen weather forecasting systems; implementing a network database; strengthening capacity for data processing and dissemination. Gambia 17. The Gambia’s number one priority NAPA intervention is related to EWS, titled, “Rehabilitation of Early Warning Systems on Climate Related Natural Hazards.” Aspects of this project are currently

7 being managed by UNEP and are implemented by the Department of Water Resources in collaboration with technical departments of the National Agricultural Development Agency responsible for Agricultural Services, Planning, Livestock Services, as well as the National Environment Agency and Local Government Authorities. Component 1 of the project includes Climate change information, monitoring and early warning systems. The budget for this component is $738,500 and it is unclear how much of the specific budget items put forward in the NAPA EWS action are provided by this project. This would be determined during the PPG phase. 18. Additionally, NAPA priority Project 9, “Restoration/Protection of coastal environments” works toward a comprehensive coastal management plan. It prioritizes bathymetric and topographic surveys, but does not include monitoring equipment in its budget or description. Priority Project 10, “Increasing fish production through aquaculture and conservation of post harvest fishery products” seeks to achieve improved livelihoods security and personal safety at sea. It also aims to reduce sea accidents, loss of lives and equipment. To meet these goals, monitoring, forecasting, and warning systems are gaps which have not been implemented for sea and coastal environments since the NAPA was written. Liberia 19. Liberia’s number two NAPA priority intervention is “Improved monitoring of climate change: enhance adaptive capacity through the rebuilding of the national hydro- meteorological monitoring system and improved networking for the measurement of climatic parameters”. The project would do the following: Rehabilitate existing hydro meteorological stations; Establish hydrometric networks at river basins; Acquisition of materials and equipment; Conducting training programme for Hydro-meteorological personnel; Provide public awareness. Sierra Leone 20. Sierra Leone’s number 1 priority NAPA intervention is the project, “Develop an Early Warning System in Sierra Leone”. This project would “build the capacity of the Sierra Leone Meteorological Department in order to enable it properly monitor weather systems and climate and in particular to be in a position to provide "Early Warning of Imminent Hazardous Weather or Climate.” In addition, the country’s number 20 priority intervention is, “Establishment of a National Sea-Level Observing System for Sierra Leone”. São Tomé & Príncipe 21. São Tomé & Príncipe's number two NAPA priority intervention is “Establishing a system of climate alert”. This project would produce the following outputs: Create a program in radio, television and newspaper media with permanent information on meteorological forecasts; Warn the population, through a system of alert via radio or telephone, of the approach of a gale; Sensitize the population to contribute to maintenance of several dispersed meteorological stations around the Country; Train technicians on the new meteorological and climate information technologies.

B. PROJECT OVERVIEW:

B.1. DESCRIBE THE BASELINE PROJECT AND THE PROBLEM THAT IT SEEKS TO ADDRESS:

Problem 22. Many countries in Western & Central (W&C) Africa suffer from low rates of development. In particular the countries this PIF aims to help (Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, São

8 Tomé & Príncipe and Benin) are all within the lowest 20% of countries worldwide, ranked by both Gross National Income (GNI per capita) and the 2011 United Nations Human Development Index1. These countries are particularly vulnerable to climate-related shocks (either to the economy or to unprotected populations), which threaten to undo years of development assistance and asset accumulation, especially within poor populations. One way to help mitigate the impact of these climate-related shocks is to warn populations, businesses and governments in advance of an impending or likely damaging event through an Early Warning System (EWS). 23. The fundamental problem in all target countries is that a complete EWS, which generates knowledge of the risks (vulnerability & hazard), has capacity to monitor, analyze and forecast hazards, provides communication and dissemination of alerts and warnings, either does not exist or does not function as well as it ought to be relevant and useful for long-term planning, management and risk reduction activities. For many LDCs, this status unnecessarily imperils lives and assets. Reasons for this situation involve a lack of both hard and soft technologies and the capacity to utilise those technologies in an appropriate manner. This results in: i) a limited understanding of current and future risks; ii) limited monitoring and forecasting of climate-related hazards; iii) inappropriate communication and packaging of warnings; iv) restricted responses to impending disasters and v) constrained planning for slow-onset changes due to climate change that will require a transformational shift in economic development and risk reduction efforts. The infrastructure and technology on which to build these services is lacking in the countries this proposal will serve. Without investing in the capacity to generate information, especially the monitoring and forecasting of climate-related hazards, the EWS will never function as optimally as it could. The aim of this proposal is to strengthen the EWS of each country, largely through improving national capabilities to generate and use climate information in the planning for and management of climate induced hazard risks. It will achieve this by implementing the transfer of appropriate technology, infrastructure and skills to each country.

Changes in climate-related hazards and likely impacts 24. Africa is the continent expected to suffer the most under anthropogenic induced climate change, both due to expected increases in climate hazards and its already high vulnerabilities to those hazards across a range of sectors. All countries in this proposal are classified as a Least Developed Country (LDC) which are recognized by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. These vulnerabilities span many sectors, livelihoods and assets within each country and the region in general. 25. Water is a scarce resource across the African continent and it's availability both for agriculture and domestic consumption is impacted severely by drought, which has been and will continue to increase in intensity and frequency (due to both changes in rainfall and increasing temperatures), especially in the sub-tropical and semi-arid regions bordering all the target countries. These hazardous events often lead to impacts on food security and health such as those seen recently in the horn of Africa. Flooding due to heavy rainfall over a short period of time has wreaked havoc in both urban and rural (river basins/watersheds) environments, with attendant impacts on health and the spread of disease e.g. recent floods in Mozambique/South Africa and across much of West Africa in 2009. Whilst the upswing in deaths attributed to floods in recent years may largely be due to population dynamics2, many deaths can be avoided with sufficient early warning. These

1 http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/ 2 Di Baldassarre, G., A. Montanari, H. Lins, D. Koutsoyiannis, L. Brandimarte, and G. Blöschl (2010), Flood fataliti es in Africa: From diagnosis to mitigation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L22402, doi:10.1029/2010GL045467

9 risks and associated losses are expected to increase in some regions due to the increased availability of atmospheric moisture and intensity of rainfall in the future3. 26. Severe weather, associated with convective weather, atmospheric heating and moisture, will likely increase in many regions and can result in increases in rain, hail and winds.. Sea level rise is a problem for many low lying coastal areas where large populations often assemble and the slow and steady rise of mean sea level results in more frequent flooding and coastal erosion. Rises in temperature which affects all countries and regions, results in an increase in the frequency of heat waves and extremely hot days/nights, which in turn affect the health of humans, ecosystems and urban environments. 27. Changes in the above climate-related hazards will negatively affect a range of sectors. Of particular concern is the agricultural sector which is an important component of the economy in all countries and forms the basis of many rural livelihoods. Droughts, floods and increases in temperature reduce the ability to grow crops, as well as affecting other aspects of the value chain e.g. drying/storage and transport to market.

Underlying causes 28. Whilst the EWS in each of the target countries may serve different sectors or users, they also share common problems; i) insufficient meteorological and hydrological observing stations to monitor the current state of the climate and hydrology, map risks and detect long-term trends; ii) insufficient use of satellite data for monitoring different aspects of the environment and providing information in regions not covered by the meteorological and hydrological stations; iii) limited use of climate forecasts on daily to seasonal timescales and; iv) limited packaging of different sources of information to inform risk reduction efforts in different sectors; v) inappropriate communication of EWS messages and vi) lack of trained personnel to effectively run and maintain the different aspects of the EWS. 29. A lack of meteorological and hydrological monitoring stations in all target countries has meant that many important regions and populations vulnerable to climate hazards are not monitored e.g. drought conditions (rainfall) are not monitored for important agricultural lands, intense rainfall is not monitored in areas prone to landslides and flooding, and rapid rises in rivers as a precursor to flooding goes unnoticed. Therefore many potentially threatening hazards are not forewarned because of a lack of monitoring stations. Where stations exist they are often manually operated and do not report measurements for days to weeks after the climate hazard has passed. Equipment failure is also common and regular checks and maintenance often neglected due to insufficient funds, incentives and regulatory policies resulting in poor quality and unreliable data for making management decisions related to climate change induced disaster risks. 30. It is now common practice to utilize satellite imagery as a useful tool for monitoring areas where meteorological and hydrological monitoring stations do not exist and aspects of the environment useful for assessing current risks e.g. vegetation monitoring helps assess crop performance and images of floods help understand which areas are more at risk. Additionally satellite data may be used to predict rainfall or monitor severe weather. However, many developing countries do not utilize these technologies because they either do not have the means to easily access to data held overseas ), do not have the necessary equipment to access the data or do not have the human resources to access and use the data.

3 IPCC, 2012:Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation.A Speci al Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp

10 31. The radar network for monitoring severe weather is limited in all target countries, often to airports where its main application is for air traffic control. This is largely a consequence of the high costs (for infrastructure, maintenance and human resources to run the equipment). Given most radars have a range of approximately 75-200 km covering large areas becomes very costly. 32. Climate forecasts are used by most NHMS, but only a few run Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to predict the weather for the next 1-7 days. Others rely on obtaining their predictions either from neighboring countries or international centres. Seasonal forecasts are also used by some but not all NHMS, depending on whether the skills to make these forecasts exist. In situations where forecasts are externally sourced, forecasters are dependent on the applicability of the forecasts to local conditions and restricted in their ability to apply local observations to develop better forecasts. 33. Often forecasts and climate information is given in the same standard formats for different users and this restricts their interpretation and application. For example, agricultural extension officers require information about the start of the rains, or the frequency of days with rain, whereas those monitoring floods require information on rainfall intensity. Extracting these particular attributes from forecasts is currently not undertaken. This information is then more useful when packaged with other sources of data e.g. satellite maps showing current vegetation and rainfall, or soil moisture as an indication of flooding potential etc. 34. Further problems are caused by a lack of trained personnel who are capable of maintaining an observational network, generating information for specific sectors, as well as interpreting the data in ways that non-technical stakeholders can understand. This human capacity is required to:  Replace components of the observing networks when they fail;  Manage and run any forecast models;  Understand how users interpret data and design information packages that address these needs;  Be able to combine, manipulate and overlay different data to identify areas at risk.

Long-term solution and barriers to achieving it: 35. It is expected that as climate change unfolds the frequency and intensity of climate related shocks will change, therefore improving EWSs is one way to adapt to a changing climate. As an adaptive measure EWS also benefit the poorer segments of society, those who do not necessarily benefit from large protective infrastructure projects4. Furthermore, improving the EWS also provides benefits for long term planning and helps NHMS and other institutions build capacity to service other needs e.g. for land-use and agricultural planning, hydro-electric power etc. 36. To allow countries to better manage severe weather related disasters, food security and agricultural production, scarce and dwindling water resources and make their socioeconomic development process less vulnerable to climate-related risks it is essential to:  enhance the capacity of hydro-meteorological services and networks for predicting climatic events and associated risks;  develop a more effective, efficient and targeted delivery of climate information including early warnings;  support improved and timely preparedness and response to forecast climate-related risks and vulnerabilities. 37. These objectives require developing robust weather and climate observation, forecasting, and monitoring infrastructure, which can be rapidly deployed, is relatively easy to maintain, and simple to use. Such a weather and climate monitoring system can provide countries with the capacity to develop: (i) an early warning system for severe weather; (ii) real-time weather and

4 World Bank (2010). Natural hazards, Unnatural disasters: Effective prevention through an economic lens. World Bank and United Nations. 231 pp.

11 hydrological monitoring; (iii) weather forecasting capabilities (Numerical Weather Prediction); (iv) agro-meteorological information and services (including integrated crop and pest management); (v) applications related to building and management of infrastructure; (vi) land, air and maritime transport management; (vii) integrated water resources management; (viii) coastal zone and land management; and (ix) planning and policy making processes. 38. However, there are significant policy, institutional, financial, technological and informational barriers that prevent the desired situation from emerging. These barriers include: Lack of weather and climate monitoring infrastructure 39. In all countries considered here there has been a steady decline in infrastructure dedicated to monitoring the climate, hydrology, environment and severe weather (e.g. meteorological and hydrological observing stations, satellite receivers and weather radar) for the last 20-30 years. Whilst this situation has been ameliorated by specifically targeted project interventions, this has often benefitted a few countries or a particular aspect of the early warning system (e.g. African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD)5 to improve use of satellite data or the “Weather for all” initiative to improve weather station coverage 6). Recently the need for a systematic improvement of the observing network is recognized by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)7 which in its reports to the UNFCCC notes that “Developing Countries have made only limited progress in filling gaps in their in situ observing networks, with some evidence of decline in some regions, and capacity building support remains small in relation to needs”. The installation of new infrastructure also requires several practical condiderations: i) safety of the equipment; ii) power sources; iii) long term durability; iv) access for maintenance and v) transmission and archiving of data. Limited knowledge and capacity to effectively predict future climate events 40. The scientific and technical capabilities required to effectively identify hazards and forecast their potential impacts on vulnerable communities are often weak. This may be due to a lack of either infrastructure (i.e. computational equipment), software (model code and associated routines) or human capacity/skills to programme and run the model code. Running forecast models is a highly skilled task and requires many years of education and training. Forecasters, with highly sought skills, are often lured into more lucrative work. Inconsistent use of different information sources across and within country borders 41. If there is not a clear legal mandate for the issuing of warnings then messages may be confused (between different sources) and not acted upon. There needs to be an official process for generating warnings that include communication between sectoral ministries and with communities where disasters are experienced. In several countries representatives from different ministries convene, assess the situation and warning messages are conveyed via disaster management, which is an inter-ministerial body mandated to issue warnings. This allows a wide range of views and evidence to be considered (including information from international and regional sources), though the process needs to be clear and act efficiently if warnings are to be issued in time. No systematic forecasting of climate hazards, risks and timely dissemination of warnings 42. When climate information is available (monitoring and forecasts), it should be translated into specific hazards experienced by different sectors and users e.g. heat units for agriculture or wave heights for managing coastal shipping. Without translation into information that can be easily

5 http://www.amesd.org/index.php?start=25 6 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31193&Cr=weather&Cr1 7 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php

12 understood by users, the information is unlikely to be used. This information should then be combined with known vulnerabilities to identify areas and communities at risk. This is currently not part of the process for issuing warnings in most cases. Lack of environmental databases for assessing the risks posed by climate variability and change 43. Calculating risks for known vulnerabilities requires a comprehensive archive of information related to vulnerable communities, infrastructure, roads, shipping, access to markets, flood prone areas, cropping patterns etc. This information are held in disconnected databases or computers spread across different government departments and ministries. All the information required to assess vulnerability and calculate risks needs to be accessible, either through a central database/repository, or through distributed networks.

Long-term sustainability of observational infrastructure and technically skilled human resources 44. The maintenance of monitoring equipment, the human capacity to use and repair this equipment, process data and develop early warning packages, all require constant income streams and annual budgets. These are needed beyond the lifetime of this project and therefore require suitable business models and financial mechanisms to be developed. Currently most NHMS rely on budgets organized through overarching Ministries which have to juggle competing priorities, often in circumstances of reduced public expenditure. This issue has been recognized8 and various levels of public-private partnership have been suggested, including the use of an intermediary organisation9. Regardless of the business structure it is clear that delivery of targeted services, such as those proposed here, are essential for generating products and revenue that both public and private clients will pay for. This revenue can then support the maintenance of the observational infrastructure and the salaries of skilled staff to use it and generate the early warning products.

Baseline Project(s) the project will build on: 45. UNDP's Africa Adaptation Programme (AAP), financed by the Government of Japan - is a multi-country programme working in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Zambia. Total funding for the programme is $91m. None of this financing has been considered as co-financing as the funds are for adaptation activities. However, it is included under baseline projects as this proposal seeks funds that will build on these activities. 46. The AAP project in Burkina Faso (with financing of $2.9m) seeks to mainstream climate change information into national development policies, including disaster risk reduction actions. Project outputs are: (1) Establish a dynamic, long-term planning mechanisms to cope with the inherent uncertainties of climate variability and climate change; (2) Strengthen leadership capacity and institutional frameworks to manage climate change risks and exploit related opportunities in an integrated manner at local and national levels; (3) Implement climate-resilient policies and measures in NAPA priority sectors; (4) Develop the capacity to mobilise financial resources to meet national adaptation costs at national and local levels10. 47. The AAP project “Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa - São Tomé and Príncipe” (financing of $6m) seeks to create “institutional

8 see WMO Global Framework for Climate Services 9 See GFDRR WCIDS: http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/WCIDS 10 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/strengthening-capacity-address-climate-change-adaptation-concerns-pre paration-and-implementa

13 and individual capacity to address climate change risks and opportunities through a national approach to adaptation.”11 This project assessed the meteorological equipment needs of STP and installed a number of meteorological stations.12. Project focuses on strengthening: (1) adaptive long term planning capacities, including baseline meteorological and population vulnerability measurement (2) institutional and human resource capacities at all levels (3) policies and measures, with a focus on the already degraded area of northern Sao Tomé for pilot activities in developing community CCA strategies and improving livelihood resilience in priority sectors.

Benin 48. The World Bank-funded project, implemented by the Government of Benin, “Emergency Urban environment program” (2011-2015) will increase Benin's level of preparedness for future flooding in the Cotonou Agglomeration after the 2010 flooding disaster. This includes implementation of a Flood Early Warning System and disaster risk preparedness programme (financing of $5.03m). As of September 2011, the EWS was not yet effective and still under implementation.13 The co-financing for this project is assumed to be 50% for components 1 & 2. 49. DFID and IRDC’s project, “Protecting the Urban Community of Cotonou from the effects of Climate Change” (financing of $324,600) “aims to build the capacity of populations in the urban community of Cotonou to cope with flooding. It will do so through a participatory diagnosis, analysis and planning process for sustainable flood prevention strategies. The process will involve local populations (including vulnerable groups), civil society actors, elected officials and opinion leaders. Throughout the process, researchers will map and valorize the various types of knowledge (endogenous, scientific and technical, administrative, etc.) used in flood prevention and management.”14 The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. Burkina Faso 50. The GFDRR project “Mainstreaming disaster reduction and CCA in Burkina Faso” has $4.5m of financing, ending in 2014. It will accomplish the following goals: Strengthen CONASUR (the National Committee of Emergency & Rehabilitation Assistance), improve its relations with other institutions; Establish a functional early warning system; Strengthen the response capacity of CONASUR institutions; Implement climate change adaptation actions at village level.15 The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. 51. The UNDP CO-executed project, “National capacity building for disaster management and recovery crisis in Burkina Faso” This 3-year, $1.8m project seeks to strengthen preparedness, response, and disaster risk management through provision of additional resources (human, financial, and material); develop an integrated information system on disaster risk and tools for DRR at various levels; integrate DRR into relevant frameworks and plans; and support formulation of a national disaster management and recovery system with consultation from technical and financial stakeholders and partners.16 The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2.

11 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/supporting-integrated-and-comprehensive-approaches-climate-change-a daptation-africa-leadersh 12 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LbesaFpbuWcJ:www.undp-aap.org/sites/undp-aap.org/fil es/Sao%2520Tome%2520%2526%2520Principe.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us 13 http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P113145&theSitePK=40941&piPK=73230&pagePK= 64283627&menuPK=228424 14 http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-118879-201_105815-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html 15 (http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/ca_projects/detail/3838) 16 http://www.pnud.bf/FR/fcrises.html

14 52. UNDP COGEL – The UNDP financed project Consolidation of the Local Environmental Governance was approved in October 2011 for $4.0m in UNDP core funds (TRAC) plus $630K from government. Operating at both national and sub-national levels, the project focus on strengthening relevant structures and community based organisations to integrate a practical approach to sustainable development and natural resource management as a means to roll-out the National Strategy for Accelerated Growth. The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. 53. PANA-BKF UNDP/DANIDA – funded project Adaptation to climate change for the improvement of human security in Burkina Faso includes a component for local and regional decision makers. The component of civil society that is run by IUCN. (DANIDA-IUCN) The project has been successful in raising awareness of decision makers with regards to adverse effect of climate change. DANIDA IUCN is bringing NGOs and CSOs into the implementation of relevant measures that contribute to adaptation to climate change through a behavioural approach. Key beneficiaries are stakeholders at the decentralised level. Total funding for this project is $1.625m. The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. 54. UNDP/UNCDF ACRIC - Support to Rural Communities and Inter-Community Initiatives. Funded by UNDP, UNCDF and the Governments of Germany and Burkina Faso and active since 2009, the project aims at developing local planning tools, building local governance capacity and initiating local dynamic economies. The project is active both in the Boucles du Mouhoun and in the Northern Region. It is implemented by the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation. The ACRIC project is funded for $4m. The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. 55. PNGT2 – National Land Management Programme (WB co-financed under its Community Based Rural Development Project). The current phase of the project started in 2008 and it is supporting rural communes in planning and implementing local development activities in a participatory and sustainable manner. The Project contributes to the second phase of the National Program for Decentralized Rural Development. It has three main components: A) Strengthened capacity for decentralized rural development; B) Local Development Financing; and C) Rural Land Tenure Reform. Behind the project’s implementation is an investment of $103m, of which $73m were committed by the WB. Some 3000 villages were covered by the implementation of more than 18,000 micro projects and various capacity building activities. 20% of this project is assumed to be co-financing for component 2. 56. UNDP National Capacity development for natural disaster risk management in Burkina Faso with $1.23m of funding from UNDP and BCPR. Project has three components; 1. Institutional capacity development in the disaster risk management 2. Integrated information system management at national and two regions (pilot sites) 3. Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Management in National strategy. The co-financing for this project is assumed to be for component 2. Gambia 57. IFAD supported Livestock & Horticulture Development Project (LHDP) ($15m): 2010- 201617. The project engages the active involvement of communities in a participatory monitoring and evaluation system, including the use of a voucher-based remuneration system for the delivery of agricultural extension services. The project also provides practical support to the kafos, enabling farmers to build on their existing activities and improve their use of increasingly scarce water and land resources. 50% of the project is assumed as co-financing for component 2.

17 http:// www.ifad.org/operations/projects/design/98/gambia.pd f

15 58. ECOWAS supported Gambia National Agriculture Investment Programme (GNAIP), ($15m): 2010 -2015. The overall aim of GNAIP is to increase the Agriculture sector’s contribution to the national economy, enhancing growth and poverty reduction. One of the specific objectives of the programme is to promote lowland development for rive cultivation and targets 24,000 ha of land under various ecologies and aims to expand rice production to attain an annual production of 70,000 metric tons of paddy rice as well as promote aquaculture to optimize yields per year. 50% of the project is assumed as co-financing for component 2. 59. USAID supported Gambia-Senegal sustainable Fisheries Project ($12m): 2009 -2014. The Ba Nafaa project is a five-year regional initiative supported by the American people though the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/West Africa Regional Mission. It is implemented through the University of Rhode Island (URI)-USAID cooperative agreement on Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems (SUCCESS). The World Wide Fund West Africa Marine EcoRegional Program is the regional implementing partner. Project activities are carried out in partnership with the Department of Fisheries (DoFish) and stakeholders in the fisheries sector in The Gambia and in Senegal. The focus is on sustainable fisheries management including the shared marine and coastal resources between The Gambia and Senegal. However, most field activities are in The Gambia and it is assumed that 20% of the value is co-financing for component 2. 60. AfDB supported Gambia Artisanal Fisheries Development Project (GAFDP) ($ 21m). Recognizing the importance of fish as a reliable and affordable source of protein for the majority of Gambians and a source of income for coastal communities, this project aims to: rehabilitate the Banjul fisheries Jetty and the three fish landing sites of Albreda, Bintang and Tendaba including access roads & associated facilities; to construct fish central market in Bakote through the AfDB supported project ‘Gambia Artisanal Fisheries Development Project (GAFDP). This infrastructure will contribute to an increase in the quality of fish landed as well as reduce fish spoilage and stabilize fish prices and increase opportunities for fishmongers to receive higher incomes and improve nutritional standards of the people. It is assumed that 20% of the value is co-financing for component 2. 61. FAO support to strengthen capacities in the Gambia Government for policy planning, programming, statistics & monitoring in the Agriculture & Natural Resources sector ($384,000): 2010 – 2012. This is assumed to be co-financing for component 2. 62. Many EWS-related projects for the Gambia are detailed under ‘coordinating projects’ below. However, there is a planned “Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Programme (DRR-CCA) for The Gambia” the funding for which will be detailed at the end of the PPG phase. Two activities in this project are: i) the development and/or strengthening of a multi- hazard early warning system; ii) the development of guidelines and other information, education and communication materials to raise awareness on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation issues. The recent validation of The Gambia’s DRR report indicates this project is in the pipeline.18 UNDP supported the Gambia National Disaster Management Programme (2008- 2011), and synergies with the outputs of this project are relevant. As part of these efforts, The Gambia has established and is currently building the capacities of its National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), 19 which has recently received support from Nigeria’s National Emergency Management Agency.20 Liberia

18 http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndma-validates-disaster-risk-reduction-report 19 http://www.ndma.gm/home/ 20 http://fmi.gov.ng/nigerias-nema-backs-the-gambia-on-disaster-emergency-management/

16 63. The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) is implementing a project "Strengthening of the Water Resources and Power Sectors" (financing of $5.38m) to develop a monitoring and management system for water and electricity resources in Liberia. A project document was finalized in 2010 on the request of MLME, outlining the various activities to be included in a 5-year institutional cooperation between NVE and MLME. Thereafter an institutional agreement between MLME and NVE was signed during 2010. The focus is on assistance to monitoring and management of water and energy resources, with special attention to institutional strengthening. This includes a programme for installing meteorological and hydrological monitoring equipment, as well as the databases and archiving infrastructure. This is assumed to be co-financing for component 1. 64. As part of the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), the Liberian government has developed the Liberia Agriculture Sector Investment Program (LASIP) (financing of $4.96m) as a vehicle to direct investment and funding into the agricultural sector of Liberia. This is currently funded through expanding budgets for the Ministry of Agriculture. The Central Agricultural Research Institute was virtually destroyed by the war, but the institute is now painfully reinventing its programs and rehabilitating its infrastructure. Small farmers live largely in isolated villages with little or no facilities to receive updated information on agriculture and rural development. Agricultural extension services (nongovernmental organizations, private extension, etc.) will be developed and expanded. This is assumed to be co- financing for component 2. 65. UNDP-BCPR is funding "Building National and Local Capacities for Disaster Risks Management in Liberia" (financing of $940,000) to strengthen capacity to prepare for and respond to disasters. The project implements its activities through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Disaster Relief Commission (NDRC). Databases of disaster losses and hazard mapping have been undertaken, on which the proposed project can build. In particular, the project notes: “the urgent need to re-build the hydro-meteorological stations and activate the PUMA Project. In the absence of modern weather forecasting tools, there is need to sharpen and strengthen traditional early warning and communication systems”. This is assumed to be co- financing for component 2. 66. Funded partly by SIDA and the Basque Government the Governance Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (GoAL WASH) (financing of $526,746) is a UNDP program that aims to accelerate achievement of the water and sanitation MDGs through strategically targeted interventions that strengthen governance of the water and sanitation sectors at appropriate levels. The project supports capacity building initiatives of the Government of Liberia by ensuring that the Water Supply and Sanitation Commission (WSSC) becomes operational. This entails securing effective budgetary and other financial support for this body, advising on staffing and assisting with external recruitment with national counterparts as necessary, installing a work plan with prioritized outputs, assisting in the establishment of a coherent programme of data collection for the sector, working with other public sector and civil society organizations to raise the national awareness of the need for safe drinking water and sanitation, and reviewing the scope and mandate of the WSSC. This is assumed to be co-financing for component 2. São Tomé & Príncipe 67. Funded by IDRC the “Building Capacity for Sustainable Responses to Climate Change in Cities of Portuguese-speaking Small Island Developing States (KSIDS)” ($200,000) project will incorporation of climate change adaptation in long term urban planning, urban decision making process, urban design and urban communities’ lifestyle in two Portuguese Speaking Small Island Developing States, Cape Verde and São Tome and Principe. This will include training

17 graduate students and urban professionals in Cape Verde and São Tome and Principe in scenario development and GIS analysis, training on climate change impacts and adaptation strategies and how to incorporate them into urban planning and design processes. 50% of this is assumed co- financing for component 2. Sierra Leone 68. The UNDP project “Capacity Building of the Sierra Leone Meteorological Office” (financing $389,000) supported the Sierra Leone Meteorological Department with an operational satellite, aeronautical meteorology reception system; and forecaster workstations and integrated observations in six weather stations; along with staff training to process and quality control the observations for both real-time weather forecasting and climate applications and the digitisation of existing weather data into the climsoft software package. The overall objective is to reduce vulnerability of the population of Sierra Leone to existing weather and climate hazards and increase resilience to future climate change and provide technical support to facilitate the work of the Meteorology institution. This is assumed to be co-financing for component 1. 69. The UNDP project “Preventive Development” (financing $300,000) supported the government’s efforts towards enhancing institutional and community capacities for disaster risk prevention and management and other activities geared towards enhanced sustained environmental management. This project also ensured the integration of climate change and disaster management into sectoral plans (e.g. Health urban planning and Agriculture). The project also supported the development of a national hazard profile as well as contingency plans for many of the hazards in the profile. A diagnostic analysis of disaster management has been done as well as support to the newly established national disaster management platform. This project has facilitated the establishment of disaster management volunteer corps nationwide as well as the development of risk maps for the five city councils. The project is expected to further enhance the risk management capacities of both local councils and the national government as well as communities. This is assumed to be co- financing for component 2. 70. The World Bank-funded project, “Sierra Leone-Rapid Response Growth Poles: Community- Based Livelihood and Food Support Program” (2010-2014; $2.8m) aims to improve food security in areas recently affected by drought and flooding disasters. Among its activities is the construction of 6 Communications Centers for risk management, which will include “weather and crop forecasts, disaster risk and prevention information using telecommunications, computer, etc.”21 Construction will be completed by 500 at-risk workers receiving Cash-for-Work (CfW), over a period of two years. 50% of this is assumed co-financing for component 1 and 50% for component 2. 71. DFID has a $15m project “Supporting the Government of Sierra Leone to implement its National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy.” It includes components for the management of water sector policy and water resources conservation.22. This is assumed co-financing for component 2.

The breakdowns of co-financing of these projects (USD) related to the different components of the PIF are as follows:

B B G S S Liberia Total

21 http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P122622/sierra-leone-rapid-response-growth-poles-community-based-liveliho od-food-support-program?lang=en 22 http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=201139

18 Component 1 2 0 0 0 1 5,380,000 9,684,000

Component 2 2 3 2 1 1 6,426,746 86,435,346

Component 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 5,354,600 38,385,000 21,984,000 100,000 18,489,000 11,806,746 96,119,346 NOTE: Whilst no co-financing is listed for component 3, the AAP project funds (not taken as co-financing) are providing support for activities on which component 3 would build.

B.2. Incremental/Additional cost reasoning: DESCRIBE THE INCREMENTAL (GEF TRUST FUND) AND THE ASSOCIATED Global environmental benefits TO BE DELIVERED BY THE PROJECT: 72. The first component of the proposed project seeks to establish a functional network of climate (meteorological and hydrological) monitoring stations and associated infrastructure (satellite and severe weather monitoring) as a basis for understanding climate change and building an early warning system to increase resilience to climate-related shocks. The second component concerns itself with developing connected systems and processes to enable the data from such a network to be translated, combined, reinterpreted and communicated to intended users. It will also develop the human capacity to make such a system work. The third component provides the technical assistance needed to leverage knowledge, skills and investment across all the countries.

Component 1: Transfer of technologies for climate and environmental monitoring infrastructure 73. This component will procure and install infrastructure required by each country to improve access to climate and environmental information for a functioning EWS. Details of this procurement will vary between countries depending on the required types of EWS (e.g. for floods, drought, severe weather, coastal processes etc.), existing infrastructure and telecommunications, capacity to utilise the equipment and associated data. Additionally, during the PPG phase potential climate change hotspots (where both vulnerabilities and hazards are expected to be high) will be considered when deciding where to place infrastructure e.g. meteorological stations in vulnerable regions etc.

Baseline Situation including Projects 74. The following describes the baseline situation and projects regarding existing infrastructure and related activities in each country. Benin 75. At the time of the NAPA process (2008), Benin possessed 100 rainfall observation systems and 30 hydrometric systems, as well as a system to receive Meteosat Second Generation satellite images. As of 2010, the technical capacities of the meteorological department were considered “very weak,” with no early warning system or even agro-meteorological assistance for farmers. 76. According to National Focal Points for FDCC and UNFCCC, technology needed for establishment of an EWS could include:  Automatic Weather stations (measurement of weather parameters every 15 min)  Automatic Water level stations (measurement of river levels every 15 min)  Control station (server and work stations)

19  Radar (weather system and precipitation monitoring)  Satellite station  Weather forecast capacities (Nowcasting models)  Hydrological forecast capacities  High speed computers/calculators  Communication systems. 77. The World Bank-funded project, implemented by the Government of Benin, “Emergency Urban Environment Project” (2011-2015) will increase Benin's level of preparedness for future flooding in the Cotonou Agglomeration after the 2010 flooding disaster. This includes implementation of a Flood Early Warning System and disaster risk preparedness programme. As of September 2011, the EWS was not yet effective and still under implementation.23 Burkina Faso 78. The existing food security EWS in Burkina Faso, Système d’Alerte Précoce (SAP), is housed within the Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry facilitates collection and availability of agro- climatic data, partnering with multiple entities in order to do so. Its primary governmental partner is the National Directorate of Meteorology (DMN), which contributes data on daily/monthly/annual rainfall, air/soil temperature, water vapour levels, and wind speed, among others. To acquire this data, DMN itself collaborates with various regional and international partners.24 79. The following is a list of current EWS-related activities under the NAPA programme (AAP/LDCF projects) managed in BKF’s national coordination unit;  Partnership signed with DCIME (National Environmental Observatory) of Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MESD), DM BKF and University of Ouagadougou for climate data collection/dissemination for local/national planning, Downscaling, and climate V&A multi sector analysis by T21;  High performance Computer (to stock environmental data and dissemination of data) has been placed at DCIME of MESD;  Pending installation of 10 automatic weather stations (at national level) and 6 agro weather stations (nearby NAPA LDCF project sites) (procurement process is ongoing by AAP regional team);  Training for farmers to incorporate local data for planning/improvement of yield at the LDCF project sites are on-going by DM BKF; and  Capacity development activities for DRM national structure (training organized for DRM national structure regarding link between Natural disaster and CC). 80. UNDP CO is managing the project, “National capacity building for disaster management and recovery crisis in Burkina Faso.” This 3-year project seeks to strengthen preparedness, response, and disaster risk management through provision of additional resources (human, financial, and material); develop an integrated information system on disaster risk and tools for DRR at various levels; integrate DRR into relevant frameworks and plans; and support formulation of a national disaster management and recovery system with consultation from technical and financial stakeholders and partners.25

23 http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P113145&theSitePK=40941&piPK=73230&pagePK= 64283627&menuPK=228424 24 Christian Aid report. Nov. 2010. “EWS Networks in Mali and Burkina Faso.” Accessible at: http://community.eldi s.org/.59e99ac1 25 http://www.pnud.bf/FR/fcrises.html

20 81. The GFDRR project “Mainstreaming disaster reduction and CCA in Burkina Faso” is an ongoing project, ending in 2014. It will accomplish the following goals:  Strengthen CONASUR (the National Committee of Emergency & Rehabilitation Assistance), improve its relations with other institutions;  Establish a functional early warning system;  Strengthen the response capacity of CONASUR institutions;  Implement climate change adaptation actions at village level.26 Gambia 82. As of March 2012 and based on the Needs Assessment Report27 conducted under the existing GOTG/GEF/UNEP early warning project, only two of the ten meteorological station of the National Meteorological Services of The Gambia operate on a 24hr-basis all the year-round. Three stations operate from 6am to 9pm everyday and the rest operate as daylight station from 6am to 6pm every day. The major challenges facing the observing network are delayed repair and/or replacement of broken instruments, insufficient spare parts for maintenance of broken down equipment, inadequate human capital to carry out observation and maintenance of instruments and equipment, poor and inadequate infrastructure and facilities for enhanced operational observing capacity and inadequate material resources and consumables for ease of operation. The report also identifies that the current UNEP-implemented NAPA priority project has insufficient funds; the approximately $1m set aside will cover less than one-third of the project needs. 83. Country wide, the hydrological network has been affected by the destruction of hydrological installations due to physical and other construction activities, encroachment of sites through change of land ownership, dilapidated infrastructure, instruments damaged due to over flowing of river banks during flood situations, lack of appropriate instruments and equipment to carry-out the observation and monitoring, and inadequate trained personnel to carry out observations and analysis.

Liberia 84. At the time of the NAPA’s writing (2006), no hydrometric stations in the country were operational. The NAPA states that the “destruction of the entire meteorological/hydrological infrastructure including the forty-seven (47) hydrometric stations across the country by the civil war has made it difficult to gather regular data to forecast the climatic pattern of the county for the past sixteen years (1989-2006). Since 1990, there has not been any systemic collection of meteorological and hydrological data in Liberia. This makes this sector vulnerable because the sector lacks the capability to provide the kind of services that will make policy makers and citizens to make informed decisions relative to climatic pattern in Liberia.” 85. According to the Adaptation Partnership (2011), the meteorological infrastructure in Liberia has not yet been rebuilt, which may severely constrain adaptation in the agriculture and forestry sectors. However the Norwegian government is investing in hydro-met infrastructure with a view to managing hydro-power. This includes a programme for installing meteorological and hydrological monitoring equipment, as well as the databases and archiving infrastructure. Sierra Leone 86.The national meteorological infrastructure was destroyed during the war, but the Programme 21

26 (http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/ca_projects/detail/3838) 27 Needs Assessment Report, March 2012: GOTG/GEF/UNEP Early Warning Project

21 project has installed at least six automatic weather stations recently. The Sierra Leone government claims that efforts are being made to restructure the whole system. It also notes that, in terms of warning systems for disasters, there is great need for improved communications networks and information channels. The Disaster Management department does not currently have its own radio station, so it normally requests local radio stations for their services in cases of disaster. 87.The “Capacity Building of the Sierra Leone Meteorological Office” project has furthermore supported the Sierra Leone Meteorological Department with an operational satellite, aeronautical meteorology reception system; and forecaster workstations and integrated observations in six weather stations; along with staff training to process and quality control the observations for both real-time weather forecasting and climate applications and the digitisation of existing weather data into the climsoft software package. 88. The UNEP-led project, “Programme 21: Environmental Cooperation for Peacebuilding,” implemented in conjunction with FAO and UNDP, has a component of “Improved planning in place to respond to climate change”28 This project did an assessment of Sierra Leone’s meteorological services, and in early 2012, it was expected to install six automatic weather stations in different parts of the country, as well as train five national staff as weather technicians and five staff as forecasters.29 São Tomé & Príncipe 89. Recent projects have worked to rehabilitate STP’s meteorological infrastructure. STP has recently received a satellite reception station, six rehabilitated river monitoring hydrological stations, and four weather stations. Currently STP possesses the following assets:  6-7 work stations;  A satellite station from AMESD;  An AWS for the airport with digital data transfer;  Siclimad server;  Digital studio for meteo journal TV presentation from the UK Met office. 90. The AAP project (2009-2011), “Supporting Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa - São Tomé and Príncipe” seeks to create “institutional and individual capacity to address climate change risks and opportunities through a national approach to adaptation.”30 This project assessed the meteorological equipment needs of STP and installed eight meteorological stations (4 manual and 4 AWS).31 91. The World Bank-funded project, “São Tome and Príncipe: Adaptation to Climate Change”32 seeks to implement elements of STP’s NAPA priority project number two (see coordinating projects). Its Component One: Coastal Early Warning Systems would “establish an early warning system for dissemination of meteorological forecasts to fishermen and coastal communities.” This project does not appear to have funds designated specifically for the acquisition of meteorological or related equipment. 92. Collaboration between the STP Government and the Government of Portugal, The System for Climatic and Sea Information to Support the Sustainable Development of STP (SICLIMAD) has worked to install three automatic weather stations.

28 http://www.unep.org/dnc/UNEPsActivities/SierraLeone/tabid/54646/Default.aspx 29 http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2659&ArticleID=8935&l=en 30 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/supporting-integrated-and-comprehensive-approaches-climate-change-a daptation-africa-leadersh 31 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LbesaFpbuWcJ:www.undp-aap.org/sites/undp-aap.org/fil es/Sao%2520Tome%2520%2526%2520Principe.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us 32 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/s%C3%A3o-tome-and-pr%C3%ADncipe-adaptation-climate-change

22 Additional cost reasoning 93. Under this component of the project, countries participating in this project will be able to use LDCF resources to procure, install and/or rehabilitate critical infrastructure required to build and/or strengthen the climate-related observational network in each country. In all equipment purchases an assessment of existing equipment will be made, noting the manufacturer, whether it is still working and whether the NHMS has an interest in continuing with particular makes/models. This will need to be weighed against the costs of potentially cheaper solutions and the added costs of training personnel to service different products. 94. Under Output 1.1 of the proposed project, LDCF resources will be used for the procurement and installation or rehabilitation (in case of existing) of 5+ hydrological monitoring stations in each country with telemetry, archiving and data processing facilities, which will enable the relevant NHMS to monitor river and lake levels. In turn this allows the NHMS to identify dangerous floods before they occur, issue warnings for dam/transport managers downstream and alert communities at risk. All stations will be fitted with appropriate means for relaying data to central servers (e.g. via GPRS or satellite telemetry). No projects were identified implementing this specific baseline activity (equipment has been installed in São Tomé & Príncipe), though Benin, Liberia and Gambia all note the need in order to strengthen their EWS. 95. Under Output 1.2, LDCF resources will be used for the Procurement and installation or rehabilitation of 20+ meteorological monitoring stations in each country, also with telemetry, archiving and data processing facilities. Comparison of the network coverage in each country with the risk and vulnerability maps calculated or sourced during the PPG phase, will be used to identify underserved locations where data from additional stations will be most useful. As early warning and up to date monitoring is a priority, Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) using GPRS mobile telecommunications will be prioritised and where this is not available the feasibility of using more costly satellite communications will be assessed (including implications for budgets and future running costs). In cases where stations have been neglected but the site (fences, towers etc.) are still functional, LDCF resources will be used to replace existing sensors and data loggers as historical observations from the site can be used with newly acquired data to create longer time series for detecting climate changes. Baseline projects implementing these activities include the Government of Norway funded activities in Liberia, the World Bank project in Benin and the UNDP project in Sierra Leone. All countries have indicated a need for AWS. 96. Under Output 1.3, LDCF resources will be used to procure equipment for monitoring severe weather. Radar equipment for doing this is costly (both purchasing and maintaining the equipment, as well as training and paying personnel to operate it) and budgets will only allow for the purchase of 1-2 such items. Depending on the type of radar and function the useful range is of the order 75-200 km. This limits the practical use of this equipment for specific locations with either a high vulnerability to extreme weather (e.g. large urban or coastal areas prone to flooding), or high values services/assets such as airports. Alternative options using different technology to achieve similar results will be investigated and assessed, depending on the application e.g. combining satellite and in-situ observations, and lightning detection as a proxy for extreme weather. No activities related to radar equipment were found in the baseline activities, though the LDCF project in São Tomé & Príncipe is installing a severe weather radar (see coordinating projects). 97. Upper air monitoring stations, through either radiosonde ascents or other remote sensing technologies, are useful for improving regional numerical weather predictions and global climate models run by international forecasting centres. Through Output 1.4 LDCF funds will be used to procure the equipment needed to make upper air soundings. As these measurements are relevant to

23 all countries, they should ideally be shared, especially with those running their own numerical weather prediction models. The exact number of installed upper air stations will be decided as part of the PPG phase given other equipment needs. None of the ongoing baseline projects suggest that new upper air stations are being implemented. No baseline projects are supporting upper air stations, though these are usually implemented by each NHMS on an irregular basis. 98. LDCF resources will be used for the procurement of satellite receiving equipment and establishment of data/image processing facilities (Output 1.5). This output will build on the AMESD and recently launched SERVIR33 programmes at the regional level, as well as each countries individual installations of satellite reception equipment (including UNDP-supported efforts in Sierra Leone and World Bank supported efforts in Benin). The potential uses of satellite data and imagery for planning and management purposes in the context of food security, and water management will be established for each country based on country specific contexts, users of information, needs (in the short-term disaster management, medium-long term planning) etc. If online data is not available in time to support required decisions then satellite receiving equipment will be purchased and systems established to provide the required information. 99. Under Output 1.6, LDCF resources will be used to develop the human technical capacity required to maintain and use the equipment made available through the LDCF. Personnel responsible for the running of the equipment and receiving/archiving the data that it produces (including manually operated stations where necessary) will be trained, along with back up personnel and replacements. This includes ensuring that there is an incentive mechanism in place to sustain the system that is set up with the LDCF resources. There were no baseline projects identified for this activity.

Table 1: Summary of country needs that are relevant to Component 1 (to be developed in detail during the PPG phase): Be Bur G Libe Sie São ni kina a ria rra Tomé n Faso m Leo & bi ne Prínc a ipe Au Auto Au Auto Aut Autom to matic to matic oma atic ma Weat ma Weat tic Weath tic her tic her We er W Stati W Stati athe Station eat ons eat ons r s her (purc her (purc Stat (purch Sta hasin Sta hasin ions asing, tio g, tio g, (pur install ns instal ns instal chas ation) (p lation (p lation ing, urc ) urc ) inst ha ha allat sin sin ion) g, g, ins ins tall tall ati ati on on ) )

33 http://www.servir.net/africa/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

24 W Uppe Co River We Mainte eat r Air ast gaugi athe nance her weat al ng r suppor rad her mo equip rada t of ar; Stati nit ment r; station (p ons ori and (pur s urc equip ng instal chas ha ment eq lation ing, sin s uip inst g, (purc me allat ins hasin nt ion, tall g and an trai ati instal d ning on, lation ins ) tra ) tall ini ati ng on ) Im Impr Ri Coast Coa Weath pr ove ver al stal er ov data ga moni mon radar; e colle ugi torin itori (purch co ction ng g ng asing, m and eq equip equi install mu proce uip ment pme ation, nic ssing me and nt trainin ati nt instal and g) on an lation inst sys d allat te ins ion ms tall us ati ed on by sta tio ns Co Reha Im Uppe Riv ast bilita pr r Air er al te ov weat gau mo existi e her ging nit ng co Stati equi ori weat m ons pme ng her mu equip nt eq statio nic ment and uip ns ati s inst me on (purc allat nt sys hasin ion an te g and d ms instal ins us lation tall ed ) ati by on sta tio

25 ns W Weat eat her her radar rad ; ar; (purc (p hasin urc g, ha instal sin lation g, , ins traini tall ng) ati on, tra ini ng )

Component 2: Climate information integrated into development plans and early warning systems 100. Much of the value of early warnings (whether a user changes their actions or lives/assets are safeguarded) is dependent on the packaging, communication and dissemination of those warnings. The effectiveness of warnings can be improved either through improving the forecasts/monitoring information, communications or the decision-making process. This component is primarily concerned with improving these aspects of the EWS. Country specific details on the exact type of EWS information and risk management tools (for flood warnings, agricultural extension advisories, weather index insurance, transport planning etc) will be determined at the PPG phase and additional actions designed to meet those priority needs. Baseline Situation including Projects: Benin 101. There are several EWS related projects ongoing in Benin examining responses to both flooding (DFID and IRDC’s project, “Protecting the Urban Community of Cotonou from the effects of Climate Change”) and drought/agricultural impacts (LDCF financed NAPA priority project – see coordinating projects). The former builds on the capacity of urban populations to cope with flooding, using participatory diagnosis, analysis and planning for sustainable flood prevention strategies. It involves local populations (including vulnerable groups), civil society actors, elected officials and opinion leaders, and researchers who are mapping the various types of knowledge (endogenous, scientific and technical, administrative, etc.) used in flood prevention and management. The latter project will improve information flows between climate monitoring, forecasting and early warning services to policy-makers and farmer communities in high-risk areas. Burkina Faso 102. The AAP project in Burkina Faso seeks to mainstream climate change information into national development policies, including some disaster risk reduction actions.34 The GFDRR project for mainstreaming disaster reduction activities is working to strengthen the disaster management 34 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/strengthening-capacity-address-climate-change-adaptation-concerns-pre paration-and-implementa

26 institute (CONASUR), including adaptation actions at the village level. UNDP has several projects involving actions such as developing integrated information systems and tools for DRR, as well as strengthening community based organizations to deal with climate shocks. 103. The UNDP/DANIDA – funded project Adaptation to climate change for the improvement of human security in Burkina Faso has been successful in raising awareness of decision makers with regards to adverse effect of climate change and brings together NGOs and CSOs, whilst the UNDP/UNCDF ACRIC project aims at developing local planning tools, building local governance capacity and initiating local dynamic economies. 104. The UNDP-BCPR National Capacity development for natural disaster risk management in Burkina Faso project is building institutional capacity, integrated information systems at national level and at two pilot sites, and is mainstreaming DRR into national strategies. Gambia 105. Ongoing activities through the IFAD LHDP project involve the use of a voucher-based remuneration system for the delivery of agricultural extension services which build on their existing activities and improve their use of increasingly scarce water and land resources. The development of agrometeorological advisories through this PIF would directly feed into this process. Links with fishing communities are maintained through the Gambia-Senegal sustainable Fisheries Project (USAID) and FAO is strengthening policy planning, programming, statistics & monitoring in the Agriculture & Natural Resources sector. 106. The planned “Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Programme (DRR-CCA) for The Gambia,” will implement: i) the development of a multi-hazard early warning system; ii) the development of guidelines and other information, education and communication materials to raise awareness on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation issues. 107. UNDP supported the “Gambia National Disaster Management Programme, and the proposed activities in this PIF directly support that process. As part of these efforts, The Gambia has established and is currently building the capacities of its National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA). 35 108. Another important coordinating project is UNEP’s “Adoption of Ecosystem Approach for Integrated Implementation of Multi Environmental Agreements (MEA) at National and Divisional Levels.” This GEF-funded project will include development of a better information management system, which would feature early warning-related information for the monitoring of pasture and crop lands.36 Liberia 109. The UNDP BCPR-funded project, “Disaster Risk Management: Building National and Local Capacities for Disaster Risks Management in Liberia” prepared a Disaster Risks Management (DRM) policy, a national action plan for Disaster risk Management and emergency and preparedness guide.37 Databases of disaster losses and hazard mapping have been undertaken, on which this PIF would need to build. The countries LASIP programme is also providing facilities to receive updated information on agriculture and rural development, including the development and expansion of agricultural extension services (nongovernmental organizations, private extension etc.), through which EWS messages can be communicated. Similarly the UNDP GoAL WASH program offers a conduit for EWS health warnings through its programme of data collection for

35 http://www.ndma.gm/home/ 36 http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=3135 37 http://www.lr.undp.org/drr.htm

27 the health/sanitation sector, and its work with other public sector and civil society organizations to raise the national awareness of the need for safe drinking water and sanitation. Sierra Leone 110. The UNDP project “Preventive Development” supported the government’s efforts towards enhancing institutional and community capacities for disaster risk prevention and management and other activities geared towards enhanced sustained environmental management. This project also ensured the integration of climate change and disaster management into sectoral plans (e.g. Health urban planning and Agriculture), supporting the development of a national hazard profile as well as contingency plans for many of the hazards in the profile. A diagnostic analysis of disaster management has been done as well as support to the newly established national disaster management platform. This project has facilitated the establishment of disaster management volunteer corps nationwide as well as the development of risk maps for the five city councils. 111. The “Sierra Leone-Rapid Response Growth Poles: Community-Based Livelihood and Food Support Program” is improving food security in areas recently affected by drought and flooding disasters. Among its activities is the construction of 6 Communications Centers for risk management, which will include weather and crop forecasts, disaster risk and prevention information using telecommunications.38 This provides a useful communication channel through which EWS messages related to food security can be chanelled. Similarly the DFID project “Supporting the Government of Sierra Leone to implement its National Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy.” could provide access channels for EWS messages related to the management of water sector policy and water resources conservation. São Tomé & Príncipe 112. The DFID and IDRC program, “KSIDS: Capacity Building and Knowledge on Sustainable Responses to Climate Change in Small Island States” (2009-2012) aims to enable municipal governments in SIDS to incorporate climate change adaptation into long-term planning/decision- making. This includes GIS tools to help visualize climate change scenarios.39

Additional cost reasoning 113. The capacity to make and use daily to seasonal climate forecasts will be developed through Output 2.1. This will link to ongoing activities at all the NHMS and will ensure that all target countries have the capacity to run numerical weather prediction models, or be able to usefully generate and use data from these models run elsewhere with the region or at international centres. The data from these models should be linked to tailored products developed in output 2.2 and the decision processes in output 2.3. The gaps between existing forecast systems and those required for climate resilient planning purposes will be evaluated during the PPG phase, including use of indigenous knowledge when useful (see CC DARE project). Data sharing between NHMSs will be encouraged as this helps develop forecast products and the observations from other countries, collected through output 1.2, help understand the errors in the forecast models. 114. Output 2.2 will develop new tailored products to serve the information requirements of users in different sectors and locations. These products will be developed through consultations with the intended users of the information and appropriate research organizations. Information and data from the monitoring infrastructure (weather and hydrological stations, radar, and satellite monitoring) will be combined to produce new user-relevant information. As an example, satellite

38 http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P122622/sierra-leone-rapid-response-growth-poles-community-based-liveliho od-food-support-program?lang=en 39 http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-148720-201_105838-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

28 and weather station observations can be combined to derive a spatially continuous dataset and estimate rainfall for locations which have no meteorological stations. Using these data the water balance of crops can be estimated for wider regions and these can be used as part of agricultural advisories. Improved availability of data to generate these products will also be implemented e.g. where important climate records reside in paper format, they will be digitised and used to better describe local microclimates, hence improving the baseline hazard mapping. It is currently not clear which projects are currently undertaking this work and this will be determined during the PPG phase. 115. Assimilating the forecasts from output 2.1 and tailored products from output 2.2 into existing EWS activities and processes will be the aim of Output 2.3. This will involve assessing the information needs of different decision-making processes e.g. for flood warnings, drought warnings, food security, water management etc and designing a set of information products that will inform the process. Some countries which have functioning EWS for particular sectors and can extend knowledge and skills to other countries who need similar EWS, thus building on existing experience. Climate monitoring information from component 1 and forecasts from output 2.1 will be combined to identify regions where risks are currently high and likely to get worse. Where necessary satellite imagery will be used to assess the current extent of climate-related hazards and this information will be combined with agricultural (crop), flood risk or other sectoral models to help the decision making process. Training on the use of these technologies will be provided where needed. Baseline projects for these activities exist in most countries, including DFID/IDRC in Benin, GFDRR, UNDP and BCPR projects in Burkina Faso, IFAD and UNDP projects in Gambia, UNDP-BCPR and LASIP projects in Liberia, UNDP and DFID projects in Sierra Leone. It is therefore crucial that car is taken when coordinating these LDCF activities. 116. Output 2.4 will establish communication strategies and processes targeted to each identified sector and user. The aim is to effectively communicate early warnings, and advisory packages developed through Output 2.3, in the most useful way for different users/audiences. These strategies will vary between countries as communications technologies, language and cultural norms vary. Using software and technology in innovative ways will be explored e.g. Google earth for presenting forecasts and identified risks. Lessons and experiences in other parts of Africa will be assessed for their potential to upscale e.g. using innovative techniques to communicate agrometeorological advisories40. In Liberia the work will build on the UNDP DRR programme, with the potential to extend lessons learnt to other countries. 117. Output 2.5 will, in each country, assess the sustainability of the EWS, taking cognizance of the current funding mechanisms and allocated budgets. It will assess where funding shortfalls are most acute and where budgets are likely to be reduced in the future. A comprehensive needs assessment for climate services will be carried out (how needs are currently met, opportunities for private partnerships and gaps in the current services), as well as the willingness and ability to pay for such services across a range of stakeholders, both private and public. Where suitable legal arrangements exist and where governments are willing, private companies will be approached to test their willingness to engage in a public-private partnership with the NHMS or associated entity. Similar activities within the country or region will be approached to learn from their experiences (e.g. the Weather Information for Development (WIND) initiative in Kenya). No baseline projects were identified with this output at this stage.

Table 2: Country needs that are relevant to Component 2 which will be developed further during the PPG phase:

40 http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/what-we-do/current-work/developing-climate-change-resilience/grants-gran tees/african-agriculture-climate-change

29 B B G Lib Sie São e ur a eri rra Tomé n ki m a Leo & i na bi ne Prínci n Fa a pe so A Str Str Acc Acc Modelli c en en ess ess ng and c gth gth to to monitor e en en sate sate ing ss we we llite llite capacity to ath ath ima ima built s er er gery gery (weathe at for for and and r and el ec ec inte inte coasts) li ast ast grat grat te ing ing ion ion i sys sys into into m te te dev dev a ms ms elop elop g men men er t of t of y EW EW a S S n mes mes d sage sage in s s te g ra ti o n in to d e v el o p m e nt o f E W S m e ss a g e s C Str M Stre Mo Strengt re en od ngth delli hening at gth elli en ng capacity

30 e eni ng wea and for data a ng an ther mon processi n ca d fore itori ng and in pa mo cast ng dissemi st cit nit ing cap nation it y ori syst acit ut for ng ems y io dat ca buil n a pa t al pr cit (we m oc y athe e ess bui r c ing lt and h an coas a d ts) ni dis s se m mi f nat o ion r c o o r di n at io n M Si Da Sim Sim Strengt o mp ta ple ple hen d le M and and weather el an an user user forecast li d ag - - ing n us em frie frie systems g er- ent ndly ndly a fri sys mes mes n en te sage sage d dly ms s s m me an are are o ssa d dev dev ni ge ca elop elop to s pa ed ed ri are cit n de y g vel c op a ed p a ci ty b ui lt ( w e

31 at h er a n d c o a st s) D Dr Co Flo Coa Severe r ou ast od stal weather o ght al war fore , coastal u , for ning cast forecast g agr ec , s, s. ht icu ast agri seve , ltu s cult re a ral an ural wea g ad d advi ther ri vis mo sori , c ori nit es, floo ul es ori coas ding tu ng, tal ra Ag fore l ric cast a ult s d ura vi l s ad o vis ri ori e es s, c o a st al f o re c a st s

Component 3: Technical assistance for implementation and coordination 118. This component will provide overall technical assistance to the project to help implement the most cost effective solutions given budgetary, human and technical restrictions. It will provide scientific support to ensure that climate and environmental information is utilized in line with accepted norms as well as coordination with other in-country and regional development partners undertaking similar work. The benefits of a regional effort on EWS will be promoted by sharing best practices, support tools, experience and information between countries, as well as negotiating discounts on equipment.

32 Baseline Situation including Projects 119. Most countries lack the technical capacity to design and implement cost-effective systems which incorporate climate monitoring, forecasting and other environmental information (e.g. from satellites) into processes to inform preparedness and response activities. The skills often exist to implement parts of the processes, but linking these into a wider framework requires dedicated resources. Furthermore, the utility of climate monitoring and forecast information is limited by the use of standard meteorological formats e.g. seasonal mean rainfall, which is difficult to relate to agricultural impacts or floods. Developing and testing new products based on available data, skills and resources can improve the use and interpretation of EWS messages. 120. Presently there is ad-hoc coordination between countries on EWS-related activities and within countries the implementation of EWS is usually tied to the availability of project funds, which may be earmarked for particular activities, equipment or service providers. This can result in breaks in the flow of information, inability to utilize technologies or the absence of important information. Several development organisations are, however, working to overcome these limitations, both at the regional level (Clim-dev, AOC-HYCOS, GCOS and AMESD – see coordination projects) and across many countries simultaneously (GFDRR and UNDP projects). It is important that any new initiative such as this one coordinates with these activities as no one initiative can provide all the requirements of a fully functional EWS. 121. There are examples of best practices being shared e.g. the regional climate outlook forum (PRESAO) where climate scientists come together from each country to make a consensus forecast using similar tools and methods. However, regional coordination is often limited e.g. neighbouring countries often use a different weather prediction model, though they are predicting for the same areas. Combining the forecasts from these different sources can provide better forecasts. Similarly, weather radar may overlap an adjoining country and could provide useful information, especially when combined with their own radar data. However, this sharing of information and the processes to enable it are often lacking

Additional cost reasoning 122. Output 3.1 will provide technical guidance and training on the selection of appropriate hardware/equipment, assessing it’s technical capabilities and cost effectiveness. This will be based on the intended purpose and accuracy of required data, the lifespan of the equipment, cost of maintenance (including specialised skills) and integration with existing systems. This will ensure that equipment can be maintained beyond the lifetime of the project. Further technical guidance will be provided on the appropriate uses of available data, how to use it to generate meaningful information which can either be used to generate a warning or combined with other sources of data (climate and environmental e.g. from satellites) to generate warnings. Appropriate technologies for this purpose will be suggested, with the emphasis on workable, low cost solutions when available. Baseline projects such as the UNDP project in Sierra Leone and the Norwegian funded project in Liberia will be approached for their experiences, as well as the experiences of the NHMS in operating different infrastructure. 123. Coordination with other ongoing activities led by GFDRR, AAP and AMESD etc. will undertaken through Output 3.2 and will involve meetings, joint missions, teleconferences etc. Where different sources of equipment and software are used they will be assessed for compatibility and ways in which they may be combined suggested to the respective governments. Where possible complimentary equipment and software will be purchased with a view to combining these into a coherent system. As the different organisations will sometimes be

33 concentrating on different aspects of the EWS (e.g. this project focuses on monitoring/forecasting and communications, whereas GFDRR or UNDP-BCPR may focus on responses and preparedness) it is important that this project first consults the information needed for preparedness and response activities, and works back to design appropriate information systems and forecasting/monitoring tools. Related activities through regional centres and activities such as FEWSNET (Famine and Early Warning System Network)41, ACMAD (African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development) and AGRHYMET (Centre Regional de Formation et d'Application en Agrométéorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle) will also be considered. 124. Through Output 3.3 best practices and information will be shared between countries, especially where either the same sectoral EWS are planned and therefore use similar equipment and/or technologies, or nearby countries produce or monitor data and information that is relevant for other countries. The level of cooperation between countries will be dependent on political/institutional circumstances but the placement of new equipment may be optimised based on information from nearby countries e.g. upper air stations for regional climate modelling or weather radar. Best practises and successful applications of tailored climate information, sectoral impact models and decision support tools will also be shared to promote successful strategies and minimise mistakes. Projects associated with this output include FEWSNET and GCOS, but no baseline project financing was identified at this stage.

B.3. DESCRIBE THE SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS TO BE DELIVERED BY THE PROJECT AT THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS, INCLUDING CONSIDERATION OF GENDER DIMENSIONS, AND HOW THESE WILL SUPPORT THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT BENEFITS. AS A BACKGROUND INFORMATION, READ Mainstreaming Gender at the GEF.:

125. The project is expected to deliver benefits at both the national and local levels. The installation of weather, upper air, radar and other observation and computer infrastructure will benefit the NHMS staff (through training and technological advancement). Other national institutions that will benefit from this endeavour will be Ministries of Agriculture, Water, Energy and Disaster Management, through strengthening of their computer databases, access to information and ability to communicate with other regions. One important benefit will be the improved coordination between government departments and the sharing of information, which can lead to improved products and services. It is then possible that these institutions can start marketing such information and products (satellite monitoring and climate forecast products in particular) to private entities who will pay for the services. 126. At the local level early warnings and climate hazard mapping, disseminated correctly and acted on appropriately, can provide economic benefits through reducing losses of agricultural produce, infrastructure (roads and bridges) and disruption to peoples livelihoods. This has further knock-on effects on people’s health and wellbeing and thus affects communities and social structures. Communities will immediately benefit through warnings related to agriculture, coastal management, water and flood management, wildfires etc. This total population benefiting from these developments has the potential to grow hugely if warnings extend to a reasonable percentage of the total population e.g. through a mobile phone relay or similar system. Many of the beneficiaries will be women, especially within the agriculture sector where they often make up the majority of smallholder farmers, yet are most vulnerable to food insecurity. There may also be

41 http://www.fews.net/Pages/default.aspx

34 other benefits to developing the communication systems associated with early warnings - for instance radios can also be used for arranging medical evacuations. 127. Perhaps the largest economic benefits are associated with improved transport planning, especially shipping which will take advantage of improved forecasts of winds and waves, and aviation which can take advantage of improved local forecasts. These and commercial agriculture likely represent some of the largest private clients for early warning services and tailored forecasts. Together with satellite imagery used for land-use planning and monitoring these can provide environmental benefits, including monitoring of illegal logging which has global consequences in terms of deforestation and the global carbon budget. 128.

B.4. INDICATE RISKS, INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS THAT MIGHT PREVENT THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES FROM BEING ACHIEVED, AND IF POSSIBLE, PROPOSE MEASURES THAT ADDRESS THESE RISKS

Risk Level Mitigation Unavailability of requisite human High The issue of the unavailability of requisite human resources resources and data will be mitigated by recruitment of international consultants who will work closely with in-country counterparts and by targeted capacity building activities. Training activities of local personnel will also be part of all aspects of the work and the relevant institutions will be encouraged to expand the staff base if it is weak in particular areas. Local IT and telecommunications Medium Cost-effective solutions for each particular situation will be infrastructure weak e.g. international used e.g. satellite and/or radio communications. Where bandwidth and local mobile feasible automatic weather and hydrological stations telecommunications networks reporting over the mobile telecoms network will be preferred. Insufficient institutional support and Medium The proposed project is strongly supported by political commitments Governments and other key stakeholders and development partners. The project, in conjunction with UNDP, will therefore take advantage of this opportunity to seek substantial support from the Governments and forge strong partnership with other development partners. Direct linkages to existing and planned baseline development activities implemented by government, securing of the necessary co-financing, as well as local buy-in will also minimize this risk. It will also be important to establish buy in from all government departments early as the project will utilize data and information from a wide range of departments. Work progresses in a compartmentalized Medium This risk is always present in a project such as this. By fashion and there is little integration e.g. ensuring that capacity is built across a range of departments government departments refuse to share and implementing ‘quick win’ measures early (developing data and information products based on internationally available data), these issues can be mitigated. Non-compliance by primary proponents Medium Ensuring that the project is designed and implemented in a for the successful implementation of this participatory and inclusive manner, following established project UNDP procedures, will mitigate the risk. Since the

35 Risk Level Mitigation activities correspond to the urgent needs as expressed by the primary proponents the risk of non-compliance should be reduced Climate shock occurring during the design Low to There may be some delays as more urgent priorities may and implementation phase of the project medium need to be addressed by some of the stakeholders (e.g. NHMS or disaster management) but it is unlikely that this will derail the project.

B.5. IDENTIFY KEY STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGA NIZATIONS, LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ROLES, AS APPLICABLE:

Stakeholder Relevant roles Regional Africa Adaptation Programme (UNDP) Investing in both hard technology and the use of climate information for risk management Climate for Development in Africa Promoting the use of climate information for development – potential partner for Programme (ClimDev-Africa) TA African Monitoring of the Environment Installing and promoting the use of satellite equipment and technology for for Sustainable Development (AMESD) environmental monitoring Global Climate Observing System Coordinating body for the climate observing system worldwide (GCOS) Système d'Observation du Cycle Coordinating the installation and use of hydrological monitoring Hydrologique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest equipment and information for water resource management et Centrale (AOC-HYCOS) Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Working mostly with disaster management, the programme also has a facility for Recovery (GFDRR) advising on infrastructure development African Centre for Meteorological Using climate forecasts and the seasonal outlooks for development Applications for Development (ACMAD) Centre Regional de Formation et Using hydrological and agro-meteorological monitoring and forecasts, as d'Application en Agrométéorologie et well as satellite data for early warning of hydro-meteorological extremes Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) Famine and early warning system network Working across Africa to implement climate monitoring and forecasting for early (FEWSNET) warning in the food security sector UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Working with disaster management, disaster and loss databases and climate risk Recovery (UNDP-BCPR) assessments Climate Change Adaptation and Integrating climate change considerations into early warning systems Development (CC DARE) Sierra Leone Office of National Security/Disaster Government’s primary coordinator of disasters and other national Management Department emergencies Environment Protection Agency Government’s primary agency charged with climate change management and other environment management issues Sierra Leone Meteorological Government’s primary agency charged with weather management and Department forecasting as well as climatology studies Ministry of lands, country planning Land use planning and environmental impact assessments and environment Ministry of agriculture and food Agriculture and food security security São Tomé & Príncipe Ministry of Infrastructures and natural Executing body, Conduct steering committee meeting, Accompany resources technical project aspects General directorate of the Part of projects activities coordination. Conduct Policy, strategies and

36 environment measures discussion and implementation General directorate of Natural Part of projects activities coordination. Conduct Policy, strategies and resources and energy measures discussion and implementation National Institute of Meteorology Overall Project activities execution and implementation. Responsible of demonstration phase. Reporting obligations National Council for preparation and Training aspects of communities and other beneficiaries. responses to disasters NGO´s federations(FONG) Awareness to communities. Capacities building and Knowledge and experience sharing. Campaign of sensitization The STP RED Cross Know how experience. Part of project activities coordination The Coastal Guards Train the coastal guyards teams. Create a national network for disaster management Communities leaders Implication in the implementation process and respective communities awareness Education directorate Support demonstration activities through school and all curriculum Defense ministry Support demonstration activities with vulnerable and national defense sites Army and Police Support demonstration activities on DRRM UNDP Technical and financial support to the project. M&E to the project. Provision of knowledge. Management tools. Staff and institutional capacity building Others development partners (WB, Mainstreaming of DRR and management in global. Alignment of AFDB, IFAD) interventions in the country Burkina Faso DCIME (National observatory) Partner execution institution. Could play a role in dissemination of climate Division of Environment Information data for planning and Monitoring Evaluation SP/CONEDD Secretariat Permanent Implementing partner. Assures coordination of different institutions of National Council for Sustainable Development CONASUR (DRM structure) Partner execution institution. Capacity development of national/regional actors for DRM Department of Meteorology Partner execution institution. Climate assurance, training for farmers etc CILSS Partner execution institution. Food security and EWS Ministry of Animal Resource Partner execution institution. Food security and EWS Ministry of Agriculture and Water Partner execution institution. Food security and EWS Resource Gambia Ministry of water Resources, Fisheries Forecasts and monitoring for efficient use of water resources and safety at & National Assembly Matters sea (MOFWR&NAM) National Environment Agency (NEA) Land use planning, environmental impact assessments Ministry of Forestry & the Long term planning for forestry, short term monitoring of fire hazards Environment (MOFEN) Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Planning for food security, agricultural zoning and Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning for infrastructure, urban and rural planning Affairs (MOFEA) University of the Gambia (UTG) Coastal management and agriculture National Disaster Management Coordinating national disaster management, official outlet for warnings Agency (NDMA) and response Gambia Red Cross Society (GRCS) NGO working with communities Gambia Navy (Ministry of Defense) Patrolling seas routes and rescue Ministry of Trade, Industries & Marketing of agricultural produce, private sector engagement and Employment (MOTIE) employment

37 Benin Béninoise pour l'Environnement Environmental NGO working with communities and disaster management (ABE) Ministère de l'Agriculture, de Managing agriculture and fisheries, extension services etc l'Elevage et de la Pêche (MAEP) Ministère de l'Environnement, de Environmental protection and urban planning l'Habitat et de l'Urbanisme (MEHU) Ministère de l'Environnement et de la National parks and resources, land use planning Protection de la Nature (MEPN) Société Nationale pour la Promotion Agricultural advisories, best practices and planning Agricole (SONAPRA) Liberia Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture will be able to use the project’s climatological and satellite land-monitoring products to help plan agricultural development, as well as early warnings to identify potential interventions such as food aid etc. Liberia Civil Aviation Authority The Civil Aviation Authority will be able to use the weather forecast, which is a product of this project, to help direct air traffic into and out of the Liberia airspace to improve air traffic safety. Environmental Protection Agency of EPA will be able to use products of this project (e.g., observations of Liberia(EPA) environmental conditions such as water quality) to plan environmental projects as well as inform negotiations with UNFCCC. Forestry Development Authority The Forestry Development Authority will be able to use products of this project (e.g., satellite monitoring of land use) to plan forestry plantations, identify regions which may become more suitable in the future and identify suitable tree species.. Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy The Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy will be able to use products of this project:  Climatological database and forecasts for wind energy and planning hydroelectric power  Satellite land use monitoring for land use planning National Investment Commission NIC will be able to use this project’s climatological products to assess (NIC) weather-hazard related risks in locations when planning developments. Liberia Maritime Authority(LMA) LMA will be able use the project’s weather forecast products to help improve safety in maritime operations. Meteorological service. The met service will be able to use the project’s weather forecast products to issue early warning for weather hazards such as floods, capacity building of meteorologists (including developing future climate projections), develop services which can be used for generating income.

B.6. OUTLINE THE COORDINATION WITH OTHER RELATED INITIATIVES:

Regional 129. Climate for Development in Africa Program (ClimDev-Africa) is a joint initiative of the Commission of the African Union (AUC), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). ClimDev-Africa has received strong political endorsement from AU heads of state and government, African Ministers, several key stakeholders and the International Community. In general, the ClimDev-Africa programme supports Africa's response to climate variability and change by building regional, sub-regional and national policy capacity. It will improve the quality and availability of information and analysis to decision-makers.

38 130. The African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) Project. The European Union funded project Preparation for the Use of MSG in Africa (PUMA) made available data and products from EUMETSAT’s latest satellites, promoting African National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to provide accurate weather forecasts, monitor extreme weather phenomena, and improve disaster management. The African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) initiative takes PUMA a stage further by significantly extending the use of remote sensing data to environmental and climate monitoring applications. 131. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is intended to be a long-term, user-driven operational system capable of providing the comprehensive observations required for: Monitoring the climate system; Detecting and attributing climate change; Assessing impacts of, and supporting adaptation to, climate variability and change; Application to national economic development; Research to improve understanding, modelling and prediction of the climate system. GCOS is a joint undertaking of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Council for Science (ICSU). It includes both in situ and remote sensing components, with its space based components coordinated by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) and the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS). GCOS is intended to meet the full range of national and international requirements for climate and climate-related observations. 132. The Système d'Observation du Cycle Hydrologique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale (AOC-HYCOS) project is the West and Central African component of the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS), operated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The 11 participating countries are: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. The project's real-time hydrological database is maintained by regional meteorological observatories and contains digital weather pictures, news alerts and statistical water maps 133. The Climate Change Adaptation and Development (CC DARE) Programme is a joint UNEP/ UNDP Programme for Sub-Saharan Africa funded by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Sinc e the inception of CC-DARE in 2008 eleven countries (Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambi que, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Uganda, and Tanzania) have been fully engaged. In Benin, CC DARE supported the development of climate change integrated education curriculum for secondary education. the GARlEN NGO in collaboration with the Ministry of Education is developing the capacity to integrate climate change issues into the secondary In Togo, CC DARE supported the rehabilitation of water reservoirs in northern Togo thus contributing to availability of adequate water for various livelihood activities and in reducing conflicts over scarce water. Benin 134. UNDP project is implementing the NAPA priority EWS project through its “Integrated Adaptation Programme to Combat the Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security in Benin” ($3.18 LDCF; 2010-2014). This project will create a “strategy for strengthening capacities in national meteorological observation and forecasting and providing key stakeholders with relevant information.” This will involve providing technical assistance to ensure that, in upgrading national meteorological services, Benin sufficiently takes account of increased climate variability with climate change. The project will improve information flows between climate monitoring, forecasting and early warning services to policy-makers and farmer communities in high-risk areas.42 through the following outputs:

42 Project PIF, p. 5-6

39  Critical national and local agricultural development plans and strategies include consideration of climate change risks.  National budgets allocated to the agriculture sector provide for managing climate change risks.  Training courses and programs for technical staff from line ministries (technical departments, extension services, etc) and local farmers on designing and implementing relevant climate risks management measures.  Strategy for strengthening capacities in national meteorological observation and forecasting and providing key stakeholders with relevant information. Burkina Faso 135. The project “Strengthening Adaptation Capacities and Reducing the Vulnerability to Climat e Change in Burkina Faso” (LDCF, $2.9m; 2009-2013) seeks to improve institutional arrangeme nts for supporting early warning on climate-induced food shortages. Specifically, it seeks to impro ve communication plans on updated climate change-induced risks. Gambia 136. UNEP is currently implementing (until 2014) the NAPA priority action “Strengthening of The Gambia’s Climate Change Early Warning Systems.” ($1.03m LDCF, $1.55m Gambia government). The project will deliver the following outcomes: Enhanced capacity of hydro- meteorological services and networks for predicting climate change events and risk factors; More effective, efficient and targeted delivery of climate information including early warnings; Improved and timely preparedness and responses of various stakeholders to climate linked risks and vulnerabilities forecasts. Specific outputs will include the rehabilitation of hydro- meteorological stations, development of human resources capacities for use and interpretation of collected and processed data, and development of the capacity to collect and use socio-economic data to enrich climate information and useful early warning recommendations.43 137. UNDP has also submitted for approval (in early 2012) the project, “Gambia - Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas and Communities to Climate Change in the Republic of Gambia” ($50.4m, LDCF). This project will “reduce Gambia’s vulnerability to sea-level rise and associated impacts of climate change by improving coastal defenses and enhancing adaptive capacities of coastal communities.”44 138. Gambia is involved in the regional UNDP/UNESCO project, “Adaptation to Climate Change - Responding to Shoreline Change in its Human Dimensions in West Africa through Integrated Coastal Area Management (ACCC)” ($4m, GEF-SPA, $4m co-financing) This project seeks to “mainstream adaptation to climate change into Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) planning in the participating countries through the development and implementation of pilot adaptation activities in response to shoreline change.” 139. UNEP’s “Adoption of Ecosystem Approach for Integrated Implementation of Multi Environmental Agreements (MEA) at National and Divisional Levels.” This is a 4-year (2009- 2013) GEF funded project ($661,000) managed by UNEP. Specific objectives are: i) strengthen the national institutional framework for integrated management of global environmental priorities; and ii) integrate global environmental issues into divisional level planning and implementation through the application of an ecosystem approach. The output of an MEA Unit would include development of a better information management system, which would feature early warning- related information for the monitoring of pasture and crop lands.45

43 Project Document, p. 33 44 http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=4724 45 http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=3135

40 Liberia 140. The UNDP project, “Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change by Mainstreaming Adaptation Concerns into Agricultural Sector Development in Liberia” (LDCF, $8.5m) will enhance the resilience of the population to climate change impacts on agriculture and food production. One component in this strategy is the creation of an Agro-Climatological Centre, along with the reinforcement of the capacity of meteorological services to provide targeted climate related data to agricultural stakeholders.46 141. The LDCF Project “Enhancing Resilience of vulnerable coastal areas to climate change risks in Liberia” ($5.8m; 2010-2014) seeks to "reduce vulnerability and build resilience of local communities and socio-economic sectors to the additional threats of climate change in Liberia’s low-elevation coastal zones.” One component of this is to establish an “early warning system for informing national planners and coastal communities on climate change-related coastal risks established (with co-financing).” Sierra Leone 142. The UNDP proposal, “Building adaptive capacity to catalyze active public and private sector participation to manage the exposure and sensitivity of water supply services to climate change in Sierra Leone” (LDCF, $28.6m) has not yet been approved, but one of its components is to create: “An integrated/sustainable climate information communication system established by the Meteorological Department to facilitate access to relevant high-resolution data, climate risk management tools (e.g. -maps) and information on climate change impacts on water resources.”47 143. The UNEP-led project, “Programme 21: Environmental Cooperation for Peacebuilding” implemented in conjunction with FAO and UNDP, has a component of “Improved planning in place to respond to climate change”48 This project did an assessment of Sierra Leone’s meteorological services, and in early 2012, it was expected to install six automatic weather stations in different parts of the country, as well as train five national staff as weather technicians and five staff as forecasters.49 São Tomé & Príncipe 144. The World Bank-funded project, “São Tome and Príncipe: Adaptation to Climate Change”50 seeks to implement elements of STP’s NAPA priority project number two (detailed above). Its Component One: Coastal Early Warning Systems would “establish an early warning system for dissemination of meteorological forecasts to fishermen and coastal communities.” This project does not appear to have funds designated specifically for the acquisition of meteorological stations but does include the purchase of a doppler weather radar for coastal EWS. 145. Collaboration between the STP Government and the Government of Portugal, The System for Climatic and Sea Information to Support the Sustainable Development of STP (SICLIMAD) has worked to install three automatic weather stations. The duration of this project is unclear. 146. The DFID and IDRC program, “CapaSIDS: Capacity Building and Knowledge on Sustainable Responses to Climate Change in Small Island States” (2009-2012) aims to enable municipal governments in SIDS to incorporate climate change adaptation into long-term planning/decision-making. This includes GIS tools to help visualize climate change scenarios.51

46 http://undp.adaptationlearning.net/project/ldcf_liberia 47 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/ldcf_sierraleone 48 http://www.unep.org/dnc/UNEPsActivities/SierraLeone/tabid/54646/Default.aspx 49 http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2659&ArticleID=8935&l=en 50 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/s%C3%A3o-tome-and-pr%C3%ADncipe-adaptation-climate-change 51 http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-148720-201_105838-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

41 C. DESCRIBE THE GEF AGENCY’S COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE TO IMPLEMENT THIS PROJECT: 147. The proposed project is aligned with UNDP’s comparative advantage, as articulated in the GEF matrix, in the area of capacity building, providing technical and policy support as well as expertise in project design and implementation. Additionally UNDP country offices in Burkina Faso, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, São Tomé & Príncipe and Benin have close links with their respective governments, as well as a high level of experience managing other LDCF projects in the region, and in particular those with an early warning component. The figure below shows the value and sectoral focus of projects currently managed by UNDP which have an EWS component. UNDP is therefore already working with EWS in many countries and many sectors, strengthening its capability to coordinate and providing the flexibility to handle changing needs between countries. The country offices are supported by Regional Technical Advisors at UNDP offices in Pretoria, as well as by policy, adaptation, economics and climate modeling experts in New York, Cape Town and Bangkok.

42 C.1. INDICATE THE CO-FINANCING AMOUNT THE GEF AGENCY IS BRINGING TO THE PROJECT: 148. The total funding that UNDP is bringing to this project is $13,815,746. The details of these projects have been outlined above.

C.2. HOW DOES THE PROJECT FIT INTO THE GEF AGENCY’S PROGRAM (REFLECTED IN DOCUMENTS SUCH AS UNDAF, CAS, ETC.) AND STAFF CAPACITY IN THE COUNTRY TO FOLLOW UP PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:

149. UNDP’s comparative advantage in implementing this project is underpinned by our energy and environment program strategy which aims to mainstream environment and disaster prevention measures into national and local development policies, strategies and plans and our overarching role of capacity development. 150. Public service reform and institutional building is one of UNDP’s flagship programming areas. The proposed capacity development activities in all components of the LDCF project will benefit from UNDP’s overarching and strategic role in this area, helping to ensure that related outcomes are sustainable in the long-term. 151. There are other LDCF, SCCF and Adaptation Fund -financed projects within the region with similar objectives (see figure above) currently supported by UNDP, which means that there is substantial in-house technical expertise within UNDP that can be brought to bear to support the Government with the project as outlined above. UNDP country office operations are supported by regional advisory capacity based in the UNDP Regional Centre in Pretoria. UNDP has dedicated Regional Technical Advisers focusing on supporting adaptation programming and implementation in a range of technical areas relevant to this project including capacity development, coastal zone management, disaster management, infrastructure development, and ecosystem based adaptation. Our network of global Senior Technical Advisors provide additional technical oversight and leadership helping to ensure that programmes on the ground achieve maximum policy impact. 152. UNDAF and CPD priorities for all countries will be outlined after conclusion of the PPG phase.

43 PART III: APPROVAL/ENDORSEMENT BY GEF OPERATIONAL FOCAL POINT(S) AND GEF AGENCY(IES)

A. RECORD OF ENDORSEMENT OF GEF OPERATIONAL FOCAL POINT (S) ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT(S): NAME POSITION MINISTRY DATE (MM/DD/YYYY) Delphin Aidji Director of Ministry of Environment, housing and 04/24/2012 Planning and planning, Benin Prospecting Momodou B. Sarr Executive director National environment agency, Gambia 04/22/2012

Anyaa Vohiri Executive director Environmental Protection Agency, 04/19/2012 Liberia Dr Kolleh Bangura Director Environmental Protection Agency, Sierra 04/18/2012 Leone Mamadou Honadia Permanent Ministry of Environment and sustainable 04/16/2012 secretary development Mr Lourenco Monteiro de Operational focal Ministry of public works and natural 05/02/2012 Jesus point resources

B. GEF AGENCY(IES) CERTIFICATION This request has been prepared in accordance with GEF policies and procedures and meets the GEF criteria for project identification and preparation. Agency Signature Date Project Contact Telephone Email Address Coordinator, Person Agency name Yannick Glemarec May 3, 2012 Mark Tadross +27 21 6502884 mark.tadross@und Executive Technical Advisor p.org Coordinator, Gr-LECRDS UNDP/GEF

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