I. Earth Structure

A. Inner Core ______(phase of matter); ______km diameter Mostly Ni and Fe Why is it solid even though it’s hot enough to melt any rock? ______

B. Outer Core ______/ Liquid; ______km thick Mostly Ni and Fe

C. Mantle ______km thick; Made of ______distinct layers: 1. Mesosphere Most of Mantle Non-Newtonian ______

2. Asthenosphere Liquid/ ______Mohorovicic Discontinuity (AKA: ______)- where seismic waves slow down

3. ______Lithosphere Broken Solid/ brittle

D. Crust Solid; broken into pieces called ______Mostly silica (______) rigid, with some flexibility

1. Two types of crust: a. ______Crust More dense of the two; about ______km thick Basaltic composition (______chemistry)

b. ______Crust

1 Less dense; more silica; about ______km thick Granitic composition (______chemistry)

II. Do Plates really move? Past/ Indirect Evidence of Plate ______

A. Distorted ______Layers

1. Folding & Tilting a. Principle of ______Horizontality

b. ______

c. Anticline

d. Geosyncline

B. ______Evidence 1. Marine ______found on the East Coast of South America and West Coast of Africa; unable to swim across the open ocean

2. ______What do corals need to survive? ______Why are they found in Wisconsin? ______

3. Ammonites & Belemnites in ______?

4. Marine ______on top of the Himalayas?

III. Present/ Direct ______of Plate Tectonics

A. ______

2 B. ______structures like fences, buildings, rivers

C. ______

IV. So the Plates move, How do they do it?

A. ______Currents in the ______

V. The Physics of Plate Tectonics

A. ______acting on the crust

1. ______Forces

a. Push or pull away from each other along a single line of motion

b. Divergent ______/ Rift

2. ______Forces

a. A push towards one another in a single line of motion

b. Convergent ______

Orogeny (______building)

1. Subduction ______

3. ______Forces

a. Forces that act in opposite directions along different lines of motion. Like a ______

b. ______sliding past one another

3 VI. So the Plates move, WHAT Happens now? Joints VS. Faults; Landforms; Earthquakes

A. Diastrophism the process by which the earth’s surface is ______by movement of the crust

B. Joints- are breaks or ______in bedrock along which NO movement has taken place

C. Faults- are breaks or fractures in bedrock along which movement ______taken place

1. Parts of a Fault

a. Footwall- the underlying surface of an inclined fault plane. Can act like a ______

b. Hanging Wall- the ______surface of an inclined fault plane

D. Types of Faults

1. ______a fault in which movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface

FYI: ______is the angle and direction at which a plane is inclined from horizontal

a. ______Dip-Slip The hanging wall block has moved ______relative to the footwall

4 1. Caused mostly by ______forces

2. ______boundary

b. Reverse ______The hanging wall block has moved ______relative to the footwall

1. Caused mostly by ______

2. ______boundary

2. Lateral or ______A fault in which the fault block movement is parallel to the strike of the fault surfaces.

FYI: ______is the compass direction of a line by the intersection of an inclined plane with the horizontal plane

a. Mostly horizontal displacement, there is little or no vertical movement

b. Caused by ______forces

3. ______a fault having both strike- slip and dip-slip components, where plates move away from each other

a. Rifting and Sea Floor spreading result from this kind of fault.

b. Caused by ______forces

c. ______boundary

E. ______from Crustal Movement

5 1. ______defined as a mass of rock rising more than 600 meters above the surrounding land Relief: ______

a. Fold ______usually made mostly of sedimentary rock folded by compression. World’s tallest and most common mountains

1. Examples: Appalachians, Rockies, Alps, Himalayas

b. Fault-Block ______formed by a series of Normal Dip-Slip faults. Some of the greatest mountain Ranges 1. Examples: Sierra Nevada (California), Grand Teton (Wyoming), Wasatch (Utah)

F. When the Earth Shakes- ______

1. Can be caused by ______eruptions, but more often, faulting...

a. ______the movement of rock along a fault

b. ______Rebound occurs when tremendous pressure causes plates to move and the rock layers shake back and forth

1. ______Waves are waves of vibrations sent out in all directions from the focus

2. Where do Earthquakes start?

6 a. ______the point below the surface where the rocks break and move

b. ______the point on the surface, directly above the focus

3. How are Earthquakes measured?

a. ______is an instrument that detects, measures, and records the seismic waves produced by earthquakes

1. Operates on Newton’s ______Law of Motion

2. ______is the recorded information and looks like a zig zag line 4. Anatomy of a Wave

a. Crest the ______point on a wave

b. Trough the ______point on a wave

c. ______refers to the distance from the midpoint to the crest (or trough)

d. ______is the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next or the distance between any successive identical part of the wave

e. Frequency often called ______, is the number of vibrations (cycles) per second

5. Types of Seismic Waves

a. ______WAVES: are waves which can travel through the body of the earth

7 1. ______Waves AKA P-Wave; are a type of Longitudinal wave. It causes back and forth particle motion; it follows the same direction as the energy transfer

a. They are a type of ______Wave (sound is this type)

b. Will travel through solid, liquid, and gas; must have a medium

c. Travels 7.8 –8.5 km per second in the Mantle… 7.2 km per second in ______crust... 3.5 km per second in continental crust

2. Secondary Waves AKA ______; With these waves, the particle motion is PERPENDICULAR to the direction of energy transfer

a. Transverse or Shear wave

b. Will travel only through ______

c. Travels 4 - 5 km per second

d. Moves side to side like a ______b. ______WAVES: move along the surface of the earth only

1. Surface Waves AKA ______Travel through the crust of the earth and attenuate (gradually disappear); Scientists have found that attenuation occurs more slowly in older rock (like the

8 eastern US, but more quickly in younger rock (western US)

a. They’re two main types: Love Waves and Raleigh Waves and they will travel only through ______

b. Travels less than 4 km per second

c. Moves up and down- causes most ______